RADIOCHEMICAL LABORATORY FOR ENVIRONMENT, RADIOPHARMACY & COMBATING NUCLEAR TERRORISM zRADIOECOLOGY Production of z Radionuclides and Heavy metals Radiopharmaceuticals for z Marine ecosystems Nuclear medicine diagnostics z Geological matrixes zSpecialized Lab for analysis of unknown samples for Combating the illicit trafficking of Nuclear and Radioactive materials Laboratory For Radiochemistry and Radiopharmacy Map of sampling locations along the Bulgarian Black Sea coast •35 sampling locations- 210 samples from three seasons (spring, summer and autumn) in the period 1991-2003 •Four types of sediments - slime, silt, sandy and sand •8 deep-sea (30, 150, 300, 2040 m depth) sediment samples Laboratory For Radiochemistry and Radiopharmacy Bq/kg 100 20 40 60 80 0 Balchik Radionuclide contentinslime andsiltsediments Pomorie Ra-226 Th-232 Th-234 Cs-137 Laboratory For Radiochemistry and Radiopharmacy and Laboratory For Radiochemistry Burgas Sozopol Gamma Spectroscopy Tzarevo 1 Kaliakra Kavarna Chernomoretz Maslen nos Tzarevo 2 Ravda Tuzlata Bjala NuclideNuclide contentcontent hashas beenbeen determineddetermined inin tenten BlackBlack SeaSea macroalgaemacroalgae species:species: –– GreenGreen - Cladofora vagabunda, Ulva rigida, Enteromorpha intestinalis, Chaetomorpha gracilis, Bryopsis plumosa; –– BrownBrown - Cystoseira crinita, Cystoseira barbata; –– RedRed - Ceramium rubrum, Callithanium corymbosum, Corallina officinalis Average natural nuclides values: – 238U - 34 Bq/kg; – 232Th -13Bq/kg; – 226Ra - 10 Bq/kg. 137Cs - 1.7 - 26 Bq/kg Laboratory For Radiochemistry and Radiopharmacy RadionuclideRadionuclide contentcontent inin BlackBlack SeaSea algaealgae Nuclide content in Black Sea algae Cs-137 Gamma Spectroscopy Th-234 65 Th-232 55 Ra-226 45 35 25 15 5 -5 Bq/kg Ulva rigida Cyst.crinita Cer. rubrum Cyst.barbata Cor. officinalis Ent.intestinalis Clad.vagabunda Chaetom.gracilis Callith.corymbosum Laboratory For Radiochemistry and Radiopharmacy Nuclide content in algae from Black Sea coast locations (Gamma Spectroscopy) 65 55 Cs-137 Th-234 45 Th-232 35 Ra-226 25 15 5 Bq/kg -5 Ravda Shabla Rezovo Tuzlata Sozopol Tzarevo Ahtopol Rosenetz Kaliakra Sinemoretz Maslen nos Laboratory For Radiochemistry and Radiopharmacy RadionuclidesRadionuclides measuredmeasured inin BlackBlack SeaSea musselsmussels andand fishfish Nuclide content in Black Sea mussel M. galloprovincialis Radionuclide content in Black Sea Fish Gamma Spectroscopy Gamma Spectroscopy 12 80 Cs-137 Th-234 Ra-226 Th-232 K-40 70 10 shells-0 m 60 8 shells-12 m 50 6 40 Bq/kg 4 30 Bq/kg 20 2 Cs-137 Th-232 10 0 0 Laboratory For Radiochemistry and Radiopharmacy HeavyHeavy metalmetal contentcontent inin sedimentssediments andand macroalgaemacroalgae METHODSMETHODS:: –– AtomicAtomic absorptionabsorption (ETAAS)(ETAAS) for Pb and Cd. –– FlameFlame AASAAS for Fe, Mn and Cu. –– XX-- rayray fluorescencefluorescence (XRF)(XRF) analysisanalysis for Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Ni and As –– ICPICP--AESAES Laboratory For Radiochemistry and Radiopharmacy HeavyHeavy metalmetal contentcontent inin BlackBlack SeaSea MacroalgaeMacroalgae dependingdepending onon thethe locationlocation AtomicAtomic AbsorptionAbsorption SpectrometrySpectrometry Heavy metal content in Macroalgae (AAS) 55 Cu Zn 45 Pb 35 Cd Cr 25 15 ppm 5 -5 Ravda Shabla Rezovo Tuzlata Sozopol Ahtopol Kaliakra Maslen nos Sinemoretz Laboratory For Radiochemistry and Radiopharmacy HeavyHeavy metalmetal contentcontent inin BlackBlack SeaSea MacroalgaeMacroalgae dependingdepending onon thethe locationlocation XX -- RayRay FluorescenceFluorescence AnalysisAnalysis Heavy metal content in Black Sea algae (X-Ray) 90 Zn Cu 70 As Cd 50 Ni Pb 30 ppm 10 -10 Ravda Shabla Rezovo Tuzlata Sozopol Ahtopol Kaliakra Sinemoretz Maslen nos Laboratory For Radiochemistry and Radiopharmacy Cr,Cr, Zn,Zn, Ni,Ni, Cu,Cu, PbPb,, AsAs andand CoCo contentcontent inin KaliakraKaliakra andand BjalaBjala sedimentssediments fromfrom 19911991--19931993 Trace metal content in Black Sea sediments (ICP-AES) ppm Laboratory For Radiochemistry and Radiopharmacy Tree Diagram for 24 Black Sea sites - Ward`s method Creation of a Albena G. Sands database for Bourgas Sozopol Pomorie S. Beach radionuclides and Primorsko Sinemoretz Nessebar heavy metals in Ahtopol Rezovo D. Kulak Tulenovo sediments K. Brjag Shabla Balchik Tuzlata Kavarna Creation of a Maslen nos Ravda Tzarevo Kaliakra database for Chernomoretz Bjala radionuclides and 024681012141618 Euclidean distances heavy metals in Tree Diagram for six Black Sea alga species - Ward`s method Green, Brown and Red macroalgae Cer. rubrum Ent. intestinalis Statistical assessment Cyst. crinita of databases to predict Cyst. barbata contaminants’ impact on Ulva rigida Black Sea marine Clad. vagabunda ecosystems 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 4,5 Euclidean distances Laboratory For Radiochemistry and Radiopharmacy RadionuclideRadionuclide DiagnosticsDiagnostics Basic Principles of Nuclear Medicine – Radionuclides are applied for investigation of human organs – Selective accumulation of labeled complexes in target organs – The degree and speed of accumulation and clearance is characteristic of the organ’s functioning – The basic task is the study of functional and morphological condition of organs and systems in human organism by means of specific organotropic radiopharmaceuticals Laboratory For Radiochemistry and Radiopharmacy Lymphoscintigraphy of children lymphoedema Mamscyntigraphy with Tc-99m MIBI Laboratory For Radiochemistry and Radiopharmacy International collaboration PHARE project FONSAVE for improvement the capacities for analysis of seized nuclear materials containing Uranium and Plutonium – Prof. Lotar Koch, ITU/JRC 1998 - 2003 Assistance was provided by EU experts (Institute for Transuranium Elements ITU, Karlsruhe Germany) to Purchase of equipment for identification, categorization and analysis of nuclear materials and by NDA measurements of seized vagabonding material PECO project Harmonization of Techniques and Methodologies for Measuring Radioactivity in the Environment – Prof. Maria Betty ITU/JRC 2003 - 2006 CIESM Mediterranean Mussel Watch Program – Prof. Frederick Briand – Monaco, France 2003 - 2006 Laboratory For Radiochemistry and Radiopharmacy PORTABLE NDA EQUIPMENT Planar HPGe Detector, DART Spectrometer, Laptop Laboratory For Radiochemistry and Radiopharmacy PORTABLE NDA EQUIPMENT CdZnTe Detector, MiniMCA Spectrometer, Notebook Laboratory For Radiochemistry and Radiopharmacy ProjectsProjects forfor CombatingCombating IllicitIllicit TrafficTraffic ofof NuclearNuclear andand