Mutability, Monumentality, and the Representation of Motion in British Renaissance Literature

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Mutability, Monumentality, and the Representation of Motion in British Renaissance Literature Moveable Text: Mutability, Monumentality, and the Representation of Motion in British Renaissance Literature Meredith Jane Donaldson Department of English McGill University, Montreal August 2010 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy © Meredith Jane Donaldson, 2010 i Table of Contents Dedication ii Abstract iii Résumé v Acknowledgements vii List of Figures ix General Introduction 1 Part I: The Motion of Objects Introduction 24 Chapter 1: A History of Ekphrasis 33 Chapter 2: Spenser’s Metamorphic Ekphrases 70 Part II: Plotting a Course: Narrative and Wayfinding Introduction 110 Chapter 3: The Experience of Motion in Renaissance Cartography and Chorography 119 Chapter 4: Spenser’s Cartographic Ambiguity 193 Part III: The Motion of Vicissitude and Patterns of Change Introduction 235 Chapter 5: “Omnium rerum vicissitudo est”: Mobility and Commonplaces 241 Chapter 6: John Milton and the Poetics of “Grateful Vicissitude” 273 Conclusion: “Oft greatest comfort growes by grieuous things”: Rivers and Ruins 326 Bibliography 332 ii For David I give you my hand iii Abstract The representation of movement and change in English Renaissance literature was a site of negotiation between conflicting views of the value and efficacy of motion. Renaissance poets made motion visible by referring to other arts, discourses, practices, and disciplines of study where motion was either highly relevant or a topic of debate. Such visibility reveals the fraught nature of motion for Renaissance minds: in the epics of Spenser and Milton, objects move that should be motionless or are described as static when they should be mobile. Such unexpected reversals are appropriate for a period when the whole status and value of motion and stillness was in question. During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, motion was seen concurrently as a force of mutability, bringing eventual ruin to all human monuments, as a force of progress, improving all things, and as a force of equilibrium, maintaining a continual cycle of decay and renewal. Motion gave Renaissance poets, including Edmund Spenser and John Milton, a subject not only to think about, but to think with, as motion provided a unifying framework for disparate ideas. The three parts of the dissertation, each consisting of two chapters, consider motion in increasingly larger dimensions of space and human experience. Part I explores the puzzling frequency with which static artwork in Spenser’s Faerie Queene appears to move. Chapter One argues that motion was a chief feature of the classical rhetorical practice of “ekphrasis” (meaning “description”), and as Renaissance poets adapted ancient forms for English verse, they incorporated motion as an essential element of description. Yet they also iv isolated verbal descriptions of visual art (the modern definition of “ekphrasis”) as a separate poetic mode. Chapter Two applies the distinctly Renaissance practice of ekphrasis outlined in the previous chapter to Spenser’s poetry, and argues that the ability of ekphrasis to accommodate the tension between flux and fixity present in stories of metamorphosis offers a possible explanation for the centrality of Ovidian episodes as subjects for Spenser’s ekphrases. Part II considers the relationship between plotting space and plotting narratives during the Renaissance. Chapter Three argues that, on sixteenth- and seventeenth- century maps, dynamic, narrative features and a lack of roads contributed to an experience of motion, but did little to facilitate actual travel. Chapter Four explores how the narrative features and lack of roads may explain certain discontinuities present in Spenser’s description of travel. Part III argues that Milton’s image of “grateful vicissitude” (PL 6.8) responds to the contemporary debate over universal decay (Chapter Five), and indicates a larger poetics of motion which Milton developed throughout his career (Chapter Six). v Résumé La représentation du mouvement et du changement dans les œuvres littéraires anglaises de la Renaissance constitue une négociation entre les opinions divergentes sur la valeur et l’efficacité du mouvement. Les poètes de la Renaissance illustrent le mouvement par l’entremise d’autres arts, discours, pratiques et disciplines, où il était soit hautement pertinent soit matière à débat. Sa visibilité révèle la nature riche de sens du mouvement aux yeux des littéraires de la Renaissance: dans les épopées de Spenser et Milton, des objets censés être immobiles se meuvent, ou sont qualifiés de statiques alors qu’ils sont mobiles. De telles inversions sont tout à fait pertinentes à une période qui remet en question