A Bibliography and Catalogue of the Reptiles and Birds of the Kansas Cretaceous with Descriptions of New Species

Fort Hays State University FHSU Scholars Repository

Master's Theses Graduate School

Spring 1963

A Bibliography and Catalogue of the Reptiles and Birds of the Kansas Cretaceous With Descriptions of New Species

John Christian Harksen Fort Hays Kansas State College

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Recommended Citation Harksen, John Christian, "A Bibliography and Catalogue of the Reptiles and Birds of the Kansas Cretaceous With Descriptions of New Species" (1963). Master's Theses. 792. https://scholars.fhsu.edu/theses/792

This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at FHSU Scholars Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of FHSU Scholars Repository. A BIBLIOGRAPHY AND CATALOGUE OF THE REPTILES AND BIRDS OF THE KANSAS CRETACEOUS WITH DESCRIPTI ONS OF NEW SPECIES

being

A Thesis Presented to t h e Graduate Faculty

of t h e Fort Hays Kansa s Sta t e Colle g e i n

Partia l Fulfillment o f t he Requirement s for

t he Degree o f Ma st e r of Science

John 0 .• Harks en , B . s. Fort Hay s Kansas State Co lleg e

Date h--,,.O ,, ,19k L Approved Q · ~, ' Ma jor Profe ssor 6 THESIS .ABSTRACT

Harksen, John c. 1963. A bibliography and catalogue of the reptiles and birds of t he Kansas Cretaceous with descriptions of new species.

Tbe purpose of t he problem was twofold . First , t he problem involved the compiling of a current bibliography and catalogue of tbe reptiles and birds of tbe Kansas Cretaceous . Second , the problem i nvolved describing two new species of Cretaceous reptiles wbicb are situated in t he Fort Hays Kansas State College Mus eum.

The bibliography and cat aloge covers the six orders of reptiles and two orders of birds wh ich have been collected from t he Kansas Cretaceous . Publications up to the year 1962 are i ncl uded in t his s ection.

Th e t wo new species are Pteranodon sternbergi and Teleorhinus occidentalis . f. sternbergi was collected from t be Niobrar a formation wh ile!• occidentalis i s from either the uppermost Dakota formation or the lowermost Graneros for mation. ii

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-:: .:.~~·- .::.s- . iii TABLE OF CO NTENTS

PART PAGE

I. A BIBLIOGRAPHY AND CATALO GUE OF THE REPT I LES

AND BIRDS OF THE KANSAS CRETACEOUS •••• 1

CHAPTER I. I NTRODUC TIO N ..••..•. 2 CHAPTER II. BIB LIO GRllPHY OF THE REPT I LES AND BIRDS OF THE KANSAS CRETACEOUS. . • . • . 5 CHAPTER III. C.ATALOGUE OF THE REPT I LES AND BIRDS OF THE KANSAS CRETACEOUS . • . • • • • • 2.6 CHAPTER IV. SUMMARY • . • • • . . . • . • • . . 56

II. DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES •.•.•.••••.•• 61 CHAPTER I. A NEW SPECIES OF PTERANODO N FROM THE NIOB RARA .. • .•.•••...•. 62 CHAP TER II. A NEW MESOSUCHIAN CROCO DILE FROM THE CRETACEOU S OF KANSAS •..••..• 70 iv

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE PAGE

1. Classification of the reptiles ••• 3 2. Comparisons of skull measurements of Pteranodon sternberp; i and f:• l onpj iceps • 65 3. Pre s a cral vertebra e measurements of the type specimen of Teleorhinus occidentalis 74 4. A comparison of crani a l measurements of Teleorhinus robustus and T. occidentalis 77 V

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE PAGE

1. Left lateral drawing of t he t ype sp ecimen

of Pteran od on ste rnbergi ..•

2. Left l at e ral drawing s of Pt e ran odon ing ens

and Pt eranod.on s t e rnb e r g i . . • • . . . 64 3 . Ph otogr aph of the type specimen of Pter a nodon sternb e r g i ...•...•..•.. 67

4. Drawing of the p a rtia l c rani um o f the t yp e

s pecimen of Teleor h inus o ccidentalis •...•• 71 5. Graph ic r e s tor at ion o f the crani u~ of Tel eor h inus oc cident ali s • • • • • • • . 72

6. Drawi ng of the vent r a l portion o f the

cranium of Teleorh inus o ccidentalis • . . • 73 7. Ant erior view of a typica l dor sal v e rtebr e

of t he type s peci~en of Tel eorhinus

occidentalis ..•• 76 8 . Charcoa l s ketch of the l eft hum e rus of the type s p e cimen of Tel eor h i nus occidenta lis • . . 77 PART I

A BIBLIOGRAPHY AND CATALOGUE OF THE REPTILES AND BIRDS OF THE KANSAS CRE'J.1ACEOUS CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

In the course mf the last 100 years the Cretaceous strata of western Kansas has proved to be one of t h e wo rld's richest collecting grounds for marine v ertebrates of the upper Cretaceous. Many collectors, both amateur and professional, have worked in western Kansas. Their c ollections have provide d science with a wealth of information on t he vertebrate fauna of the u pper Mesozoic.

The combined bibli ography and catalogue is a r e sume of t he publish ed rep orts of t he c ollectors, paleontolog i st s , and others who were interested in t he Kans a s Cr etaceous. The bibliography and catalogue are not i ntended to be comp l e te .

Rath er, t h e intended use i s as a gu ide t o the numerou s

specific publications wh ich are basic to t h e subject.

Th e b ibliography is a listing o f the more i mportant publications, pri nted in the Un ited States, whi ch pertain to the fossil reptile s and b ird s of the Kansas Cretac eous .

Many other publications s u ch as encyclopedias, ob ituaries,

and mi nor references in text-book s have b e en omitted. The bibliog raphy is composed of over 3 00 of the more r e l ev ent books, articles , and pamphlets . 3 The catalogue is arran g ed by cla s s , order, g enus, an d species. The class Ave s is r epresent ed b y t he two or der s

Hesperornithiformes a nd Ichthyornith iformes. Th e c lass

Reptilia has six repre s entative orders in t h e Kansas Cret- aceous. The six orders are i n dica t ed in t able 1.

CLASS REPTILIA Subcla ss Anapsida Ord er Coty l osau ria * Order Ch elonia Sub cla ss Sy n apsida Orde r Pely co s auria Orde r Therapsida Subclass Parap sida Order Me sosa uria Orde r Icht hyosauria Subclass Eurapsida Ord er Protosauria {l- Order Saur op t ery g ia Sub class Di apsid~ Order Eosu ch i a Order Rhyn chocepha lia Order Sau r ischia * Order Ornit hosauri a * Order Pterosauria * Order Cr ocodilia -ii- Order Squ amata

Table 1. Clas sification of t he r eptile s. -¾} Orders r epre-

sented in the Kansa s Cret a c e ous.

The h eading for e a ch g enu s first c onta i n s t h e g ener ic name f ollowed by the nam e of t he author i ty . Citing t h e g enus Ichth yornis a s an examp l e (pa g e 5+), Icht h y ornis is t h e g enus wh ile !• a rsh is t h e auth ority . The s e c on d entry in the 4 same line g ives the s pecie s which wa s used as t h e type for the genus and the authority for t h e type species. I n t h e same g enus refered to b efore Ichthyor n i s dispar is t h e type and Marsh is a gain the authority .

Following t he g eneric heading appears a list i n g of auth ors who h ave publ ished on this g enus. Th e citation of t h e orig inal discrip tion is pri nted in ita lics; sub ject references follow in a lphabetica l order.

The citation, Mars h 18 7 21, is f ol lowed by an a steris k (* ).

The asterisk and other s ymb ols s er v e t o sh ow t hat t h e s c i en- tific name u s ed in the publicat i on is ot h er t h an t h e one now a ccepted. In t h e g enus Icht hyorn is an asterisk ap p ear s a t the end of t h e author listing to s how that in ~ar sh

18721 the scientific n am e use d wa s Colono saurus mu dg e i.

Following t h e g eneric l i st ing t h ere will be one or mo re specie s lis tings. Specific listing s f ollow the s ame g en e ral style a s g e neric listin g s wi th t he exception o f t h e l a st entry . Th e l a st entry in t he sp ecific listing s will be t h e g eolog ic h orizon from wh i ch t h is s pecie s ha s b e en c ollect e d .

On p a g e 48, under Clidastes me dius , it will be noted that the year of t h e ori g i nal d e s cription appear s in paren - t hesis. The p ar ent he sis indi ca te t h e orig inal d e s cr i ption wa s pri n ted in a foriegn journal and t her e fore will not be f ound listed in ch apt er two. CHAPTER II

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE KANSAS CRETACEOUS REPTILES AND BIRDS

Bardak, D. 1962 . A review of the fossil birds of Kans a s. Kan . Ornithol . Soc. Bull. 13 : 9-14.

Baur, G. 1890. On the classification of the Testud inata . Am . Nat . 24: 530-536 . 1892 . On the morphology of t h e s kull in the J.\, osasauridae . J. Morphol. 7 : 1-22 . Beard, J.C. 1 901. Somet hi n g ab out ancient Ameri can Saurians . Sci. Am . 85 : 267 .

Beebe, C.W. 1 915 . A tetrapteryx sta g e i n t h e a n cestry of birds . Zo olog ica 2 : 39- 52 . 1 960 . How many s ~e cies of birds have existed? Bull. Florida State Mu s. 5 : 41-53 . Broom, R. 1924. On the clas sification of t h e rept iles . Bull. Am . Mus . Nat. Hist . 51 : 39- 65 . Brown, B. 1909 . otes on the restoration of the Cretaceou s birds Hesperornis and Baptornis . Science (n.s . ) 31 : 440 .

1911. Not e s on the res tora tion of the Cretac eous b irds He sperornis and Baptornis . Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci . 20 : 401 .

1943 . Flyi n g reptiles . at . Hist . 52 : 104-111.

Camp , C.L. 1923 . Cla s sification of l iza r ds . Bull. Am . Mus . Nat. Hist . 58 : 289-481. Capps , S.R. 1907 . The g irdl es an d h i nd limb of Holosaurus abrupt us Jv"arsh. J. Geol. 15 : 350- 356 .

Ca se , E . C. 1897. On the osteology and r el a tionships of Protostega. J. Mor phol . 14: 21-60. 6 Case, E.C. 1@98a. Toxochelys , pp . 370-38 5 . In Williston, S.W. Paleontology , Pa rt 1: Upper Cretaceous , Univ . Geol. S~rv. Kan. 4:1-5 94 .

_ __ • 1898b. The development and g eological r e l a tions of the v ertebrates , Part 3 : Reptilia, J. Geol . 6 :711-73 6 . 18 98c. The devel opm ent and g eological r e lations of t he vertebrates , Part 4 : Ave s. J. Geol. 6 : 816-8 20 .

Chandler, A.C. 191 6 . A study of t h e structure of f e athers with referenc e to the ir taxonomic significance . Univ . Cal . Publ. Zool . 13 : 243-446.

Cope , E .D. 1868a. On remains of a l arge enaliosaur , El asmo- s aurus, from Fort Walla ce, Kansas . Ac a d. Nat . Sci . Phila. Proc. 1 868 : 92~ 93 .

___ • 1868b. Not e on t h e fossil reptile s near Fort Wallace, p. 68 . In J ohn L . Lecont e , j otes on the geology of t he survey for t h e extens ion of the Union Pa cific Ra i lway , Eastern Divis i on , fr om t he Sm oky Hill River, Kapsa s t o the Rio Gra n de. Revi ew Printing House , Philadelphi a . 18 68 c. Remarks on· Clidast es i p:.u a n av u s, Nectoport heus v alidus , and El a s mo s aurus . Aca d. lat . Sc i . Ph ila . Proc . 1868 : 233- 242 . • 18 68d. On some Cretace0us r ept iles . Ac a d . 1Iat . ---Sci. Phila~ Pr oc. 18 68 : 233- 242 .

1869a. On t h e reptilian orders Pythonomorpha and Streptosauria. Proc . Bo st on Soc . Nat . Hist . 1 2 :250- 266 .

18 69b. Remarks on fossil r eptiles. Clidast e s propython, Pelycotyl us l a tipinnis, Ornithotarsus i mm anis. ' Proc. Am . Philos . Soc. 11 : 117. 18 69c~ On reptilia n remains fr om Ne w J e rsey and Kans a s. Acad . Nat . Sci. Phila. Proc. 18 69 :123 . 1869d. Ext i n ct Batrachia , Reptilia, and Aves . Am. Philos . Soc. Trans. 1 4:1-252 . 1869e. Spe cirnans of ext inct reptiles . Nature 1: 121:122 • • 1870a. On El a srnosaurus platyurus . Am . J . Sci. (2) ---1: 140-141. 7 Cope, E .D. 1 870b. Additional notes on Ela smosaurus . Am . J. Sci. ( 2 )1: 268 - 269 .

1 870c. On some species of Phythonomorpha f rom the Cretac eous b e ds of Kansa s an d New Mexico . Am . Philos . Soc. Proc. 11: 608 .

187 0d. Ob ser v ations on fos s il reptile s from Kans as . Acad . Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1870 : 132 .

1871a . Remark s on new f ossil r eptile s from west ern Kansas . Acad . Nat . Sci . Phila . Proc . 1871 : 297-298 .

1871b . On the fo s sil r eptile s and fi shes of the Creta ceous rock s of Kansas, pp . 385- 424. In V. F . Hay den 2nd annual report, U. S . Geol . Surv.of Wyoming and contigu ous t er ritorie s .

1871c. Note on s ome Cretaceous Vertebrata i n t he State Agr icultu ral Colle g e of Kansa s . Arn . Philo s . Soc . Proc . 1 2 : 168 -170. 1871d. Brief a c count of an expedi tion in the valley of the Sm oky Hill River in Kans a s . Arn . Philos . Soc . Proc . 12:174-176 .

