RADIOCHEMICAL LABORATORY FOR ENVIRONMENT, RADIOPHARMACY & COMBATING NUCLEAR TERRORISM zRADIOECOLOGY „ Production of z Radionuclides and Heavy metals Radiopharmaceuticals for z Marine ecosystems Nuclear medicine diagnostics z Geological matrixes

zSpecialized Lab for analysis of unknown samples for Combating the illicit trafficking of Nuclear and Radioactive materials

Laboratory For Radiochemistry and Radiopharmacy Map of sampling locations along the Bulgarian coast

•35 sampling locations- 210 samples from three seasons (spring, summer and autumn) in the period 1991-2003

•Four types of sediments - slime, silt, sandy and sand

•8 deep-sea (30, 150, 300, 2040 m depth) sediment samples

Laboratory For Radiochemistry and Radiopharmacy Radionuclide content in slime and silt sediments Gamma Spectroscopy

100 Cs-137 80 Th-234 Th-232 60 Ra-226 40 20

0 Bjala Ravda Tuzlata Bq/kg Tzarevo 2 Tzarevo 1 Maslen nos Chernomoretz

Laboratory For Radiochemistry and Radiopharmacy „ NuclideNuclide contentcontent hashas beenbeen determineddetermined inin tenten BlackBlack SeaSea macroalgaemacroalgae species:species:

–– GreenGreen - Cladofora vagabunda, Ulva rigida, Enteromorpha intestinalis, Chaetomorpha gracilis, Bryopsis plumosa; –– BrownBrown - Cystoseira crinita, Cystoseira barbata; –– RedRed - Ceramium rubrum, Callithanium corymbosum, Corallina officinalis

„ Average natural nuclides values: – 238U - 34 Bq/kg; – 232Th -13Bq/kg; – 226Ra - 10 Bq/kg.

„ 137Cs - 1.7 - 26 Bq/kg

Laboratory For Radiochemistry and Radiopharmacy „ RadionuclideRadionuclide contentcontent inin BlackBlack SeaSea algaealgae

Nuclide content in Black Sea algae Cs-137 Gamma Spectroscopy Th-234 65 Th-232 55 45 Ra-226 35 25 15 5 -5 Bq/kg Ulva rigida Cyst.crinita Cer. rubrum Cyst.barbata Cor. officinalis Ent.intestinalis Clad.vagabunda Chaetom.gracilis Callith.corymbosum

Laboratory For Radiochemistry and Radiopharmacy Nuclide content in algae from Black Sea coast locations (Gamma Spectroscopy)

65 Cs-137 55 Th-234 45 Th-232 35 Ra-226 25 15 5

Bq/kg -5 Ravda Tuzlata Sozopol Tzarevo Rosenetz Kaliakra Sinemoretz Maslen nos

Laboratory For Radiochemistry and Radiopharmacy „ RadionuclidesRadionuclides measuredmeasured inin BlackBlack SeaSea musselsmussels andand fishfish

Nuclide content in Black Sea mussel M. galloprovincialisRadionuclide content in Black Sea Fish

Gamma Spectroscopy Gamma Spectroscopy

Cs-137 Th-234 Ra-226 Th-232 K-40

shells-0 m

12 shells-12 m

80 10 70

60 Bq/kg 8 50

Bq/kg 6 40

30 4

20 Cs-137 Th-232 2 10

0

0

Laboratory For Radiochemistry and Radiopharmacy „ HeavyHeavy metalmetal contentcontent inin sedimentssediments andand macroalgaemacroalgae

METHODSMETHODS::

–– AtomicAtomic absorptionabsorption (ETAAS)(ETAAS) for Pb and Cd. –– FlameFlame AASAAS for Fe, Mn and Cu. –– XX-- rayray fluorescencefluorescence (XRF)(XRF) analysisanalysis for Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Ni and As –– ICPICP--AESAES