RadioactiveRadioactive MaterialsMaterials FONSAVE PECO GAMDETEC Coordinator – ITU Karlsruhe, Germany Beneficient – Nuclear Regulatory Agency Recipient Institute – INRNE – BAS, Bulgaria Laboratory For Radiochemistry and Radiopharmacy LAW ENFORCEMENT INSTITUTIONS IN BULGARIA A. MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS National Security Service NSBOP (National Service for Combating Organized Crime) SOTI (Service for Acquiring Technical Information) Border Police Police B. CUSTOMS C. CIVIL DEFENCE D. STATE AGENCY FOR NUCLEAR REGULATION Laboratory For Radiochemistry and Radiopharmacy I. MODEL ACTION PLAN First Step Preservation of evidence Health physics analysis Application of proper protocols, adopted by the law enforcement forces - police, customs etc. Second Step NDA analysis to categorize the radioactive material – radioactive, non-fissile material – nuclear fuel (235U content less 20 %) –Pu and/or enriched U (235U content higher 20 %) Ge(Li) high Resolution Gamma Spectroscopy Passive Neutron interrogation for Pu 235 Active neutron interrogation for U Third Step In-Depth Analysis by Specialized laboratory – traces (dust, pollens etc.) on packaging material –packing material – element composition of nuclear material including traces Laboratory For Radiochemistry and Radiopharmacy External traffic The external traffic of illicit materials is the transfer of raw materials and expensive metals from the former Soviet Union towards Western Europe and the Middle East. Al, Os, Cs, Sc, Rare earth elements Nuclear Materials – Red Mercury – Pu – Enriched U Laboratory For Radiochemistry and Radiopharmacy Internal traffic Stolen radioactive sources imported from Soviet Union Diversion and transport materials from Uranium mining industry including different amounts of “yellow cake” Cases of illegal traffic with radioactive sources or isotopes of highly radioactive devices containing isotopes Cs-137, Co-60, Ir-192, Ra-226, Am-241 : • Level meters • Dense meters • Devices removing static electricity • Weighing devices • Parts of irradiation devices • Smoke detectors etc. • Natural or depleted Uranium containers or shielding Laboratory For Radiochemistry and Radiopharmacy FIRST INTERNATIONAL EXERCISE ON COMBATING ILLICIT TRAFFIC OF NUCLEAR MATERIALS PARTICIPATING COUNTRIES: TURKEY – BULGARIA PLACE – BORDER CROSSING POINT KAPI KULE TIME – 14 – 15 OCTOBER 2002 Acting Partners Cekmece Nuclear Center - Istanbul Institute For Nuclear Research & Nuclear Energy - Sofia Laboratory For Radiochemistry and Radiopharmacy BULGARIA - TURKEY International Exercise at KAPI KULE Border Checkpoint October 2002 Laboratory For Radiochemistry and Radiopharmacy Discovery of “Illicit” Nuclear Material at Kapi Kule Laboratory For Radiochemistry and Radiopharmacy Measurement of “Illicit” Nuclear Material at Kapi Kule Laboratory For Radiochemistry and Radiopharmacy Analysis of “Illicit” Nuclear Material at Kapi Kule Laboratory For Radiochemistry and Radiopharmacy OBSERVERS TO THE JOINT EXERCISE 1. EU Representatives – experts from ITU, Karlsruhe, Germany 2. Experts from IAEA – Vienna, Austria 3. Interpol 4. Europol 5. USA embassy in Sofia Laboratory For Radiochemistry and Radiopharmacy Happy end” of the Joint Exercise – Bulgarian - Turkish teams Laboratory For Radiochemistry and Radiopharmacy.