187le. Cat alogu e of the Phyt h onomorpha f ound in the Creta ce ous strata of {ans~s . 411.rn . Ph ilos . Soc . Proc. 12: 264- 287 •

• 1872a . On the geology and pal eontology of the ---Cretaceous str ata of Kansas , pp . 318-349 . In V. F. Hayden Fifth a nnual report of the U.S. Geol . Surv. Terr . ___ • 187 2b . On a new Testudi nat e from the chalk of Kansas . Am . Philo s . Soc . Proc . 12:3 08- 310. 187 2 c. On two n ew Ornit h osauri ans f r om ~ansas . Arn . Ph ilos . Soc. Proc . 12 : 420- 422 • • 1872d. A d e s cr i ption of the g enus Protostega , a ---form of ext i nct Testudina ta. Am . Ph ilos. Soc. Pr o c. 1 2 :422-423 • • 1872e . On Ple s i osaurus gulo and othe r reptilian ---rema ins from Sheri dan, Kansas . Aca d . Nat . Sci . Phila . Proc. 1872:127-129 . 8 Cop e, E .D. 1872f. On Pythonomorpha a nd other reptiles from t he Kansas Cretac eous . Aca d . lat . Sci. Phila . Proc . 1 872 :140-141.

1 87 2g . Food of ple siosaurs . Arn . Nat . 6 : 439 . 1 873 . Rem ark s on additional specimens of Toxochelys l atirem is . Aca d . Nat . Sci . Phila. Proc . 1873 : 10.

_ __ • 1 874. Rev i ew o f the Vertebrata of t he Cretac eous Period found we st of the Mississippi River . Bull . U. S . Geol. and Geog . Surv. Terr . 2 : 3 - 48 .

___ • 1 87 5 . The v ertebr a tes of t he Cretac eous format i ons of the west . Rept . U. S . Geol . Surv . Terr. 2 : 1-3 03 .

1 877. On s ome lit tle known r eptiles and fi s h of the Cretace ous number 3 of Kansa s . Am . Philos . Soc . Proc . 17 : 176-181.

1 87 8 . Note on f ossils obtaine d by Mr . ussell S . Hi l l , includi n g bones of Proto s te3a g i gas • .Am . at . 12 : 137. 1879 . The n e ck s of t he Sauropt e r ygi a . Am . Nat . 13 :132 • • 1880. Hill .!sKansasexplorations , Am . a t . ---14: 142- 143 •

• 18 82 . On Unitatheri um , Bathmo don, a nd Triisodon. - --Acad. Nat . S c i . Phi l a . Proc . 1882 : 294- 3 00 .

1 883 . The "th ird tro chant er 11 of the d inosaurs . Arn . Nat . 17 : 869 . 1 884 . The Verteb rata of the Tertiary format ions of the we st. Rept . U. S . Geol . Sur v . Terr . 1 009 pp .

1887. The s ea- s aurians of the Fox Hi l ls Cret a ceous . Arn . Nat . 21 : 5 63 - 5 66 . 1893 . Kansas pterodact y ls . Am . Nat . 27:37. 1894. On the structur e of t he skull in the Ples- ios a uri an Reptilia and on t wo new specie s f rom t he uppe r Cret aceous. Am . Philos . Soc . Pro c . 33 : 109 - 113 . 9 Crag i n , F.W. 1 888 . Prelimi nar y description of a n ew of l ittle known s au rian from t h e Benton of Kansas . Am . Ge ol. 2 : 404- 407.

1891. New obser v at i ons on the g enus Tr ina cromerum . Am . Geol . 8 : 171- 174.

1894 . Vertebr a tes from the :reo comi an s hale s of Kansas . Colorado Colleg e Studies 5 : 69-73 . Eastma n, C. R. 1 904 . Fossi l plumag e . Arn . Nat . 38 : 669- 672. Eat on , G. F . 1 9 03 . The c ha racters of Pteranodon . Am . J . S ci . ( 4)16 : 8 2- 86 •

• 1904. Cha racters of Pteranodon. Am . J . Sci. -- ...... ( 4 )17: 318-3 20 •

• 1 908 . The s kull of Pteranodon . S cienc e (n. s . ) - --,,-27: 254- 255 .

___ • 1 910. Osteology of Pteran odon. Mem. Co1m . Acad . Arts and Sc i . 2 : 1 - 38 .

Eaton, T. H. Jr. 1 9 60 . A new a r mor ed dinos au r from the Cretac e ous of Kans as . Univ . Kan. Publ . Ver t . 8 :1-24.

Edingg er, Till y . 1 941 . The brain of Pt eroda ctylus . Am . J . Sci . (5) 239 : 665-68 2 .

Elia s, M. K. 1 931 . The g e ology of Wallace County , Kansas . Univ. Kan. Bull . 18: 1 - 254 .

Gilmor e , C. W. 1 914. Oste ology of the a r mor_ed din o sauria in t he U. S . National Museum , wi t h special reference t o the g enus St eg osa urus . Bull. U. S . ·at . Mus . 89 : 1-143 •

------..- • 1915 . On t h e g enus Tr a chodon. Science (n. s.) 4l : 658 - 668 •

• 1921. An e xtinct s ea-liza r d from western Kansas . ---Sc i . Am . 1 24 : 273 - 280.

1 935 . A new o c currenc e of the fly ing reptile Pteranod on. S cience ( n . s . ) 82 : 371 .

Goul d, C. N. 1 9 01. The Dakota Cret a ceous of Kans as and Nebras ka . Trans. an. Aca d . Sci . 17 : 1 22- 178 . 10 Greg ory , J. T. 1 951. Converg ent ev olution; t h e j aws of Hesperor.nis and the Mosa saur s . Evolution 5 : 345- 39+.

1 952 . The jaws of the Cretaceous t oothed birds , Ichthyorn is and Hesperornis . Condor 54:73 - 88 .

Grinnell , G. B . 1 9 23 . An old time bone hunt . Nat. Hist. 23 : 3 29- 336. Hay , O.P. 1895. On c ertain portions of the sk eleton of . Protostega g i gas . Pubs . Fi e ld Columbian Ius ., Zo ol. 1:57-62 .

1896 . On the s keleton o f Toxo chelv s l atiremis . Pubs . Field Columbian Mus., Zool . 1:101-106 .

1898 . On Prot ostega , the s y stemat ic position of Dermoch ely s , and the morphog eny of the ch e l onian carapac e and p lastron. Am . Nat . 3 2 : 929- 948 . 1905a. On the gr oup of fossil turt les known a s Amp hich ely dia : with r emarks on the orig in and rel ation- s h ips of the suborder s, superfamilies, and f am i l i e s of testu d ine s. Bull. Am. 1u s . Nat . Hist. 21 : 137-155.

1 905b . A revision of t h e s p ecies of the fami ly of fossil turtles called Toxochelyidae , with de script i ons of two new s pec ies of Toxoch~lys and a new s pecies of Protochelys. Bull. Am . 1us . Nat . Hist . 21:177-18 5 .

1908 . The f ossil turtles of North America . Publ . 73 Carnegi e I nstn. Wash. 568pp .

1909a. Descrip t i ons of two ·species of f ossil turtles , Toxochelys stenop or a and Chist er non ? i nterpositum , the latter hitherto unknown. Proc. U. S . lat . Mus . 36 : 191-196 .

1 909b. On restorations of skel etons of fossil v ertebrat es . S cience ( n . s .) 30: 93-95 . 1 912. Chelonia. Bull . Geol . Soc . Am . 23 : 212-220 . 1922. On t h e phyl og eny of the s hell o f the Testud- ina ta and t h e rel at ionsh ips of Dermochelys. J . Morph. 36 : 421- L.J-45 11 Hay, O.P. 1 928 . Further c onsiderations of the s kull of Chely s and of the c onst itution of the a r mor of turtles in en era l. Proc. U. S . Nat. Mus . 73( 3 ):1-12 .

He i lmann, G. 1 9 27. The orig in o f birds. D. Appleton and Co., New Yor k . · 210 pp .

He ilprin, A. 1887 . The g eographica l and g e ological distrib- u t ion of animals. Intern at i onal Sc ientific Series , New York. 435 p.

Helm,- F. 1891. On the affinities of Hesperornis . a t ure 43 : 3 68 .

Holland, W.J. 1 908 . An undetermined element i n the o steology of t he Mosa s auridae . Ann . Ca rneg ie Mus . 4 :162-167 .

Huxley , T.H. 1876 . The d ire ct evi dence of evolution; the negative and f avor able e vidence . Pop . S ci. !font hly 56 : 207-223 , 28 5 - 298 .

Lane , H. H. 1 947a. Survey of the fossil vert ebrates of Kans as : part three , t he reptile s . Trans . Kan. Ac ad . Sci. 49 : 289- 332 .

1 947b . Surv ey of the fossil v e rtebra t e s of Kansa s : part four , the b irds . Tr a ns . Kan . Aca d . Sci . 49 : 390- 400 .

Langley , S.P. 1 902 . The : r eates flying cr e ature . Rept . Smith s on . I n stn. 1 901: 649- 654 .

Leidy , J. 18 51 . Descripti ons of a numb er of fossil reptiles and mammal s . Ac a d . Nat . Sci. Phila . Proc . 5 : 308 - 3 09 . 18 65 . Memoir on the extinct reptile s of the Cretaceous format i ons of t h e United St tes . Smit hs on. Con t rib s . t o Knowledge 14( 6 ):1-135 . ___ • 1 870a . On the El a smo s aurus platyurus of Cop e . Am. J . Sci. (2 ) 49 : 392 . 1870b. Remarks on El asmosaurus gat yurus and other f ossil v e rtebrates. Aca d . Nat . Sci . Phila . Proc . 187 0 : 9-11. 1873 . Contri butions to t he e xtinct v ertebra t e f auna of the we s tern Territori e s . eport of t he U. S . Geol . Surv . Terr . 1:14- 358 . 12 Loomis, F. B. 1 908 . Minute s of the 7th annu a l me eting of the Society of Vertebrate Pal e ont ology . Science (n.s.) 27:254-255.

Lucas, F . A. 1 9 01. The restoration of e~inct ani mals. Rept. Sm ithson . Inst n . 1900:479 -492 .

1902. The greatest fly ing creature , the g reat Pterodactyl Ornithost oma . Rept . Smithson. Instn. 1901 : 654-659.

1903a . Notes on the o steol o3y and relationship of the fossil birds of the g e nera He sper ornis , Hargeria , Baptornis , and Diatryma . Proc . U. S . Nat. Mus. 26:545- 556.

___ • 1903b. A s kelet on of He sperornis. Smith son. Misc. Coll. 45 : 95.

_____,..• 1 903 c. A new p l esi osaur . Smith son. r ·1s c. Coll. 45 : 96 .

Lull , R. S . 1 9 06 . Vola nt adapt i ons in vertebrates . Am . Nat . 40:537-566.

19~1. The Cretaceous a r mo red d i nos aur No dosauru s text ilis Marsh. Am . J . Sci. ( 5) 1 : 98-126.

Ly dekker , R . 1 91 3 . Vertebrate pa eont ology in 1 912 . Sci . Prog . 8 (20):1-24 .

Marsh, O.C. 1870 . Remarks on Hadros aurus mi n or, Ivlo s asaurus crassi dens , Liodon l at icaudus , Baptosaurus , and Rhinoc eros matutinus . Acad. Nat . Sci . Phi la. Proc. 1 870:2-3 .

1871a . Notic e of s ome new fossil reptiles from the Cretaceous and Tert i ary f or mat ion s . Am . J. Sci. ( 3 )1:447- LJ- 59 . .

1 871b. Note on a new and g i gantic spe cies of Pterodact y l. Am . J. Sci. (3 )1: 472 . ___ • 1871c. On n ew reptiles and fishes from the Cretaceous a nd Tertiary , ch i e fly f rom the Ro cky Mountain r eg i on . Ac a d. Nat. S ci. Ph ila . Proc. 1 871:103-105 . 13 Marsh, O.C. 1 872a. Disc overy of a remarkable fossil bird. Ml• J. Sci. ( 3 ) 3 : 56- 57.

1 87 2b . Disc ov ery of additional remai ns of Ptero s aur ia with descrin t i ons of two new s pecies . Am . J . Sci. ( 3 ) 3 : 241- 248 .

1 872c. Discov er y of the dermal scutes of Mosasauroi d r eptile s . Am . J. Sci. ( 3 ) 3 : 290-292 .

• 1872d. Notice of a n e w spe cies of Hadros auru s . ---Am . J • .S ci. ( 3 ) 3 : 3 01.

1872e. Pre l i mi nary d e scription of He s p erornis r egalis, wi t h n ot ice of four other n ew species of Cretac eous birds . Am . J. Sci . ( 3 ) 3 : 360-3 65 . 1872f. On the sut ur es of t he skull and limb s in Mos a s aur oi d r eptiles , with descript i ons of new gen era and species. Am. J . Sci . (3 ) 3 : 448 - 464. 1 872g . Not e on Rhinosaurus . Am . J . Sci . ( 3 )4: 147 .

1 872h. Not ice of a n ew a nd remarkable f ossil b i r d . Am • J • SCi. ( 3 ) 4 : 3 44 •

18721. No tice of a new r eptile from the Cretaceous . Am • J • Sc i. ( 3 ) 4 : 40 6 • • 1 87 2 j. New and r em .r kable fossil s . Arn . Nat . 6 : ----,-49 5 - 497 •

1 87 3 a. Notice of a new spe cie s of Ichthvornis . Arn . J. S ci. (3)5 :74. ___ • 1 873b. On a new subclass of fossil birds . Am . J. Sci. (3 )5:161-1 62 . 1873 c. Fossil b ird s f r om the CretadBous o f North America . Arn . J . S c i . ( 3 )5 : 229- 230 • • 1875a . On the Odontornith e s , or b i r d s wi th teeth. ---Am. J. Sci. ( 3 ) 10: 40 2- 408 • • 1 87 5b . Odontornithes, or bir ds with t eeth . Am . Nat . ---9:624-631. 14 Marsh, o. c. 1 87 6a. Re c ent discover i e s of ext i n ct a n i mals . Am . J. Sc i. (3 ) 11: 59 - 61.

1876b . Not ice of a n ew suborder of Pt er o s au r i a . Am . J . Sci. ( 3 )11: 507- 509 .

• 1 87 6 c. Not i c e o f n ew Odont orn ithes . Am . J. Sci. - --( 3 )11 : 509- 511 .

1 876d. Pr i n cip le chara cte r s of Am erica n Pter oda c- t y l s . Am . J . Sci. (3 ) 12: 479 -48 0 .

1 877a . Char acters of the Odont or n i thes wi t h not i ce of a new a l lie d g enu s. Am . J . S ci. (3 ) 1 4 : 85- 87 .

___ • 1877b . Notice of a n ew and g i g ant i c d i nosau r . Am . J . Sci. ( 3 )14 : 87-8 8 .

• 1 877c. ew v er t ebrat e fossils . Am . J . Sci. ( 3 ) --- 1 4 : 249- 256 .