Laboratory For Radiochemistry and Radiopharmacy „ HeavyHeavy metalmetal contentcontent inin BlackBlack SeaSea MacroalgaeMacroalgae dependingdepending onon thethe locationlocation AtomicAtomic AbsorptionAbsorption SpectrometrySpectrometry Heavy metal content in Macroalgae (AAS)

55 Cu 45 Zn Pb 35 Cd 25 Cr 15

ppm 5 -5 Ravda Shabla Rezovo Tuzlata Sozopol Ahtopol Kaliakra Maslen nos Sinemoretz

Laboratory For Radiochemistry and Radiopharmacy HeavyHeavy metalmetal contentcontent inin BlackBlack SeaSea MacroalgaeMacroalgae dependingdepending onon thethe locationlocation XX -- RayRay FluorescenceFluorescence AnalysisAnalysis 90 Heavy metal content in Black Sea algae (X-Ray)

Zn 70 Cu As 50 Cd Ni Pb 30 ppm 10 -10 Ravda Shabla Rezovo Tuzlata Sozopol Ahtopol Kaliakra Sinemoretz Maslen nos

Laboratory For Radiochemistry and Radiopharmacy „ Cr,Cr, Zn,Zn, Ni,Ni, Cu,Cu, PbPb,, AsAs andand CoCo contentcontent inin KaliakraKaliakra andand BjalaBjala sedimentssediments fromfrom 19911991--19931993

Trace metal content in Black Sea sediments (ICP-AES) ppm

Laboratory For Radiochemistry and Radiopharmacy Tree Diagram for 24 Black Sea sites - Ward`s method „ Creation of a G. Sands database for Bourgas Sozopol Pomorie radionuclides and S. Beach radionuclides and Sinemoretz Nessebar heavy metals in Ahtopol Rezovo D. Kulak Tulenovo sediments K. Brjag Shabla Balchik Tuzlata „ Kavarna „ Creation of a Maslen nos Ravda Tzarevo database for Kaliakra database for Chernomoretz Bjala radionuclides and 024681012141618 Euclidean distances heavy metals in Tree Diagram for six Black Sea alga species - Ward`s method Green, Brown and Red macroalgae Cer. rubrum Ent. intestinalis „ Statistical assessment Cyst. crinita of databases to predict Cyst. barbata contaminants’ impact on Ulva rigida Black Sea marine Clad. vagabunda ecosystems

0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 4,5 Euclidean distances

Laboratory For Radiochemistry and Radiopharmacy RadionuclideRadionuclide DiagnosticsDiagnostics

„ Basic Principles of Nuclear Medicine

– Radionuclides are applied for investigation of human organs

– Selective accumulation of labeled complexes in target organs

– The degree and speed of accumulation and clearance is

characteristic of the organ’s functioning

– The basic task is the study of functional and morphological condition

of organs and systems in human organism by means of specific

organotropic radiopharmaceuticals

Laboratory For Radiochemistry and Radiopharmacy Lymphoscintigraphy of children lymphoedema Mamscyntigraphy with Tc-99m MIBI

Laboratory For Radiochemistry and Radiopharmacy „ International collaboration

„ PHARE project FONSAVE for improvement the capacities for analysis of seized nuclear materials containing Uranium and Plutonium – Prof. Lotar Koch, ITU/JRC 1998 - 2003 „ Assistance was provided by EU experts (Institute for Transuranium Elements ITU, Karlsruhe Germany) to Purchase of equipment for identification, categorization and analysis of nuclear materials and by NDA measurements of seized vagabonding material

„ PECO project Harmonization of Techniques and Methodologies for Measuring Radioactivity in the Environment – Prof. Maria Betty ITU/JRC 2003 - 2006

„ CIESM Mediterranean Mussel Watch Program – Prof. Frederick Briand – Monaco, France 2003 - 2006

Laboratory For Radiochemistry and Radiopharmacy PORTABLE NDA EQUIPMENT Planar HPGe Detector, DART Spectrometer, Laptop

Laboratory For Radiochemistry and Radiopharmacy PORTABLE NDA EQUIPMENT CdZnTe Detector, MiniMCA Spectrometer, Notebook