l’état et la valeur du mouvement et de l’immobilité. Le mouvement aux seizième et dix-septième siècles est perçu simultanément comme une force de mutabilité qui, tôt au tard, entraînera la ruine de toutes les réalisations humaines, comme force du progrès qui perfectionne tout ce qu’il touche, et comme force d’équilibre qui maintient un cycle perpétuel de dégradation et de renouveau. Le mouvement fournit aux poètes de la Renaissance, dont Edmund Spenser et John Milton, matière à réflexion aussi bien que matière à action, car le mouvement leur offre un cadre unificateur leur permettant de concilier des idées divergentes. Les trois parties de la thèse, se composant chacune de deux chapitres, étudient le mouvement dans le contexte de plus en plus large de l’espace et de l’expérience humaine. La première partie se penche sur la fréquence curieuse selon laquelle les œuvres d’art statiques dans Faerie Queene de Spenser paraissent se mouvoir. Le premier chapitre soutient que le mouvement est une caractéristique vi essentielle de la pratique rhétorique classique nommée « ekphrasis » (au sens de « description animée ») et qu’à mesure que les poètes de la Renaissance adaptent d’anciennes formes littéraires aux vers anglais, ils incorporent le mouvement à leurs ouvrages, à titre d’élément essentiel de la description. Ils utilisent aussi, toutefois, des descriptions verbales des œuvres d’art visuelles (la définition moderne du terme « ekphrasis ») comme mode poétique distinct. Le deuxième chapitre applique la pratique singulière d’ekphrasis de la Renaissance, énoncée dans le chapitre précédent, à la poésie de Spenser et soutient que la capacité de l’ekphrasis à concilier la tension entre le flux et la fixité retrouvés dans les récits de métamorphose offre une explication possible du rôle central joué par les épisodes ovidiens qui inspirent les ekphraseis de Spenser. La deuxième partie se penche sur la relation entre le développement de l’espace et des intrigues pendant la Renaissance. Le troisième chapitre fait valoir que les éléments dynamiques et narratifs des cartes géographiques des seizième et dix-septième siècles, ainsi que l’absence de tracés de routes, concourent à une expérience du mouvement, mais comportent très peu d’éléments facilitant les voyages réels. Le quatrième chapitre propose que les caractéristiques narratives et le manque de tracés de routes expliquent éventuellement certaines discontinuités retrouvées dans les descriptions de voyages de Spenser. La troisième partie soutient que l’image de Milton de « vicissitude agréable » (PL 6.8) fait écho au débat contemporain sur la dégradation universelle (cinquième chapitre) et laisse entrevoir la poésie plus vaste du mouvement que Milton a perfectionné tout au long de sa carrière (sixième chapitre). vii Acknowledgements To my supervisor, Ken Borris, I owe a tremendous debt of thanks. Since my arrival at McGill, he has provided unwavering support and encouragement of my research, and has done much to shape my development as a scholar. His insights, guidance, and keen editor’s eye contributed much to the final form of this project. Maggie Kilgour, who shares my enthusiasm for all that moved and changed in the Renaissance, read sections along the way and graciously provided feedback. Michael Bristol taught me much about the joys and investment of teaching. My involvement in the Making Publics Research Project transformed my approach to this project and the types of research questions I asked. Paul Yachnin exemplifies scholarly collegiality, and my work has benefitted from his interest and assistance. For helpful conversations over a number of years, I would like to thank in particular David Boruchoff, Lesley Cormack, Wes Folkerth, Paul Stevens, Anne Thackray, Angela Vanhaelen, and Bronwen Wilson. The participants in the Print Culture and Publics in Early Modern Italy workshop and the Richard Helgerson workshop, as well as my fellow members of the 2007 Summer Seminar, provided stimulating environments for interdisciplinary work. Vera Keller, Matt Milner, Marlene Eberhart, Miriam Jacobson, and John Gagné have been great colleagues along the way. I received financial support during the course of my doctorate in the form of a Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada doctoral fellowship (2005-08), fellowships and scholarships from the Faculty of Graduate Studies and from the Department of English, as well as a variety of teaching assistantships, lectureships, and research assistantships. The Department of English, the Making Publics Project, and the Shakespeare and Performance Research Team all provided travel funding that allowed me to present my research at a number of academic conferences. An Andrew M. Mellon Foundation Visiting Research Fellowship to the University of Warwick (Summer 2006) enabled me to complete much of
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