1 877d. I nt roduction and suc cessi on of v e r tebrate life in America ; vice- pr esident s a ddress bef ore the American Associa tion f or t h e Advanc ement of Sc i en c e . Am . J. Sci. ( 3 )14: 337 - 378 .

___ • 1 879 . Th e v er tebrae of r ecent b i r ds . •iun . J . Sc i . 3 )17 : 266- 269 •

• 1 880a . New cha racters of Mosasauroi d r ept i l e s . --- Am . J . Sci. ( 3 )19 : 83 - 87 . 1880b . Odon t or nit h e s , a mono3r a p h on the e xt i n ct toot hed birds o f North .America . U. S . Ge ol . Explor . 40th Para lle l 7:1-201 •

• 1881 a . Not e on .Ameri ca n Pteroda ct yls . Arn . J . ---Sc i . ( 3 ) 21 : 342- 3 43 .

___ • 1881b . Jur assic b i r ds a n d t h e ir a l lie s . Arn . J . Sci. ( 3 ) 22 : 3 37-3 40 •

. 1 882 . The wing s of Pt eroda cty ls . Alp. . J . Sci . - ~(3 ) 23 : 81 - 8 6 . 15 Marsh , O.C. 18 83 . Bi r d s with teeth. U. S . Geol. Surv . Ann. Rpt . 3 : l.J-9- 88 .

1884 . Principle charact ers of American Cretaceous Pterodact y l s; p c.rtI, the skull of Pteranodon. Am . J. S ci. ( 3 ) 27: 422-426 .

1890. Addit i onal characters of the Ceratopsida e , with notice of new Cretac eous din osaur s • .Am . J . Sci . ( 3 ) 39 : 41 8 - 426 .

1893 . A n e w Cretac eous b i rd a llied to He sperornis . Am • J • SC i. ( 3 ) 45 : 81-8 2 •

1 8 96 . The d i nosaur s of No rth Ameri ca . 1 6th Ann . Rept. U. S . Geol. Surv. pp . 1 33- 244 • • 1 897 . Th e a ffinitie s of Hesperornis . Am . J . Sci . -~(4 ) 3 : 347-348 .

,r a t thew , W.D. 1910. The new p l e sios aur , a gr eat marine r eptil e of the anc ient world . Am . I·u s . J . 10 : 246- 250 .

1 91 6 . A reptili an aeronaut ; a n ew s kel eton of t h e g i ant f l y i ng reptile of the Cretaceous period . Am . TVIus . J. 1 6 : 251-252 .

1 920. Fly i ng reptile s . l at . Hist . 20 : 73 - 81.

Mehl, M. G. 1 91 2 . uroenosaur us? reedii sp . n ov . and Triclei du s ? l a rami ensis Kn i g ht , America n Jurassic P l e sio s aurs . J . Geol . 20 : 3 44- 352 . 1 93 1 . Aq uat i c dinosaur f rom t he l iobrar a of ¥estern Kans a s. Bull. Ge ol. So c. Am . 42 : 326- 327 . ( abst . ) 1 934. Croc odi lian rema i n s f rom Dakot a Sandstone of we stern Kans as . Geol. Soc . Am . Pro c. 1933 : 3 68 . ( abst . )

1 936 . Hi e r osaurus cole i i: a new· aquati c d inosaur f rom t h e Niobra ra Cr e taceous of Kansas . Denison Un iv. Bull. J. Sci. Lab 's 3 1 :1-20 .

1 941. Dak ot a su chus kin~i: a croc odile from t h e Niobrara Cre tac eous of Kansas . Denison Univ. Bal l ., J. Sci. Lab's. 36 : 47-65 . 16 Merriam, J.C. 1912 . Symposium on ten y e a rs progress in v ertebrate paleontology ; marine r eptiles. Bull . Geol. Soc. Arn. 23 : 221-223 .

Merrill, G.P. 1907. Catalogue of t h e types , cotypes , and figu red specimen s of f ossi l vertebrates i n the depart- ment of g eology , U.S. National 1useum . Bull. U. S . Nat. Mus . 53 ( 2 ) :l-81.

Mo odie, R . L . 1 908 . The rel at i onship of the tur t les a nd plesiosaurs. Un i v. Kan. S ci. Bull. 4 : 319- 327.

1911a. An embryonic P l esi osaurian pr opodal. Trans. Kan. Aca d. Sci. 23 : 95-101.

1911b. An armored dinos aur from t he Cretac eous of Wyoming . Kan. Univ. S c i . Bull . 5 : 257-273 .

1 91 3 . Some recent advan ces i n vertebrate paleon- t ology . Am . Nat . 47 :183-19 2, 248- 256 . ___ • 1916. The s t ruct ure and growth of the Plesiosaurian propodal. J. Morphol. 27 : 401-410.

1918. Opisthotonus a nd a llied phenomena among fossil verteb rat es . Arn . Nat . 52 : 384-394 .

Mook, C.C. 1925 . A revisi on of the Me sozoic Cro codilia of North America . Bull. Am . rfa s. a t . Hist. 51 : 31 9 - 432 .

Mudg e , B.P. 187 9 . Are birds derived f rom d i n os aurs . Kan . City Rev. S ci. Indust . 3 : 224-226 .

Newman , H. H. 1 906. The significan ce of scale and plate 11 abnorma lities 11 in Chelonia. Bi ol. Bull. 10:68 - 98 .

Osborn, H.F. 1899a . A c omplet e mosasaur s ke l eton, osseou s and car t ilaginous. Scie n c e (n.s.) 10:919-925 .

1899b. Upon t h e structure of Tylosaurus dy spe l or , including the catilagin ous sternum . Science ( n .s.) 9 : 912-91 3 . 1 900a . Reconsiderat i on of t h e evide nce for a c omm on dinos aur- avian stem in the P ermi a n . Am . Nat . 3 4:777-799 . 17 Osborn, H. F . 19 00b. Intercentra and hypapophyses in the c ervical reg ion of mosasaurs , lizards , and Sphenodon. Am . Nat . 3 4( 3 97):1-7.

___ • 1 903 . Recent z oopal eont ol ogy . Scien c e (n.s . ) 18: 665-668,699-702, 83 5-837.

___ • 1 904. Recent zoopaleontol ogy . Scien c e (n.s.) 1 9 : 3 5-36 , 271-272.

Osburn, R. C. 1 906 • .Adaptive modif icat i ons of the limb skeleton in a quatic r eptiles and mamma ls . Ann . N. Y. Acad. Sci. 16 : 447-48 2.

Palmer , T.S. 1919. The discoverer (B. F . Mudg e ) of the t oothed b i rds of Kansas . J . Was h . Acad . Sci. 9 : 657 . Parmenter , C.S. 1899 . Fossil t u rtle cast fr om t he Dakota . Trans. Kan . Acad. Sci. 1 6 : 67 .

Par ring ton , F.R . 1936 . Further notes on t ooth r eplacement . Ann . Mag . at. Hi s t . ( 10) 18 : 109 -116 .

Pycraft, W.P. 19 09 . Teet h a n d t h e ir s ubstitutes . Sci. Arµ . Suppl. 68 : 204-205 .

Ri gg s, E . S . 1944. A new poly cot y l id plesi os aur . Univ. Kan . Sci. Bull. 30:77- 87.

Rog ers , A.F. 1 9 24. Mineralogy and petrography of f ossil bone. Bull . Geol . Soc. Arn . 35 : 535- 556 . Schaffner , D.C. 1 938 . Gastroli t h s in the lower Dakota of north ern Kansa s . Trans . Ian . Acad . Sci. 41 : 225-226 .

Shufeldt, R. W. 1882 . Con c ernin5 s ome of the forms assumed b y t he p atella in birds . Proc. U. S . Nat. -us . 7 : 3 24- 331. • 1886 .· Feat h ered form s of other day s . Cent . Ivag . ---9 : 352-365 . 1 9 03 . On the classif ication of c erta in groups of birds. Arn . Nat. 3 7 : 33- 64 . 1904a. On the ost_eology and systematic position of t h e Phy g op ods . Arn . Nat . 38 : 13 -49 . 18 Shu fel dt , R . W. 1 904b . An arrang ement of t he f amilies and the higher groups of b ird s . Am . Nat . 38 :833- 857 .

- ---,,-• 1 909 . Osteol ogy of birds . Bull ••Y. Sta te Mus. 13 0: 1 - 381.

1 915a. On a res tora t i on of the b a s e of the cr anium of Hesp erornis regalis . Bull . Am . Pale ont . 5 :73 - 85. 1 915b . Fossil b irds i n the Marsh col lect i on . Trans . Conn . Aca d . Arts Sci. 19 :1-110.

Snow , F . H. 187 8 . On t he dermal c ov eri ng of a mosa s auroid. reptile . Trans . Kan . Acad. Sci . 6 : 54- 58 .

1887 . On t h e discovery of a fos s il b i r d track in the Dakota Sands tone . Trans . Kan. Acad . Sci. 10 : 3- 6 .

Sternberg , C. H. 1881 . The Niobra r a Gr oup . Kansas City Rev. Sci . I n dust . 5 : 1-4 •

• 1 898 . Ancient monsters of ansas . Pop . Sci . News - --3-2 : 268 .

1 899 . A Kansa s mosa saur . Pop . Sc i . 33 : 259- 260 •

• 1 900 . Fossil c oll e ctor's e xperi ences . Pop . Sci . - --3-4 : 33 .

1 9 05 . Protostega 3 i gas and other Cretac eous reptile s and f i shes fr om the Kansa s Cha lk. Trans . Kan . Aca d . Sci. 19 :123- 1 28 . 1 907 . Some ani mal s I discovered i n the fo ssil beds of Kansa s . Trans . Kan . Acad. Sci . 20 : 122-124 .

1908 . Expedition to the Kansa s chalk f or 1 907 . Tran s . Kan . Acad . Sci . 21: lll-114. 19 09a . The life of a fossil hunter . Published by t h e author , Sa n Francisco . 286 p . 1 909b . An armo r ed d inosaur f rom t ·he Kan s a s ch alk. Trans. Kan. Acad . Sci . 22 : 257-258 . 19 Sternb erg , C. H. 1 911. In the Ni obrara and La r am i e Cret a c e ous . Trans . Kan. Ac a d . Sc i . 23 :70-7 4 .

1 913 . Expedi tions to t he Mi ocene of Wyoming and the cha lk b eds of Kansa s . Trans . Kan . Ac ad . Sci. 25 : 45- 49 .

1 917. Hunt i ng d i nos aurs i n the b adl a nd s of the e d De er Ri v er, Al b erta , Canada . Published by the author , San Francisco . 232 p .

___ • 19 2 2a . Expl orat i ons o f t h e Per mi an of Texa s and the cha l k of Kans a s, 191 8 . Trans . Kan . Aca d . Sci . 3 0 : 119- 1 20 .

1922b. Fie ld work in Kans a s and Texa s . Trans . Kan . Aca d. S ci. 3 0: 339- 3 41.

Sternb e r g , G. F . and M. V. 1ill a l ker . 1957 . Report on a p l e sio- s aur s kelet on from western Kans as . Tran s . Kan. Aca d . S ci. 60 : 86 - 87 .

1 958 . Ob s er v ation of a r t i culat ed l i mb-bones of a r e c ently d isc ov er ed Pteran odon i n the ·i obrara Cretac e ou s o f Kans a s . Trans . Ka n . Acad. Sci . 61 : 81 - 85 . Vaughn , P.P. 1 956 . A sec on d s pecimen of t h e Cre tace ous cr ocod i le Dakot a su chus f rom Kans as. Trans . Kan. Acad . S ci. 59 : 3 79- 381. an~ Mar y Daws on. 19 56 . On the oc currence of calcifi ed t ymp a nic memb ranes i n t h e mosas aur Pla tyc a rpus . Trans . Kan. Aca d . Sci . 59 : 382-384 .

Wagn er , G. 1898 . On some turtle remai ns from t he Fort P i er re . Kan. Univ. Quart . 7a : 201-203 .

We l l e s , S .P. 1 943 . Elasmosaurid p l esios au rs , wi th descrip- t i on of n ew mat er i al from Ca lifornia an d Colorado . Mem. Univ. Cali f . 13 : 1 25- 254.

1 952. A r ev iew of t h e No r th Ameri can Cret a ceous El a smosaur s. Univ. Ca l if. Press , Berkel ey . 1 43 pp .

Wet more , A . 1 927 . Pr e sent sta tus of t h e check list of fossil b irds f or Nor th America . Auk . 4 4 : 17 9- 1 83 . 20 Wetmor e , A. 1 9 28 . Prehi s t oric or nithol ogy i n ! or t h Ameri ca . J. Wa s h. Aca d. Sci. 18 : 145-183 .

1 9 29 . Birds of t he p a st i n Nor t h America . Sm i thson . I n st . Ann . Rept. 1 9 28 : 377- 389 .

1 933 . Devel opment of our knowledg e of fo ssil b i r ds , 231-23 9 . I n Fifty years p rogr e s s of Am eri can orn i t h- ology , 18 83 -1933 . American Ornithol ogists Union , Lanca ste r , Pa .

1940. A sy st ematic classi fi cat i on for t h e b i rds of t h e world. Sm i ths on. Mi s c. Coll . 99 (7) :1-11 .

Wh ite, T . E . 1 940 . Hol otype o f Pl esios auru s long i rost r is Bl a k e and t h e classification of the plesio s aurs . J . Paleont . 1 1.J-: 451 -467 .

Wi e l and, G. R . 1 898 . Th e protosteg a n plastron . Am . J . S ci . ( 4 )5: 15-20. _ _ _ • 1 9 00. Some obs er v a tions on c ertain well marked s t a g e s i n t h e evol ut i on o f the testudinate humer u s . Am . J . Sci. ( 4 ) 9 : 413 - 424 .

1902 . Not e s on t he Cretaceous turt lBs Toxo chely s and Ar chel on , with a classification of t he mar i ne t estudinat a . Am . J . Sci . ( 4 )14 : 95-108 •

• 1 905 . A n ew Niobrar a oxochelys . Am . J. Sci . ---.-(4 ) 20 : 325 - 343 •

• 1 906a . Th e os t eol ogy of Prot o s t ega . ~ em . Carneg i e --- ~-ru. s. 2 : 279- 298 •

• 1 906b. Pla s tron o f the Protosteg inae . Ann . ---Ca r n eg i e Mus . 4 : 8 - 1 4 .