Laboratory For Radiochemistry and Radiopharmacy ProjectsProjects forfor CombatingCombating IllicitIllicit TrafficTraffic ofof NuclearNuclear andand RadioactiveRadioactive MaterialsMaterials

FONSAVE PECO GAMDETEC

Coordinator – ITU Karlsruhe, Germany Beneficient – Nuclear Regulatory Agency Recipient Institute – INRNE – BAS,

Laboratory For Radiochemistry and Radiopharmacy LAW ENFORCEMENT INSTITUTIONS IN BULGARIA

A. MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS

„ National Security Service

„ NSBOP (National Service for Combating Organized Crime)

„ SOTI (Service for Acquiring Technical Information)

„ Border Police

„ Police

B. CUSTOMS

C. CIVIL DEFENCE

D. STATE AGENCY FOR NUCLEAR REGULATION

Laboratory For Radiochemistry and Radiopharmacy I. MODEL ACTION PLAN First Step

„ Preservation of evidence

„ Health physics analysis

„ Application of proper protocols, adopted by the law enforcement forces - police, customs etc. Second Step

„ NDA analysis to categorize the radioactive material – radioactive, non-fissile material – nuclear fuel (235U content less 20 %) –Pu and/or enriched U (235U content higher 20 %)

„ Ge(Li) high Resolution Gamma Spectroscopy

„ Passive Neutron interrogation for Pu 235 „ Active neutron interrogation for U Third Step

„ In-Depth Analysis by Specialized laboratory – traces (dust, pollens etc.) on packaging material –packing material – element composition of nuclear material including traces

Laboratory For Radiochemistry and Radiopharmacy External traffic

„ The external traffic of illicit materials is the transfer of raw materials and expensive metals from the former Soviet Union towards Western Europe and the Middle East.

„ Al, Os, Cs, Sc, Rare earth elements

„ Nuclear Materials

– Red Mercury

– Pu

– Enriched U

Laboratory For Radiochemistry and Radiopharmacy Internal traffic

„ Stolen radioactive sources imported from Soviet Union

„ Diversion and transport materials from Uranium mining

industry including different amounts of “yellow cake”

„ Cases of illegal traffic with radioactive sources or isotopes of highly radioactive devices containing isotopes Cs-137, Co-60, Ir-192, Ra-226, Am-241 : • Level meters • Dense meters • Devices removing static electricity • Weighing devices • Parts of irradiation devices • Smoke detectors etc. • Natural or depleted Uranium containers or shielding

Laboratory For Radiochemistry and Radiopharmacy „ FIRST INTERNATIONAL EXERCISE ON COMBATING ILLICIT TRAFFIC OF NUCLEAR MATERIALS

PARTICIPATING COUNTRIES: TURKEY – BULGARIA

PLACE – BORDER CROSSING POINT KAPI KULE

TIME – 14 – 15 OCTOBER 2002

Acting Partners

Cekmece Nuclear Center - Istanbul

Institute For Nuclear Research & Nuclear Energy - Sofia

Laboratory For Radiochemistry and Radiopharmacy BULGARIA - TURKEY International Exercise at KAPI KULE Border Checkpoint October 2002

Laboratory For Radiochemistry and Radiopharmacy Discovery of “Illicit” Nuclear Material at Kapi Kule

Laboratory For Radiochemistry and Radiopharmacy Measurement of “Illicit” Nuclear Material at Kapi Kule

Laboratory For Radiochemistry and Radiopharmacy Analysis of “Illicit” Nuclear Material at Kapi Kule

Laboratory For Radiochemistry and Radiopharmacy „ OBSERVERS TO THE JOINT EXERCISE

„ 1. EU Representatives – experts from ITU, Karlsruhe, Germany „ 2. Experts from IAEA – Vienna, Austria „ 3. Interpol „ 4. Europol „ 5. USA embassy in Sofia

Laboratory For Radiochemistry and Radiopharmacy Happy end” of the Joint Exercise – Bulgarian - Turkish teams

Laboratory For Radiochemistry and Radiopharmacy