• 1 90 6 c. Dinosaurian gastrol i ths . Scien ce (n. s . ) --...,....23 : 819 - 821 •

. 1 909a. Rev ision of the Protostegi dae . iun . J . --- Sci. ( 4 ) 27 : 101-13 0 • • 1 9 09b . A new a r mored sauri an from the Ni obra ra . ---Am . J . Sci. (4) G7 : 250- 252 . 21 Wi e l and, G. R . 1 911. No t e s on t h e armored dinosauria . Am . J. Sci . (4) 31:112- 124 .

_ ___ • 1912 . Note on t h e d i nosaur- t u r t l e analogy . Science n . s .) 36 : 287 - 288 .

Wi lliston, S . W. 1 890a . St ructure o f the plesios aurian s kull . Science ( n . s . ) 1 6 : 262 .

1890b . A new plesiosaur f rom the Niobra ra Cretaceous of Kansas . Trans. Kan. Aca d . Sci. 1 2 : 174- 178 .

18 91a . Kansas mosasaur s . Scien ce (n . s . ) 18 : 345 .

1891b . The s kull and hind extremity of Pt eranod on . Am . Nat . 25 : 1124- 1125 . 1892 . Kansas Pterodact yl s ; p a rt I . Kan . Univ . Quart . 1 : 1 - 13 .

___ • 1893a. Kansas Pter odact yls ; p a rt II . Kan. Univ . Quart . 2 : 79-81.

1 893b . Kansas mosas aurs ; p a r t I I , restoration of Clid.a ste s . Kan . Un iv . Qu a rt . 2 : 83- 84 .

1893c. The Niobrara Creta c e ous of western a nsa s . Trans . Kan . Aca d . Sci. 1 3 : 107 -111 .

18 93 d . An inte resting food habit of the plesiosaurs . Trans . {a n . Aca d . S c i . 13 : 1 21 - 122 . ___ • 1894a . A food_ habit of t he plesiosaurs . Am . ~at . 28 : 50. 1 894b . On v arious v ertebrate remains f rom the lowe r- mo st Cretaceo~s in Kans a s . Kan . Univ . Quart . 3 :1-4 .

Willi ston , S . W. 1895a . New or little known ext inct v ertebrates . Kan . Univ . Qu art . 3 :165-176 . • 1895b . Note on t h e mandible of Ornit h ost oma . Kan. ---Univ. Qua r t . 4 : 61 22

Williston , S.W. 1896a. On t h e sku ll of Orn i t hostoma . Kan. Univ. Qua r t. 4 :195-197 .- 1 896b. On the dermal coveri ng of He speror nis . Kan. Univ. Quart. 5 :53-54. 18 97a. Restoration of Ornithostoma (Pt er anodon). Kan . Univ. Qua r t. 6a: 35- 51.

1897b . A n ew p l e sios aur from t he Kans a s Comanche Cretac eous . Kan . Un iv . Quart . 6a : 57 . ___ . 1897c. Br a chysauru s , a new genus of mosas aur . Kan. Univ. Qu art. 6a : 95- 99 . _ __ . 1 897d. On the e xtr em i t i es of Tylosauru s . Kan . Univ. Quar t . 6a : 99-102 • • 1897e. The Kansa s Niobrara Creta ceous . Kan . Univ. ---Geol. Surv . 2 : 235- 246 . • 1897 f . Re s toration o f Kansas mosasaurs . Kan . Univ . ---Qua rt. 6a :107-110 . 1897 g . ang e and distr ibu tion of t he rno s a saurs , wi th r emarks on s ynonymy . Kan . Univ. Qua r t. 6a : 177-185 .

1898 a . e st or at i on of Kans as Cretaceous ani mals . Kan . Uni v . Quart . 7 1898b. Birds. Kan . Uni v . Geol . Surv . 4 : 43- 53 .

18 98c. Dinos aurs . Kan . Univ . Geol . Surv. 4 : 67-70 .

1 898d. Crocodile s . Kan . Univ . Geol . Surv . 4 : 75-78 . 1898e . Mo s a s aurs . Kan . Univ. Geol . Sur v. 4 : 83- 221 .

1898 f. Editori a l not e s . Kan . Univ . Quart . 7a:235 .

1 899 . Some a ddit i ona l charact er s of the mosas aurs . Kan . Uni v. Qua r t. 8a: 39- 41. ·

• . 1901. A n ew tur tle f r om the Kansas Cr et aceous . ---Tr ans. Ka n. Acad . Sci. 17: 195-199 . 23 Wil list on , S.W. 1 90 2a. On t h e h ind limb of Protostega. Arn . J. S ci. ( 4 )13 : 276-278 .

1902b. On the s keleton of Nyct odactylus with r e s- t or ation . Arn . J. Anat . 1: 297 - 3 05. 1 902c. On the s kull of Ny ctodactylus , an u pper Creta c eous Pterodact y l. J . Geol . 10 : 520- 531 .

1902d. Restorat i on of Dolichorhynch ops osb orni, a new Cretaceous plesiosaur . Kan . Univ. Sci . Bul l. 1: 241-244. -

1902e. Notes on s ome n ew or little - known extinct reptiles . Kan . Univ . Sci . Bull. 1: 247-254 .

1902f. On c e r tain h om oplastic characters i n a qua t ic air-breath ing v ertebrates . Kan. Univ . Sci . Bull . 1: 259- 266 .

1902g. Wing ed repti les . Pop . Sci . Month. 60 : 314-3 22 .

1 903 a. North Am erica n plesiosaurs; part I . Field Co l. Mus . Pub . Geol. Sc i. 2 : 125- 163 •

• 1 903b . On t he ost e ology of Nv ctosaur us ( Ny ctoda c- ---tylus ) with notes on Ameri can pterosaurs . Field Col . Mus . Pub. Geol. Sci. 2 ( 3 ): 1-40 . _ __ • 1903 c. On t he structure of the plesiosauri an s kul l . Scie nce (n.s.) 17 : 980 .

1 904a. The relat i onsh i p s and h abits of t h e mosas aurs. J. Geol . 12 : 43 - 51.

1 904b. The temp oral arches of the reptilia. Bi ol . Bull. 7:175-192 . ___ • 1 9 04 c. The fing ers of Pteroda ctyls . Geol . a g . 1:59-60. 1 905 . The Hallopus, Baptanodon, and At lantosaurus b eds of Marsh. J. Geol . 13 : 338- 3 50 • • 1906a . American amphi coelian cro codile s. ---J-. Geol. 14:1-18. 24

Williston, S .W. 1 906b . No rth Am erican p l e s ios aurs ; Elasmo- s au r us , Climolia s aurus , a nd Poly c ot y lus . Am . J . Sci . m 21 : 221-236 . 1 9 07. The skull of Brachauchenius, with obser v a tions on t he rel ations h i p s o f the pl e siosauvs . Proc . U. S . Nat . Mu s . 32 : 477- 489 .

1 9 08a . No r th Amer ican plesiosaurs , Trina cromerum . J . Ge ol . 1 6 : 715-736 . 1 9 08b . Evolut i on and distribution of the pl e sio- s aurs . Science ( n . s .) 27: 7 26- 7 27. ___ • 1 9 09 _. The fauna l r e l at i ons of the earl y v ertebrates . J. Geol . 17 : 389 - 402 • • 1 91 0 . A mounted skeleton of Pl aty ca r uus . J . Geol. ---18 : 53 7 - 541.

1911. The wing - fing er of Pteroda ctyl s , with restoration of Ny ct o saurus . J . G-eol. 19 : 696-705 .

1 91 2 . Primitive r ept i l e s . J . Mor p hol . 23 : 637 - 663 •

• 1 91 4a . Water reptile s of t h e past and present . ---Univ . Chicag o Pr ess , Ch icago . 251 p . 1 914b . The ost e ol ogy of some Ai11er i can P ermi a n v ert - ebrat e s . J . Ge ol. 22 : 364-41 9 . • 1918 . The ev olution of v er t ebrae . Contri b . --- 1-'lal ker Mus . 2 : 75-85 . 1 925 . The ost eol ogy o f r ept ile s . Harv ard Un iv . Press, Cambridge . 3 00 p . a nd E .C. Ca se . 189 2 . Kansas mo s a s aurs : part I . Kan . Un iv . Qua rt . 1: 1 5- 3 2 . 1 898 . Tu r tle s . Kan . Univ . Geol . Surv . 4 : 3 49- 3 87 . and R .L. Moodi e . 1 913 . New plesi osauri an genus f rom t h e Niobrara Cret a c e ou s of Neb r a s ka . ( abst .) Bul l. Geol. So c. Am . 24: 1 20- 121. " ::.._s

I &TiTI.a c f t:=---c ~e=-=a - ~- -~- =--2.L- r :..L..:.lti -=- ..,~ -__"::, i:--- -_ r--1..7 CHAPTER III

CATALOGUE OF THE KANSAS CRETACEOUS REP'I1 I LES AND BI RDS

CLASS REPT ILIA

ORDER CHELONI A

Protostega Cope. Type f . gi gas Cope Cope , E.D . 1871d Hay , O.P . 1928 Baur , G. 1890 Lane , H. H. 1947a Ca se , E. C. 1897 Marsh, O. C. 1877d 1898b Mer riam, J . C. 1912 Cope , E. D. 1872a St ernb erg, C. H. 1905 1872d Wiel and , G. R. 1900 1875 1902 1880 1906a 1884 1906b Hay , O.P . 1895 1909a 1898 Wi lliston , S . W. 1902a 1905a 1909 1908 1925 1912 Zangerl, n. 1953a

Protostega advena Hay

Hay , 0 . P . 1908 Wiel and , G. R. 1909a 191 2 Niob r ara

Protostega copei Wi eland Wieland, G. R. 1909a Niobr ar a Willist on , S . W. 1914a

Protost ega giga£ Cope Cope , E . D. 1871d Cope , E. D. 1872d Ca se , E.G. 1897 1875 Cop e , E. D. 1872a 1878 27 Hay , O.P . 1895 St ernb.er g , C. H. 1909a 1908 1917 1912 Wiel and , G. R. 1898 Osb orn , H. F . 1904 1906a Rogers , A. E. 1924 1909a St ernberg , C. H. 1881 Will i ston , s . w. 1902a 1900 Zang erl , R. 1953a 1905 1907 Niobrara

Protostega 12ot ens Hay Hay , O.P. 1908 Zangerl , R. 1953a Wi eland , G. R. 1909a Ni obrar a

Toxochel v s Cope . Type ! • l atiremis Co pe Cope , E. D. 1873 Hay , O. P . 1928 Cas e , E . C. 1897 Rogers , A. F. 1924 1898a Sternber , C. H. 1908 Cope , E .D. 1872e Wiel and , G.R. 1900 1875 1902 1877 1905 Hay , 0 .P . 1896 Willi ston, S . W. 1901 1898 9l l.J-a 1905a Wi lliston and Ca se 1898 1908 Zang erl , R. 1953b 1922

Toxochelys bauri Wiel and Wi el and , G. R. 1905 Wi eland, G. R. 1909a Hay , O. P . 1908 1912 St ernb er g , C. H. 1908 Wi lliston , S . W. 1911.J-a 1909a Niobra r a 28 Toxochelys brachyrhunus Cas e

Ca se , E. C. 1898a Lane , H. H. 191.J-7a Hay , O. P. 1905b Wieland , G. R. 1905 1908 Ni obrara

To xo chelys el kader Hay Hay , O.P. 1908 Niobrara

Toxo chelys l atirem is Cop e Cope , E. D. 1873 St ernberg , C. H. 1917" Ca s e , E.C. 1898a Wagner , G. 1898 Cope , E. D. 187 2e Wi eland, G. R. 1900 1875 1902 1877 1905 Hay , O. P . 1896 1906a 1905a Willist on , s . w. 1901 1905b 1914a 1908 •(- ? C;ynoceras incisus Lane , H. H. 1947a II Torycheles Le idy , J. 1873•~ Niobrar a

Toxochelys 2roca x Hay Hay , O.P. 1905b Wiel and , G. R. 1905 1908 Niobrara

Toxo chelys serri f er Cope Cop e , E. D. 1875 Lane , H. H. 1947a Ca s e , E. C. 1898a Nev-rman , H. H. 1906 Hay , O.P. 1898 Fi el and, G. R. 1905 1905b Williston, s . w. 1901 1908 Niobrara

Toxochel v s stenouora Hay Hay , O.P . 1905b Wielan d , G. R. 1905 1908 1909a * T. st eno12orus Lane, H. H. 1947a•:l- Niobrar a 29 Cynoc ercus Cop e . Type Q. incisus Cope

Cope , E.D. 1 88 2 Hay , O. P . 1896 1 87 2a 1 908a 1 87 2b Wi el and, G.R. 19 0 2 1 87 5 Wi lliston and Ca s e 1 898

Cyno cercus i ncisus Cop e

Cope , E.D . 1 872b Hay , O .P. 1908 1 872a Lane , H. H. 1 947a 1 87 2e Williston and Case 1 898 1 87 4 Za ngerl , R. 1953b 1 875 Ha y, O.P. 1 905b Niobra ra

Por t ho chel ys Wi l l iston . Type ~- l a t icep s Williston

Williston , S . W. 1901 Lane , H. H. 1 947 a • ~ Hay , 0 .P. 1905a i•T illiston, S . W. 1925 1 9 08 -:~ Proto ch elys

P or tho chel;t§_ l at i ceps illiston

Williston, S. W. 1901 Lan e , H. H. Hay , O.P. 1 905b ·* Protoch elys 1 908 Ni obra r a

Turtles-Gen eral

Pa rmenter, C.S. 1 87 9 30 ORDER SAUROPTERYG IA

Ela smosaurus Cope . Type ~ . platyurus Co pe

Cop e, E .D. 1 868a Ma tt hew , W. D. 1910 Beard, J . C. 1901-:1- Well e s, S.P. 1 943 Cope , E.D. 1 868b ' 1 952 1 8 68 c Williston , s.w. 1 902d 1 869a 1 902f 1 869d 1903a 1 870b 19 0 6b 1 871b 1 91 4a 1 872a 1925 1 875 Willist on , and Moo d i e 1 917 1 87 9 11 Lane , H;H. 19 47a * ~- platurus Leidy, J . 1 87 0a ' I Discosaurus c eri natus 1 870b II E . pl a tyuris

Elasmo s aurus P1_atyurus Cope

Cop e , E .D. 1868a Lane , H. H. 1947 a 1 868b Leidy , J . 1 87 0a 1869a 1 870b 1 869d Williston , S . W. 1 902d 1 871b 1 903a 1 87 2a 1 906b 1 875 1 91 4a Eli a s , 1, • K. 1931 Pierre

Elasmosaurus sternber3 i Wi l liston

Williston, S . W. 1 90 6b Williston, S . ·v. 1908a Welles , S.P . 1 952 Niob r a r a

Thal a ssonomo s au rus We lles . Type Elasmosaurus? ma rshii Willist .

Welles, S.P . 1 943 ',' e l l e s , S .P. 1 952 Lane, H. H. 1947a 31 Thalassonomo s au r u s mar shii (Williston)

Willist on , S . W. 1906b•n• Wi lliston, S . W. 1908a* Lane , R. H. 1947a Welles, S.P. 1943 * El asmo saurus 1952 Niobr ar a

Styxosaurus Welles Ty p e Cimo lios aur us (El a smosaurus?) snowi i Wi lliston

Well es , S.P. 1943 Welle s , S. P. 1952

Styxosaurus snowii (Willi st on )

Williston , S.W. 1890b• l- Wi llist on , S.W. 1908a# Cope, E.D. 1894•::• * 1914a@ Lane , R. H. 1947a 1925@ Welles , S .P. 1943 -:!- Cimoliosaurus (El asmos aurus?) 1952 sn owii Williston, S . W. 1890a I I 1l- :½- Cimlia saurus snowii 1890b'' Cimolia saurus snowii 1902d ' . 11 Ci moliosaurus snowii 1903a '. II Cimoli a saurus 11 .it 1904b 1'i El asmos aurus snow ii 1906b# 0 El a smosaur us sn owii 1907$i @ El asmosaur us Niobra ra

Alzada s aurus Weiles . Type !J:. . r i p; gsi Wel l es Welles , S .P. 1943 Welle s , S.P. 1952

Alzada s au rus .l{ansa s ens is Welles

Welles , B .P. 1952 ~i- El a smosaurus ischi adicu s Willi st on, S. W. 1906b-l!- 1 Ogmo di rus i s ch iadicus Williston, ~~d, Moodie 1917' Ni obr ara

Tha l assiosaurus Vvelle s . Ty p e Pol y c ot ylu s i s ch i adicu s Willi st.

Welles, S.P. 1943 Welles, S.P. 1952 32 Tha l a ssi osaurus isch iadicu s {Williston ) Willist on, S . W. 1903a-~ * P olycoty lus i s ch i adicus Lane , H. H. 1947a• H~ ·lH } Tha l a ssiosaurus isch i adicus Welle s, S.P. 1943 1 , ",Hl- Styxosaurus s nowii 1952 " El a smosaur us i sch iadi cus 1111 11 Williston , S . W. 1906b ", " Elasmosaur u s n ob ilis 11 1 908a , lllt @ Ogm od irus ischiadicu s Williston a nd Moodie 1917@ Ni obrara

Brachaucheniu s Williston . Type ~- luca si Williston

Williston, S . W. 19 03a Willist on , S . W. 1925 Moodie, R.L. 1 908 Willist on a nd Moodie 1 917 Willi st on, S . W. 1907

Br a chauch en i us l u casi Wi llist on

Williston, S.W. 1903 a Williston , S . W. 1 903 c Lane, H.H. 19 47 a 1907 Lucas, F.A. 1 903 c 19 08a Merrill, G. P . 1907 Benton

Cimoliasaurus Le idy . Type Q. magnu s Le i dy

Leidy, J. 1 851 Mehl , JvI . G. 1912• ~ Case , E .C. 1 898 c Osbu r n , R. C. 1 906• i- Cope , E .D. 1868 c St ernberg , C. H. 1917 1869a We lle s , S. P. 1952 18 69d Whit e , T . E . 19 1~0* 1 870a Williston, S . W. 1890b* 1870b 1902D 1 871b 1903 a 1 875 1904b Leidy , J. 18 65 1 90 6b 1 870a 1 9 25• 1- 1870b * Cimo lios aur us 33 Cimolia s aur us s n ow i i Willi st on

Willi s ton , S . W. 1 890a 1,,v i l lis t on , S . W. 1 90 2d Cope , E . D. 1 8 9 1.J. 1 903a Mood i e , R. L . 1 918 Will ist on , S.W. 1 890b Niob r a ra

Ogm odirus Wi lli s t on a n d Mo od i e

Type Q. martin i Williston and ~ood i e

Williston and 1oodie 1913 Willist on , S . W. 1 9 25 ' We l l e s , S . P . 195 2 ' Ogmo dei rus

Ogm od irus mart i n i Wi lli st on and J\ ood i e

Wi l list on and Mood i e 1 917 Welle s , S.P. 1952 La ne , H. H. 1 9 47a~,{- r oodi e , R. L . 1 916-:,~ -ir O . mart i n ii Wel l es , S . P . 1 943• 1- Niob r a r a

Pl esio saurus Conyb eare . Type P . dolichod e i rus Conybeare .

Conyb ea re , W. D. (18 21) Williston, S . W. 1 9 25 Br oom, R. 1 9 24 Will iston a nd Mo odi e 1 91 7 Well e s , S . P . 1 9 52 Will ist on , S . W. 1 903 a

Ple s i osau r u s goul d i i Wi lli ston

Willis ton, S . W. 1 897b Wi lli st on , S . W. 1903a La ne , H. H. 1 9 47a 1 9 08 a vtell e s , S . P . 1952 Willist on , S . W. 190 2d Comanch e

Ple siosaur us mu d3e i Cra g in

Crag i n, F.W. 18 94 Wi l list on , S . W. 190 3a La n e , H. H. 1 947a 1908a Well e s, S . P . 1 95 2 Will i ston, S . W. 1 90 2d Coman ch e 34 Plesiosaurus gu l o Co pe Cop e , E.D. 1872e Williston , s.w. 1902d 1872g 1903a 1874 1908a 1875 Lane , H.H . 1947a Niobrara

Polycot yl u s Cope . Type !:_ . l at i12innis Cope , E . D. 1869b Wieland , G. R. 1906c 1869d Williston , s . w. 1894a 1871b 1902d 1872a 1903a 1875 1906b 1887 1908a Moodie, R. L. 1911a 1914a White , T. E. 1940 1925

Pol ycotylus dolicho12us Williston Williston, S . W. 1906b Williston, S. W. 1-908a Lane , H. H. 1947a Niobrara

Poly cotylus latipinnis Cope Cone , E . D. 1869b Le idy , J . 1873 1869d Mo odie , R. L. 1911a 1871b Williston , S . W. 1902d 1872a 1903a 1874 1906b 1875 1908a Lane , H. H. 1947a Niobra ra 35 Trinacrom erum Cragin. Typ e!• bentoni anum Cr agin Cra gin, F . W. 1888 Williston, S.W. 1902f* Cop e , E.D. 1894 1903a-l} , I Cragi n , F . W. 1891 1906b Osburn, R.C. 1906 1908a Sternber g and Wal ker 1957 1914a Whit e , T.E . 1940 1918 Wiel and, G. R. 1906c 1925 Williston, S . W. 1894a •'!- Dolichorhynchops 1902d•~ , ' · ' Trina cromerum

Trina cromerum anonymurn Williston Williston, S . W. 1903a Williston , S . W. 1906b Lane , H. H. 1947a 1908a Ri ggs , E.S. 1944 Wi 11 is t on, S . W. 1906a Benton

Tr i nacromer um b ent onianurn Cragi n

Cragin, F. W. 1888 Will i st on , S . W. 1902d 1891 1903a Lane , H. H. 1947a 1908a Ri gg s, E. S . 1 91.~4 Benton

Trina cr om erum osborni (Williston) Williston, S . W. 1902d~~ Will iston, S . W. 1908a-; i- Osborn, H.F. 1903• l- 1914a Lane , H.H . 1947a 1914b Riggs , E. S . 1944 1925 Sternberg , S. H. 1909a• f Williston, S. W. 1903a • l- -:} Dolichorhynchops 1907 Niobrara

Tr ina cromerum wi lliston i Riggs Ri ggs, E.S. 1944 Gr eenhorn

Ple siosaur - General Williston , S . W. 1893d Williston, S.W. 1908b 36 5 ORDER ORNITHICHIA

Hierosaurus Wieland. Type li • sternb er gii Wieland

Wieland, G. R. 1909b Wiel and, G. R. 1911 Gilmore , C. W. 1914 1912 Lull, R.S. 1921

Hi erosaurus c ol eii lVie hl

Mehl , M. G. 1936 Lane , H. H. 1947a 1931 Ni obrara

Hier os au r us sternber gii Wiel and Wi eland, G. R. 1909a Sternb erg , C. H. 1909b Lane , H. H. 1947a Wiel and , G. R. 1911 Mehl, M. G. 193 6 Moodie , R.L. 1911b Niob r ara

Claos auru s Marsh . Ty p e Hadrosaurus agilis Ma rsh Ma rsh, o.c. 1890 Williston, s.w. 1909

Claosaurus agi l is Ma rsh

J:la rsh, O.C. 187 2d• !- Marsh, O.C. 1896 Cope, E.D. 1874* Williston, .S . W. 1898c•:H(- 1875·« 1902e• (- Gilmore , C. W. 1915 • ~ Hadrosaur u s Lane , H. H. 1947a • H i- Theresius JIJ ar sh , O • C . 1877b-l.- Niobrara

Silvisaur u s Eaton . Type § . condrayi Eaton Ea ton, T. H. 1960

Silvisaurus condrayi Eaton Eaton, T. H. 1960 Dakota 37 Dinosaurs - General Schaffner, D.C. 1938 38 ORDER PTEROSAURIA

Pteranodon Mar s h . Type P . longiceps Ma rsh Marsh , o. c. 1876b Pycraft , W.P. 1909 Brown, B. 1943 St ernberg , C, H. 1907 Cas e , E. C. 1898c 1909a Cope , E. D. 1893 1911 Eaton , G. F . 1903 1917 1904 1922a 1908 St ernberg and Wa l ker 1958 1910 Williston, s . w. 1891b Edingger, Tilly 1941 1892 Gi l more , C. W. 1935 1893a Lane , H. H. 1947a 1895b1'" Langley , S . P. 19021<" 1896a-:.- Loom i s , F . B. 1908 1897a• <" Luca s , F . A . 1902-:c 1902b Lydekker , R. 1913 1902c.;.;- Marsh , o.c. 1876a 1902g 1876d 1903b 1881a 1904c 1882 1911 1884 1912 Mat thew , W.D. 1916 1925 1920 Wilson , R.W. 1955 Moodie , R. L. 1913 Ornithost oma

Pteranodon comptus 1arsh Marsh , o.c. 1876b Williston, S. L 1903b Eaton, G. F. 1910 Williston, S . W. 1892 Ni obrar a

Pteranodon i ng ens Marsh

Marsh, O. C. 187 2b ' 1\'lar sh , 0 • C • 1876b Co p e , E. D. 1s12a 11 1876d 187 2c 11 1884 187 4¢" , ·)Ht- Sternb erg, C. H. 1913 1875¢ , *•~ Wi lli ston, S. W. 189lb¢" Eaton, G. F. 1910 1892¢ ,-;H:- Lu ca s , F. A. 1902~~ 1893a ~n~ Marsh, O. C. 1872j 1897a* 39 Williston, S . W. 1897e* Wilson, R.W. 1955 1902b% * Ornithostoma Pt erodactyu s ti Ornithoch i rus u mbr o sus ¢ Pt er oda cty lus umbro sus ** Pt er odacty lus ing en s Niobra r a

Pt e r a nodon longiceps Ma rsh

Marsh, O. C. 1876b Ma rsh , O.C. 1884 Eat on, G. F . 1904 Willist on , S . W. 1891b 1910 1892 Mars h , o.c. 1876d Ni obra r a

Pt er anodon o ccid entalis Ma rsh

Marsh , O.C. 1872b•;~ Ma rsh , O. C. 1884 Cope , E. D. 1872a·;H(- Wi l list on , S .W. 189 2 1872 c-lH- 1903b 1874,:- 1875• 1- * Pteroda ctylus Eat on, G.F. 1910 • H:- Orni t hochi r u s h arpygi a Mars h , O.C. 1871b' Pterodactyl us oweni 1872j 1876b Ni obr a ra

Pt er anodon velox Mar s h

Mar s h , O.C. 1872b* Marsh , O. C. 1876d Cope, E .D. 1874-lf Wi l liston , S. W. 1892 1875 -i,- % Pt erodact y l u s Ea t on, G.F. 1910 Niobra r a

Ny ctosaur us Mar s h . Type Pt eranod on p;ra c ilis Mar s h

a rsh , o.c. l-876d Wi l list on, S . W. 1897a•:i- Brown, B. i 943 1897e• i- Case , E .C. 1898c• ~ 1 9 02b~:- Cope , E .D. 1893·)~ 1 90 2 c -r-- Eaton, G.F. 1903-l!- 1 90 3b 1904• (- 1904c' 1910 1911 Eding g er, Tilly 1941 1925 Marsh, O.C. 1881a -l} Nyct odacty l us Matthew, W.D. 1920 Pt eroda cty ls Willi st on, S.W. 1892-l} Niobrara 40 Nv ctosaurus gra cilis Marsh

Marsh, o.c. 1 876b·l~ Williston, S .W. 1903b 1 876d 1 911 188la•:Hi- -::,, {! Pt eranodon Williston, S. W. ·lH~Ny ct odacty lus 1 9 02b-;;--¾• Niobrara

Ny ctosaurus nanus (Marsh)

Mars h , O. C. 1 88 l a •~ Wi lliston, S . W. Eaton, G.F. 1910 -:i- Pt e r a n odon Williston, S . W. 1 892-i~ Niobrara

Apat om erus Will ist on. Type !1 • mirus Williston

Williston, S.W. 1903b • i- Apat orn iru s Brovm , B . 1 9 43·)~

Apat omerus mi rus Williston

Williston, S . W. 1903b \-illiston , S . W. 1 894b-Y-· -r~ Hyposaurus? Comanche 41 ORDER CROCODILIA

Dakotasu chus Mehl. Type D. k i n1.; i Mehl Mehl, M. G. 19li-l 1eh l, M. G. 1934 Lane, H. H. 1947a Vaughn , P,P . 1956

Dal o-tasuchus kin g i '! ehl

ehl, M . G. 1941 Vauglm , P . P . 1956 La n e , H. H. 1947a Mehl, M.G. 1934 Dakota

Go n i op holi s Owen . Type G. crassi dens Owen

Owen, R . ( 1842) ll ook , C. C. 1925

Goniopholis vebbianu s ( Cope)

1 Cope, E .D. 187 2b•• H l list on , S. W. 1906a• H:.· 1872a • :- • i- 1874~t* * Hyposaurus 1875' ~'H .- H. vebbii Ma rsh, O.C. 1877c I I H. v ebbianus Williston, S . W. 1898d• Hr '' Di plo s aurus vebbi i 19{)5-lHt Benton 42 ORDER SQ.UAM TA

Tylosaurus Marsh . ·rype ±. • micromus Marsh Marsh , o.c. 1872g Snow , F. H. 1878,:- Camp , C.L. 1923 Sternberg, C. H. 1881{c Cas e , E.C. 1898c 1899 Cop e, E.D. 1869d·l} 1805 187lb* 1917 1872a-~ 1922a 1872f Vaughn and Daws on 1956 1874* Williston, S.W. 189la•::- 1875-1~ 1895a• ~ Elia s, M.K. 1931 1897d Lane , H.H. 1947a 1897f Leidy , J. 1873 1897g Lucas, F. A. 1901 1898e Marsh, o.c. 1872c* 1902f 1872f 1907 1880a 1914a Osborn, H.F. 1899a 1925 Osburn, R.C. -1.906 Rogers, A.F. 1924 -v~ Leiodon

Tylosaurus dyspel or ( Cope) Cope, E.D. 1870d' Marsh, O.C. 1872f* Camp , C.L. 1923 1872j 1 Cope , E.D. 1870c' Osborn, H. F. 1899a 1871b' 1899b 18710 I Snow , F . H. 1878 ' 1871d' Sternberg , C. H. 1898 187le' 1908 1872a' 1909a 1872f' Williston, S .W. 1897f 1874' 1898e 1875' 1910 Lane, H.H. 1947a Leiodon Leidy, J. 1873 * Rhinosaurus Niobr ara

Tylosaurus micr omus Marsh

Marsh, o.c. 1872f•~- Cope , E.D. 1874' Cope , E .D. 1875 ' Williston, S . W. 1902e Lane, H. H. 1947a 'he Rhinosaurus arsh, O.C. 1880a Leiodon Wi lliston, S. W. 1898e Niobrara

Tylosaurus nenaeolicus (Cope)

Cope, E . D. Williston, S.W . 1898e 1875-::- • i- Leiodon Lane, H. H. 1947a Niobrara

Tyosaurus prori er (Cope)

Cope, E. D. l869c-::- Osburn, R. C. 1906 1869d' 1111 11 Sternberc , C. H. 1881 1869e Williston, s.w. 1897d 1871a' 1897f 1871b 1 1897g 1871d' 18980 187le' 1910 1872a' 1872f-lHf- ..}._f. hacrosaurus 1874' Leiodon Gilmore , C. W. 1921 II Lacrosaurus priri;:::er Lane , R. H. 1947a -~~- ..;} Rha• phosaurus Leidy , J . 1873 II II Leiodon I I I\.._arsh , o.c. 1872f I I hhinosaurus Osborn, H. F . 1899a Nioorarc.

Platecarpus Cope . Type P . t y:Y,p'J.ni t icu.s Cope

Cope, E.D. 1869a 1'-iarsh, o.c. 1880a•:- Baur , G. 1892 Osborn, H. F. 1G99 a Camp . C.L. 1923 1900b Cope, E.D. 1869d Sternberr.:: , C. I-•• 1899 1872f I , •} 1905 1874 1909a 1875 1922b Elias , l.\LK . 1931 V,rnt3hn and Dawson 1956 Lane , H. H. 1947a Williston, s . w. 1891a Leidy , J . 1865 11 1895a 1arsh, o.c. 1872f·:~ 1897d 1872j~~ 1897f 1897s 44 Williston, S . W. 1898e Williston, S . W. 1914a 1898f 1925 1899 1902e lat ecar--,y s 1904b Le tosaurus 1907 II Holcodu s 1910

Platycarpus affinis Leidy

Leidy , J . 1~ Clidastes Niobrara

Platecarpus clidastoides (..e:criam)

r,erriarn , J . C. ( 1894) Williston, S . l . 1398e Lane , H. H. 1947a r iobrara

Platecarnus coryphaeus Cope

Cope, E.D. 187-le•:l- Sternberg, C. H. 1908 Baur, G. 1892 1903a Camp, C.L. 1923 1911 Cope , E.D. 1872a-l'" 1922a 1874 i{J.gner, G. 1898 1875 Williston, s . w. 1897f Lane , H. H. 1947a 1898e Leidy , J. 1873 1899 mrsh, o.c. 1872f 1 1902e Osborn, H. F . 1899a 1910 1900a Osburn, R . C. 1906 i~" Holcodus Sternberg , C. H. 1905 Edestosaurus 1907 Niobrara

latecarpus crassirtus Cop e 187le Pierre Platecarpus curtirostris Cope

Cope , E . D. 187le-r-- Cope, E.D . 1875 187la•:i- ciarsh, O. C. 1872f 1 1872a•::- •:- Leiodon 1872f~(- Lestosaurus 1874 Jiobrara

Platecarpus felix (harsh)

Iv a rsh, O. C. 1872f• t- Williston, S.W. 1902e Cope , E . D. 1874 1875 •~ Lestosaurus Williston, S.W . 1898e Niobr'.:1ra

Platecarpus glandiferus Cope Cope , E . D. 187le•:c Williston, S.W. 1898e 1872f• , 1874 ·,, Leiodon 1875 Niobrara, Pierre

Platecarpus gracilis (Mars h) Marsh, o.C. 1872f1, Williston, S.W. 1902a Cope , E.D. 1874 1875 •:- Lestosaurus Williston, S . W. 1898e Jiobrara

Platecarnus ictericus Cope

11 Cope , E. D. 1870d• '.· harsh, O.C . 1872f Camp , C. L. 1923 Osburn, h .C. 2.906 - Cope,, E . D. 1870c~- Vaughn and Dawson 1956 187lb•:t- Williston, S.W. 1898e 187le' 1872a' •:- Leiodon 1874 Holcodus 1875 11 Lestosaurus Lane, H. H. 1947a Niobrara 46 Platecarpus l at ifrons (Mar sh) Marsh, O. C. 1872f·)!- Cope , E.D . rTilliston, S . W. 1898e 1874 * Lestosaurus 1875 Niobrara

Plateca rpus mud5ei Co pe Cope , E . D. 1870d~} 1870c~~ Lane , H. H. 191.J-7 a 1arsh, 0 . C. 1872ffl 187l b·::- Williston, S.W. 187le 1 1898e ·fr Leiodon 1872a' Holcodus 1874 11 Rhinosaurus 1875 Niobrara

Plateca rpus oxyrhinus Merriam Merriam , J . C. (1894) Williston, S.W. 1898e Lane, H. H. 1947a l iobrara

Platecarpus planifrons Cope

Cope , E . D. 1874-l~ Williston and Case 1875~- Lane , H. H. 1 91.J-7 a •~ Clide..stes Williston, S . L 1898e l~iobrara

Plate carpus simus 0,-iarsh)

T arsh, O. C. 1872f• !· ,'illiston, S . W. 1298e Cope , E. D. 1874 1902e~} 1875 Lane , H. H. 1947a ,,. Lestosaurus far sh, O. C . 1880a Niobra r a

Platecarpus teculus Cope

Cope , E . D. 187le~~ Williston, S . W. 1898e 1872a-h" 1874 ~f Holcodus 1875 Niobrara 47 Holosaurus 1ars h . Type B· abruptus Marsh I1farsh, 0 . C. 1880a Williston, S.W. Williston, S . W. 1902e 1897e 1910•: • 1897f 1898e * Platecarpus

Holosaurus abruptus 1-~arsh

Marsh, O. C. 1880a Williston, 3 .W. 1910-:, Capps , S . R . 1907 1914a-i~ Williston, S. W. 1898e •:1- Plat ecarpus 1904a Jiobrara

Mosasaurus Conybeare . Type M• bel :icus Holland Conybeare , rv . D. (1822 ) Williston, S . W. 1898e

r-.'.iosasaurus horridus 1.tilliston

Williston , S . W. 1898e Williston, S.W. 1897c Beard, J. C. 1901 Lane , H. H. 1947a1~ * not from Cansas Osburn, R. C. 1906 Niobrara

Clidast es Cop e . Type C. i e;uanavus Cope

Cope , E. D. 1868c Gregory , J.T. 1951 Camp , C. L. 1923 1952 Case , E. C. 1398c Heilprin, A. lo87 Cope , E. D. 1868d Lane, H. H. 1947a 1869 a Marsh, O.C . 187la-l :- 1869d 1872cs'<- 1871b 1872f•:c 187le Parin~ton, F.R. 1936 1872a Sternberg, C.H. 1899 1874 1905 1875 1917 Elias , M.K. 1931 1922a 48 Wi llist on, S .W. 1891a Will ist on, S .W. 1898e 1 893b 1907 1 893c 1914a 1897d 1925 1897f Wil l ist on and Case 1892 1897 g 1898a •~ Edestosaurus

Cli dastes cinerearum Cope

Cop e , E. D. 1870c Willi ston, S . L 1891a 1871b 1898e 187le 1902e 1872a Williston and Case 1892 1875 •~· c. cinerianus Marsh , o.c. 1871a i~iobrara

Cli dastes dis2ar 0,1arsh) JVia rsh , o.c. 187la•:c Mar sh, o.c. 188oa,~ Cope , E . D. 187le~- dilliston, s . r{ . 1891a 1872a.,-:- F '98e 1872f~:- 1902e-lc 1874 Williston and Case 1392 1875 ~"'" Edestosaurus r.ar sh, o.c. 1872f-l~ Niobrara

Cl i dastes liodontus 1-ierriam l\:1err i am , J . C. (1894) Williston, S . W. 1902e Williston, S . W. 1898e Ni obrara

Clidastes medius 1·serri am

:rv erriam , J . C. (1894) Niobrara

Clidastes pumilis \ ... arsh Marsh , o.c. 1G7lc Cope , E . D. 1874 Cope , E . D. 187le 1875 1872a I~iarsh, 0 . C. 1871a 49 Rog er s , A. F . 1924-l~ .Q . pumilu!=; Sternberg, C. H. 1881 Syn of Q. velox Wi lliston, S . W. 1898e*~"· ** Wi lliston and Case 1892,Hr Niobrara

Clidastes rex (Marsh)

lVarsh, 0 . C. 1872a~~ Williston and Case 1892 Cope , E. D. 1874 * Ede st osaurus 1875 Syn of C. Tortor Williston, S .W. 1898e' Niobrara -

Clidastes stenoos Cope Cope , E . D. 187le·:(- Williston, S. W. l098e 1872a,,. 1902e 1874 Williston and Case 1392 1875 Lane , H. H. 1947a •,- .t£dest osac1rus Earsh, o.c. 1872a~.- ·iobr2r2.

Clidastes sternberrii :iman

Wiman , C. (1920) Niobrc..ra

Clidastes tortor Cope

Cope , E . D. 187le•::- St ernb erg, C . H. 1922b 1872a.,'" Williston, S.W. lo97c 1872f• i- 1898e 1874 1902e' 1875 1903a Holland, '\i1 . J . 1908 Williston and Case l'...92 Lane , H. H. 1947a •:- .....,destosaurus l!-iarsh , 0 . C. 1872a• i- C. rex Sternberg, C. H. 1909a Niobrara 50 Clidastes velox (Marsh)

Marsh , o.c. 187la•~ Sternberg, C. H. 1909a Camp, C. L . 192::, Williston, Cope , s .w. 1891a E . D. 187le•:- 1893b 1872a-:i- II 1897f 1874 I, II 1898e 1875', 1902e Lane , H. H. 1947a Williston and Case 1892 Leidy , J . 1873' .. Ede st osaur·us Marsh, o.c. 1872f% c. affinis Rogers , A. F. 1924 II Q. velox

Clidast es west ii .. illist on and Case

Williston and Case 1892 St ernb erg, C. h . 1909a Camp , C . L. 1923 ~illistcn and Case 1898 Lane , E. H. 1947a Pier-re

ClidastGs F,'{filani i:-.arsh

1arsh, O . C. 1871c Willi st on, s . ~-r . 1898e Cope , E.D. 1871° 1902e~~ 1872a Williston and Case 1392 1874 ' 1875' ,Q Vy'rnanii Marsh, O.C. 1871a -:~ Edes c, osaurus 1872f~:- riubrara

Sironectes Cope . Type S . anr~liferus Cope

Cope, E .D. 1874 Williston, S . vv . 1897e 1875 1897f

Sironectes an

• - -- - c- ...... ,... , 5 .. -a.; • - ,;;07- :-::::-:: ..... 6 ...... ~c. ,. .. - r-,...... J__,,; -.._,_ .':) , I • _ ':JC:.-:>

··;1-:::..:::..::.s:.:::::-_, s:: . 52 CLASS AVES

ORDER HESPERORNITH IFORMES

Hes2erornis Marsh. Type fl . re,·alis 1•.arsh I arsh, o.c. 1872e :tJ,arsh, o.c. Bar-dak, D. 1962 1877a Beebe, 1877d c. w. 1915 1879 Bro-wn , B. 1909 1880b 1911 1881b Case, E .C. 1898c 1893 Chandler, E. D. 1916 1897 Cope , E. D. 1883 Mudge, i:astman, B. F . 1879 C.R. 1904 Osborn, H. F. Elias , 1'-1 . K . 1900a 1931 Pyer-aft, ,1'. p . 1909 Gregory , J . T. 1951 Shufeldt , R.W. 1952 1882 Gri ,,,:,., 811, 1903 G.B. 1923 1904a Hay, O.P. 1909b 1909 Heilmann, G. 1927 1915a Heilprin , A. 1887 1915b Helm , F. 1891 Wetmore , 1927 Lane, H. H. 1947b 1928 Lucas , F. A. 1901* 1929 1903b Williston, s . J . 1896b iarsh, o.c. 1875a 1398b •~ He...,2eronis

Hesnerornis crassi2es Larsh

Marsh, O.C. 1876c-::- Williston, S .W. 189,3b Bardak, D. 1962 Marsh, O. C. 1880b -:i- Lest orni s Shufeldt , R. W. 1904a Niobrara

Hesnerornis re6a~is I arsh

]:1ar sh, o.c. 1872a Lucas , F.A. 1903b Bardalr, D. 1962 ).arsh, o. o. 1872e Cope, E.D. 1874 1873c 1875 1875a Huxley , T.H. 1876 1877a Lane, H. H. 1947b 1880b Lu cas , F.A. 1903a 1883 53 Merrill , G. P . 1907 Shufeldt, R.W. Shufeldt , R . W. 1915b 1886 Sternberg, C. H. 1909a 1903 Will i ston, S .W. 1904a 1898b 1915a iobrar a

Har5eria Lucas . Type i:.esnerornis s r acili s Marsh

Lucas , F •• 1903a Lane, H. H. 1947b

Har~eris gracilis (Marsh)

Ifar s h , 0 • C • 1876c•::- 1,vetmore , A. Bardak , D. 1962 Williston, S . w· . Lucas , F.A. 1903a -:~ Hes perornis 1arsh, C . C. 1880b-:: !-Jiobrara

Baptornis r.,arsh. Type B. adve us r.,arsh

'.la rsh , 0 . C. 1877a Lane , H. H. 1947b Bardak , D. 1962 Shufe.1.dt , R. W. 1915b Brown, B. 1909 Wetmore , A . 1940 1911

Bapt orni s adve11c-1s I,,ar sh l'-1ar s h , 0 • C • 1877a •r:e t more , A. 1928 Bardak, D. 1962 1S29 Lucas , F . A. 1903a 1 illiston, S . W. 1896b 1•' ar s h , 0 . C . 1880b Shuf eldt , R.W. 1915b Niobrara 54 ORDER ICHTHYORNITHIFO ,ES

Ichthyornis arsh. Type _! . dispar .,.arsh Marsh, O. C. 1872h -iarsh, 0 . C. 1879 Bardak, D. 1962 1880b Beebe , C. W. 1915 1881b Eli as , k .K. 1931 1883 Gould, C. N. 1901 "1ud3e , B . F. 1879 Gregory , J . T. 1952 Pycraft , W.P. 1909 Grinnell , G.B. 1923 Shufeldt , R . W. 1903 Heilmann , G. 1927 1904b Heilprin, A. 1887 1915b Lane , H. H. 1947b Snow , F. H. 1887 'arsh, O. C. 18721-::- Sternber3, C. H. 1909a 1873b '.fot no re , A. 1928 1875b 1929 1877d -::- 'I'ype Colonosaurus

Ichthyornis agilis .arsh

· arsh, O . C. 1873c~- Shuf eldt, R . ff . 1915b Bardak, D. 1962 ,lilliston, S.W . 1898b Lane , H. H. 1947b Graculavus Marsh, O. C. 1880b ~i obrara

Ichth ,rornis ance'.Js r,.arsh

'arsh, O. C. 1872e•~ ,Iarsh, 0 . C. Bardak, D. 1962 1880b Cope , E . D. 1874-l~ Shufeldt, R. i: . 1915b 1875•:} Gr aculavus Lane , H. H. 1947b Niobrara

Icht~yornis disnar Karsh

\iarsh , O . C. 187211 karsh , O. C. 18COb Bardak, D. 1962 1883 Cope , E . D. 1874 Palmer, 1' . S . 1919 1875 Sternber5, C. H. lo81 Lane , H.H. 1947b 1r, et• ore , A . 1928 arsh, O. C. 1872i-~- 1933 1873b Williston, S .W. 1897e 1873c 1898b 1875a -:.- Colonosaurus mudf-)ei 1875b Niobrara 55 Ichthy ornis tener l-1ar s h r-:arsh, o.c. 1880b \'lilliston, S . W. Bardak, D. 1962 1898b Lane , R. H. 1947b Niobrara

Ichth,yurr:is v alidus ... arsh Narsh , O.C. 1880b Lane, R . H. 1947b Niobrara

Ichthyornis victor :-.arsh '.la rsh, O.C. 1876c Snow, F . H. 1887 Bardak, D. 1962 Wetmore , A. l\Carsh, O. C. 1S28 1880b ~:illi ston, S . W. 1883 1898b Shufeldt , R.W. 1886 Niobrar a

Apatornis Mars h . Type Ichth;ornis celer hars h

:r. a rsh , O. 0. 1873b Marsh , O.C. Bardak , D. 1880b 1962 Shufeldt , R.W. 1915b Heilmann , G. 1927 Wetmore , A. 1940 Lane , H. H. 1947b

Apat ornis e el er Iviarsh

Marsh , 0.0. 1873a~~ harsh, O.C. 1880b Cope, E .D. 187 4~c Shufeldt , R. W. 1915b 1875-i~ w·etmore, A. 1928 •1arsh, 0.0. 1873b 1929 1873c 1,illiston, S . W. 1898b 1875a ~- Ichthyornis 1875b Niobr'lra CHAP TER IV

SUJ> 1ARY

In the preceding chapters I have attempted to set forth , in a readable form , t he more pertinent literature ~ertainin: to the reptiles and birds of the ~ansas Cretaceous . In brief, the aforement i oned is a beLininc; a basic reference which any student of the seolo ic~l or Jaleontolo~ical s c iences may use ,.., s a start in__:; point ln research.

In Chapter one reference was I:lade to the oT'1ission of s om e reference works because of their minor or insi__::nificant value . To desi '"'ne.t e me r~fer-nce as bein___, rnors relevant than another is a a~sicnation ,~ich c~n only be made by the individual 1::orker. In order to sim 1lify fnrther uork by e.ny interested party~ short r3sume of the referQnce tools used in the c ompilation of the bibliography and cat al 1,__ ,ue of the reptiles and birds of the Kansas Cretaceous , and tte methods in which the 7 fore~entioned r_ference tools ~sre

used , will be g i ven in t l:".. e f ullm, ine- 1 aragra_;ihs. The two maj or reference tool s used in the co• piL.:.2.on of the preceedins ci-,a~Jters were the two "0ublic.'ltions by O .P . Hay pertainin' to the fossil v ertebr-,tes of .Lrorth

America . Hay (1902 ) covers the to1Jic of 1-..orth American 5 7 Vert ebr ate Paleontolo r.::;y from pioneer times until the end

of the nineteenth c entury . Hay ( 19::0) c overs the san.e

topic for the time period of 1900 to 1927 . The latter

publication does not cite any materi al included in the

former , however Hay ( 1930) does cite some material which was neglected in Hay ( 1902).

The series of biblio;::raphies published by the 3eol:, ical

So c i ety of Ame ·ica; Camp and Allison (1961) , Camp , Taylor ,

and Well es , ( 1942), Camp 3.nd Vanderhoof ( 1940) , Ca.·p , Welles ,

and Green ( 1949 ) , and Carr,p , Jell es , ar..d Green ( 195::.,) cover

the period of t i me from 1927 t' rouzh 1953 . l'he 1aet'. od of

p r e s entat i on in the G.S .A. series differs from both Hay (1902) and Hay (1930). The G. S .A. series is international in

scope and circumvents the omission of a catalo ~e by

i ncludin;::: a ver·y c ~mprehensi ve index to the contents of t he publications listed in the biblioo-raphy .

The Bi blio5raphies of I: orth American Geolo__:.1 , United

States Geologic al urvey ( 1944, 1952 , 1955 , 1956 , 1957a,

1 957b, 1 958 , 1 959 , 1 960 , and 1961) vrere used both to augment and to suppl rnent the series published by the

Geolo "ical Soci ety of America . In the Bibliorr•tphies of

North Ameri can Geolosy , as in the G. S .A. series , the cataloc:;ue as used by Hay (1902 ) and Hay ( 1930) h::-s been r epl aced by a c omprehensiv e index. 58 The Society of Vertebrate Paleontolocy publishes a

yearly b i bliography of vertebrate paleontology a~d related

subjects . 1 he four i s sues used in the compilation of my

paper were Lyons ( 1962), Nichols ( 1959 , 1960) , and :achols

and Lyons ( 1961) • . Lile the S . V. P . series ho.s neither

index nor catalo:ue the speed of puolico.tion makes it a

v ery valuable bibli ographic tool .

Chronic (1958 ) gives a compilation of theses wri~ten

for adv anced degrees , up to the year 1957, which pertain to geolosy and related fields . Chronic's public~tion is a very useful tool , however , no ~heses were cited in ~1.ls work which pertained to the reptiles a~d biros of the Kansas Cretaceous . 59 LITERATURE CITED

Camp , C. L . and H. J . Allison. 1961 . Bi bliozraphy of fossil verteb rates , 1949- 1953 . Geo l. Soc . Am . I-1em . 84. 532 p .

___ , D•. Taylor, and S . P . Well es . 1942 . Bibliography of fo s s i l v ertebrates , 1934- 1938 . Geol . Soc . Am . Sp . Paper 42 . 663 p .

_ __ , and V. L. Vanderhoof . 1940 . Bibli ocr2.phy of fossil v ertebrates , 1928-1933 . 3-eo l. So c . Am . Sp . aper 27 . so::, p . ___ , S . P . Welles , and .orton Gr een. 19LJ9 . Bi blioi:raphy of fo ssil vertebrat es , 1939-1943 . Geol . Soc . Am . i,1em . 37 . 371 p .

1953 . Biblio::::ni.phy of fossil vertebra t es , 1944-1948 . Geol . Soc . u. : em . 57 . LJ65 p .

Chronic , B . J . 1958 . Bibli o raphy of theses 1.rritten for advanced de5rees in 6e lo ':' and related sciences c>.t uni versities and colleges in the U. S . and Canada t~rou~h 1957 . Pruett Press , Boul der, Colorado . ( ~nnu• bered) Hay , O.P . 1902 . Bibli ocraphy and catalocue of the fossil v ert eb rata of orth Amer i ca . U. S . G;ol . Surv. Bull . 179 . 868 p .

1930 . Second b i blioc.:raphy and catalo ue of the fossil v ertebra.ta of Nor th America . Publ. ::90 of the Carnesi e Inst . of Wash . 2 v .

Lyons , Jeanne . 1962 . .3iblioc.:rc..p!1.1 of vsrtebrate palcon- tol o5y and related subjects , 1960- 1961. Soc . Vert . Pa l eont.ol. 69 p .

Nichols , Ra chel . 1959 . Bi blioc:raphv: of vertebr· t e _J,1.leon- tol ocy and related subjects , 1957- 1958 . Soc . Vert . al eontol. 80 p .

1960 . Bi bli osr'-',phf of vert ebr,"'t e paleo t olo r and r elated subjects , 1958- 1]59. Soc . Vert . PQleontol . 85 p . 60 Nichols , a chel o..nd Jeanne Lyons . 1961 . Bibliography of vertebrate paleontolo_:-y and related subjects , 1959- 1960 . Society of Vertebrate Paleontolocy . 53 p .

United States Geolo0ical Survey . 1944. Bibliography f ~forth American Geolocy , 1929-1939 . 937 . G. P .0. 1546 p . ~eol . Surv. Bull .

1952 . Annotated bibliography of 'Jorth American Geolory , 1950 . Geol . Surv. Bull . G. P . 0. 394 p . 1955. Bibliography of North :uner·ican Geo l ogy , 1951 . Geol . Surv . Bull . 1025 . G•. 0 . 378 p . 1956 . Biblio.=raphy of 1.orth American GeolotJ , 1952 and 1953 . Geol . Surv. Bull . 1035 . G. P .0 . 714 p . . 1957a. Bibliogr-=>.,phy of North :unerican Geology, --...,..1940-1949 . ~eol . Surv. Bull. 1049 . G. P . o. 2205 p • • 1957b . Bibliography of North American Geolo y, --~1954. Geol . Surv . Bull . 1054. G. P .0 . 434 p . 0 1958 . Bibliography of North American Geolo5Y, 1955 . Geol . Surv . Bull . 1065 . G.P.0 . 511 p • . 1959 . Biblioi:;raphy of ~orth American J-eolocy , --- 1-956 . Geol . Surv . Bu ll . 1075 . G. P.o. 554 p . 1960 . Bibliography of No rth A..,erican Ge olo'-y , 1957 . Geol . Surv. Bull . 1095 . G. P . 0 . 531 p .

• 1961 . Bibliography of ro rth American u-eo lor y, --~1~958 . Geol . Surv . Bu ll . 1115. G.P.0. 592 p. T II

DES IP 'S "\ S •' L.;,,S CHAPTER I

A NEW SPECIES OF PTERANODON FROl-: THE NIOBRARA

In the fall of 1952 George F . Sternberg collected the srull of an unusually large Pteranodon from the Ni obrara formation of Graham County , Kansas . .oot wedging and erosion had severly weakened the normally fragile specimen making the collecting espec ially d ifficult . While some of the very thin and fragile bone was lost durin5 collectinc; and subsequent preparation, the outline of the slru.11 and most of the bone was pres erved intact . The specimen was slab collected and slab mounted , therebv retainins the exact shape ~-nd form of the fossil skull a s it was found .

Class .KEPTILIA

Order PTEROSAURIA

Far:i ily OR.1\JIYHO CHEI IDAE

Pteranodon sternber i

Harksen , n . sp .

Text-fig. 1, 2, and 3

Holotype . -- Fort Hays Kansas St~te Colle0 e huseum ~o .

5426 , s kull with incomplete upper and lower j~ws .

Age and locality . -- Smol::y Hill ChoU: member of the

Niobrara formation , upper Cretaceous . About 600 feet n orth 63 of the South Fork Solomon River , one mile west of Bogue,

Graham County, Kansas .

TEXT- FIG . 1 -- Left lateral drawing of the type specimen of

Pt e r anodon st ernber,~i , F . H. K. S . C . I,... . To. 5 426 , X 1/13. 3 .

DiaFnosis . -- Characters of the senus Pteranodon: the distinsuishing characteristics of this s~ecies are the bulbous outline of the supraoccipital crest and the hiih a13le formed between the long axis of the supraoccipital cre st and the l ong axis of Lhe ~~ndible . 64 Eaton (1910 ) states that the fusion of the elements has resulted in almost complete obliteration of the cranial sutures in tnis 0 enus . In the skull bein3 described, fusion plus the relatively poor preservation leaves little ~ore than the diagnostic shape and size for species determin ation.

I I

TEXT- FIG . 2 -- A. Composite r e storation of the s kull of

Pteranodon inRens , after Eaton 1910 . B . Type specimen

of Pteranodon sternbergi. Drawinc: s are not to sca le . 65 Measurements . -- All measurement s are recorde d in mil limeters . Table 2 shm-.-s a c omparason of the mea.surement s of the type s lrnll of Pteranodon lonP: i ceps and the t Jpe slrnll of P . st ernberp;i.

COMPARATIVE CRANIAL l'-iEASUREMElTS A B 1 . l en gth f rom ext rimity of sag ittal cre st to end of premaxilla ry •.•.•.•.•.• .• 720~ .. 2019 2 . l ength from occip i tal condyle to e nd of premaxillary • . • . • . • . • . • . • . • • • . • . 630 1341 3 . transverse diameter of occipital cond;le. 8 . 4 15 4 . length of mandible •.• • .....••...... 570 1217 5 . great est transverse width of cre st ...... 325 6 . length from occipital c ondyle to extrimity of sagittal crest ...... •.•...... 683

Table 2 . Compar i son of the measurements of (A) the type

s_rull of Pt e ran odon lo--, i ceus ; Yale Peabody kuseum :, o .

1177 and (B) !:_ . sternber5i; F . H. K. S . c . 1,1 . :,T o . 5426 .

The measu rerr.ent s for !: . l on5icep s are fr ..Jill Ev.ton ( 1910) • * A portion of the cre st is missing i n ~his specim8n .

Comparisons . - - Because of the incomp lete and more or

less fra5mentatry n ature of Pteranodor. material (St ernb erg and Walker 1958 ) i t is diffictllt to rr:alrn definate c.:mparisons .

However , l' ext-fig. 2 shmr s an outline comparison of the slmlls

of P . in1;ens and !:· s t ernbergi. he black lines have been 66 added to accent the angular difference in the slrulls between the long axis of the crest and the l one axis of the back. In P . ingens the ansular difference is 150 degrees while in ;E . sternbergi the ansul a r difference is 116 degrees .

Remarks . -- The flying reptiles were the ~ost special- ized as well a s the most extraordinary creatures that have ev er inhabited the earth (Brown 1 943 ) . iiembers of the Or der Pteros1.uria appeared suddenly in the upper 'I' rio.ssic

of Europe with no ~:nown a_ cestry . 'I'he order flourished for millions of years and then s J.ddenly, along with Ir.'ln,'/ other v ertebrate gr oups , b e came extinct near the end of the Cretaceous Period.

Th e l a r 0 est size atta ined b/ any genus in the Order Pterosauri a was attained by the members of the genus Pteranodon. Some individuals attained a wing spread approach.inc: thirty f eet. As might be expected the flyinc; reptiles undert.rent r eat osteolo~; ica l , and quite possibly gr eat ph_ siological , modifi- cations in order to attain soaring fli5ht. In Pt eranodon almost all f eatures were tOi·rard a loss in 1:rei ",ht with an increase in wing surf a ce . The one f eature in direct contrast

to t he 0 eneral r eduction in weisht was the developm~at Jf an enormous crest . 67 The function of the crest, if indeed the c rest had a

function, is v e ry mu ch in doubt . Many theories have been

p ostulated to expl a in the function of the crest . The

theories include an enlarg ed area for the attachment of the

·T emporalis muscle , a counterbalanc e for the long beak, a

rudder used in free fall , and a sexual characteristic.

, '' t~

TEXT-FIG. 3 . A photograph of the type specimen of Pteranodon

sternber5i. F.H. K.S.C.lV- . No. 5426 , -· - 68 The unusual enl argement of the crest found in the type specimen of~- sternberci may be postulsted as being due to injury or disease. However , careful examinations of the specimen has failed to yield any substantiation for t~is theory .

A more reasonable theory would be to assume that ~ - sternbergi was the end form in the evolution of tre ~enus teranodon. 'l'he bizarre crest may represent sor..e futile evolutionary change ,:hich culITino.ted in the e}.'i.inction f the genus .

The name sternbeq3i is proposed in honor of George F. Sternberg, the field c :::illect8r responsible for tl:"~e disc'"'very of hundreds of the fi est fossil spec~mcns ev2r obtained from the yellow chalk of western Cansas . 69 LITERATURE CITED

Brown, B . 1943 . Flyin0 rept iles . Nat . Hist . 52 :104-111 . Eaton, G. F . 1910. The ost eology of Pteranodon. 1,1em . Conn . Acad . Arts Sci . 2:1-38 . Sternberr , G. F . and I, .v. Walker . 1958 . Observation of articulated limb-bones of a rc.. c ently discovered Pt eranodon ln the Niobrara Cretaceous of ... ~.:,.ns:rn . Trans . Kan. Acad. Sci . 61 :81-85 . CHAPTER II

A NEW r-·ESOSUCHIAN CROCODILE FRO~ THE CRETACE:JUS OF KANSAS

I n August of 1959 the Fort Hays 1ansas Stete Collei:;e r:useum was Given a portion of a large '\esosuchuan Crocoaile .

The Doner , 111r. Ralph Harbau0h , and his s on l i mmy had found several vertebrae enclosed in a c :incretion and brm..15ht t:1e• to the museum for idenification . Later expeditions t,o t,he collec~in3 site resulted in the recovery of addition 1 skeletal elements . Unfortunately, tt.e mat rix of tt.e e.1.closinr~ concretionary materi2.l is n.uch harder than tl-:e very ;ioo1·ly preserved bone and effor~s at p reparation have met with only partial success .

Class REPTILIA

Order CROCQDTSIA

Fam i ly DYROSAU IDAE

Teleorhinus occide_-italis

Harlrnen , n . sp .

Text- figs. 4 - 8 .

Holotype . -- Fort Hays Kansas St.ate College ~use1..lL.1 1.0 .

10875 ; inc omplete skeleton including the posterior yortlon of the cranium , two teeth , three dermal scutes , both htu eri,

21 vertebrae , and assorted fragment s . 71 Ap;e and Locality . -- Contact zone between the Dakota ,md

Graneros formations , upper Cretac eous . NE¼ Sec . 36 , Tl4S,

R15{, along the east bank of Big Greek, ten miles southwest of Russell , Kansas .

(

TEXT-FIG. 4 -- drawing of the partial cranium of the

specimen o f Teleorhinus occ identalis , Fort Hays 1:a:1sc:.s

Sta te College Lus eum No . 10875 . Unstippled portion is

a tentative outline restoratior..

Diagnosis. -- Characters of the genus eleorhinus : the dist inguishing characters of this species are the shape of the internal n3.res , the close proximity of the internal nares to the o ccipital condyle , the unusual shape of t he 72 neural canal, and the dimentions and shape of the supra- temporal and lateral- terporal fenestrae .

The internal nari al opening is seldom preserved in a fossil specimen. However , the internal nares are suffi- ciently preserved in the type specimen to permit a c::; raphic reproduction. Text-fi3. 6 is a charcoal drawing of the internal nares and adjacent portions of tbe ventrql surface of the cranium .

TEXT-FIG. 5 -- Graphic restoration of the posterior lateral

portion of the cranium off. occidentalis . 73 On the type specimen of l • occidentalis the inteY',ial nares are in close proximity to the posterior end of the cranium. The posterior edge of the internal nares are only 36 mm from the v entral edce of the occipital cond:,·le. Text-fig.§. a s ket ch of the ventral surf3.ce of the cranium illustrates the close proximity of the ~ccipital condJle to the internal nares .

TEXT-FIG . 6 -- Drawin6 of t:,e ventral portion of the cranium. Thi s figure shows the shape of the int err..:il nares and their proximity to the occipital con~•le . 74 The neural canal Has found preserved in several dorsal vertebrae . The unusual "tri-lobate" cross section of the neural canal is a very unusual and dia5nostic feature .

The shape and dimentions of the suprate~poral and lat 8ral-t emporal fenestrae are unique . Both will be discussed under t h e headinc measurements . 'I'he shape of the two temporal fenestrae are illustrated ln text-fiss .

4 and~-

PRESACRAL VERTEBRAE MEASUREhENTS vertebrae total lenz.th of breadth of len3th of number heip;th centrum centrum trans . pro . mm mm mm mm 3 55 4 64 5 62 6 65 75 7 68 8 72

1 1 188 82 12 191 78 125 13 189 76 128 14 190 82 1)5 15 187 79 130 16 191 76 17 189 76 18 186 75 19 74 20 75 75

Table 3. Presacral vertebrae measurements of the type spec- i men of T. oc ci dental is . -::- .Estimation. 76 Two of the three dermal s cutes are ventral and one is d orsal . The two ventral scutes are in o. poor state of preservation. the dors al scute is well preserved and has

a width of 68 mm and a length of 197 mm .

Both humeri are 301 mm in length. A dia nostic

rugosity is appar-ent on the rir ht h~~r::1erus . I'he n.:i., osity

is in the sho.pe of a flattened e llipse and measures 25 ~m by 74 mm . Text- fi5 . § is a charcoal drawins of the left

hurr.erus .

TEXT - FIG . 7 -- .Anterior view of a tJpical a.orsal vertebr~ic

of the type s pecimen of T . occidentalis . 77

COiv.LPARAT I VE CRANIAL M.EASU EMErTTS A B ,axi mum breadth of slmll • . . • 438 398-:<

Length of r i t.,ht suprc.te... poral fenestr·ae . • • . 110 141

Breadth of ri~·ht suprate• poral fer...estrae .•. 133 108

Length of ri5ht orbit . . . . • . . . . • • . . 68 60•:··

Breadth of ri~ht orbit •..• .•. 77 58

Breadth of o c ci~ital condjle •• • . 61 52

Hei r;th of occipital c::mdvle . • • . • . 47 35 Table 4 . A compari s-:,n of ths c.:ranial mcasurer.:ent s of (1 ) Telsorhinus robustus and (B) f • occidcnvalis . 11 ~easurements are in mi llimeteis . * Zstilliatian.

TEXT-FIG. 8 -- Charcoal slrnt ch of the left bu.rnerus of the

type specimen of 1· occidentalis . 78 The d i a;:;nost i c " tri- lobate 11 neural canal is illustrated in Text- fi • 7. 'The corsal II sag 11 may be due to crushinc, although indic2.tions are that there has been only lateral crushing in the dor sal series of ver·tebrae. The neural cg,nal of the 11th vert ebr2,e meo,sures 40 mn, in width and

28 mm in heigth.

The lateral- te~poral fenestrae is rho~boid in ceneral outline . rhere h~s been some crushinc of the skull , however it has ncit been of sucn an extent that lt W-:)Uld render t~e measurements of this fenestrae _1.eanin5less . I•.ec. surerr.:ent s of the l1teral- temporal fenestrae are ; lensth, 125 mm ;

& .terior -1-.'ldth , 40 :nm ; posterior 1·:idth, 31 um . :_eas1__1_r= en.ts vrhich pertain to the sup:.....,~.te;_;pcral f::nestr3.G are iven in l'able 4 •

.I'he lateral process of t:_.-.e t~-:..or'-.cic verl,ebrae f -1.rnish two articJ.lations for the :"ib e_1d . The ~rticJ.l:...tion :'or the tuberculum is quite wide , _Jeo_surin · 6::, mm on t':'e 12th vertebrae .

Comparisons. -- Teleorhinus occident 0 lis is clos:ly related to '.J'._ . robus1.,us and r . brmmi of the Benton Cret- a c eous of J'.,1ontana . T . occidentalis is 0.lso ver:.r possibly c losely related ~o akotasuchus ~in:i of the Cre~aceous of 'Can s a s. Ho',;ev sr , o..S the 5enus Dakotasuchus '.'as n~'- _,ed 79 from s:-.:eletal elements ·which are relatively nondia:=,nostic ,

it is auite possible that Dalrnt suchus is a synonym of

'l' eleorhinus .

The c;enus :::'eleorhinus was named by Csborn (1904) from

.rr.aterial collected near Pryor, ..._ontana . The material 1·:hich

served as the basis for Osborn ' s p~per ~as collected for

the American l',uscum of Natural Fistory bf BarnclIIl Bro 1"m in

190::,, . rhe species 1vas 5i ven the name bro•tmi in honor uf

tl1e collector.

kook (1934) used the second of t' 1 e t 1.ro sl.:ulls collected

by .3rovm to n"..me a i"..ew species , 1'_ . rob'~1stus . ~f the t;\-rn

species of Teleorhin'..ls from 1.ol1t2..na , f . robc.lStus is possibly

the .. 1ore closel:r related to I' . uccice::1t'alis . ':..'able 4 ives

a c mparison o:: several crar1l -11 ueasurer.1 ::: ...1t s co. r .:in t J both

species .

Di...lrin,:::- the first decade of the ·!lene,ieth. Cent _lrj a

fossil crccodils w1s found 1·iest r;f Salina , Kansc.s . ~he

fossil was collected fro:.: ~-n m'.nm·m geoloc:ic horizon .

The crocodile bec2.me t: e proper· ..,y of I~ansas ., es:;_ eya 1 __,r:i v-

ersity and ,ms described b.1 ,_o: 1 ( 19LJ1) as the type sp.:;cL.en

of Da ... :otasuchus kin:;i . ...,ehl I s paper ~-ras conce::·ned with t.he

pelvic ~nd p~ctoral irdles and the d0rsal ?nd ventral

shields . Only the shields were fic.ured in ~..,he paper. 80 The location of the type specimen of Dakotasuchus kin1 ·i is presently un .... nown. 'l. he '.)nly knovm s~Jecimen of

Q. kin,'i is a sin.=_:le dorsal scute , des cribed by Vauzh.n

(1956) , which is situated e.t the University of .i:Cansas .

The discovery of ~nother speci~en of Cretaceous crJc-

0diles may raise questions r~scrding the fan ily relationships of these r·eptiles. con,er (1956) assi' ned D,~lrnto.s ,c::.us to the fa_ ily Gonio:pholidae . From a SL-~dy of 1 . occide~ tc.lis it appears that f J.rtrer resec1.rch mav prove .Oalrntasuchus to be a s_•rnonym of I'eleorhi:nus anci a ue1!lber of the f' •mil

Dyros1.· 1ridae. 81 LITERATURE CITED

~-1ehl , I . G. 1941. Dalrntasuchus kinc·i: a crocodile from the Dakota Cretaceous of Kansas . enlson Univ . Bull ., J . Sci. Labs . 36 : lJ7- 65 .

Mook , C. C. 1934. new species of ~eleorhinus from the Benton shales . Arn . I,_us . ~Jovitates :~o . 702 . 11 p .

Osborn , H. F . 1904. .:'eleorhlnus browni - a teleosaur in ~he Fort Benton. Am . :ius . Nat. Hist . Bull. 20 : 239-240 .

Romer , . S . 1956 . Osteolo_y of the r eptiles . Univ . Chicac o Press , Chicago . 772 p .

Vau ~hn, P .P. 1956 . A second specimen of the Cretace"US crocodile Dakotasuchus from Kans·J.s . mrans . Kan . cad . Sci. 59 : 379-381.

FOR USE 1 l A Y ONl.Y