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Home , Augustasaurus, Callawayasaurus, Cymatosaurus, Leptocleidus, Liopleurodon, Mauisaurus

Appendices Appendix 1

Appendix 1. List of valid plesiosaur with information on authors and date of publication.

Date Original paper Renamer Species Age 1824 De la Beche and Conybeare 1824 dolichodeirus Sinemurian 1876 Blake in Tate and Blake 1876 Plesiosaurus' longirostris Toarcian 1837 Buckland in Conybeare 1837 Plesiosaurus' macrocephalus Sinemurian 1841 Owen 1841 brachydeirus 2004 Noe et al 2004 Pliosaurus portentificus Kimmeridgian 1841 Owen 1841 Pliosaurus brachyspondylus Kimmeridgian 1948 (Novozhilov 1948) Tarlo1960 Pliosaurus irgisensis 1871 (Phillips 1871) Noe et al. 2004 Pliosaurus macromerus -Tithonian 1960 Tarlo 1960 Pliosaurus andrewsi Callovian 1841 Owen 1841 interruptus -Santonian 1868 Cope 1868, platyurus 1869 Cope 1869 latipinnis Santonian 1948 (Novozhilov 1948) Halstead 1971 rossicus Tithonian 1869 (Seeley 1869) Tarlo 1960 Liopleurodon pachydeirus Callovian 1873 Sauvage1873 Liopleurodon ferox Callovian 1874 Hector 1874 haasti Campanian 1865 (Owen 1865) Seeley 1874 Eretmosaurus rugosus Sinemurian 1874 Seeley 1874 leedsi Callovian 1892 (Seeley 1892) Brown 1981 Muraenosaurus beloclis Callovian 1863 (Carte and Bailey 1863) Seeley 1874 cramptoni Toarcian 1846 (Stutchbury 1846) Andrews 1922 Rhomaleosaurus megacephalus Hettangian 1910 (Fraas 1910) Tarlo 1960 Rhomaleosaurus victor Toarcian 1840 (Owen 1840) Seeley 1874 Colymbosaurus trochanterius Kimmeridgian-Tithonian 1881 (Sollas 1881) Bakker 1993 Attenborosaurus conybeari Sinemurian 1888 Cragin 1888 bentonianum Turonian 1935 Russell 1935 Trinacromerum kirki Turonian 1869 (Seeley 1869) Lydekker 1889 philarchus Callovian 1871 Phillip(s 1871) Seeley 1892 eurymerus Callovian 1889 (Lydekker 1889) Bogolubov, 1909 Cryptoclidus richardsoni Callovian 1898 Knight 1898 Megalneusaurus rex Kimmeridgian-Portlandian 1902 Williston 1902 Dolychorhynchops osborni Campanian 2005 Sato 2005 herschelensis Campanian-Maastrichtian 1903 Williston 1903 lucasi Cenomanian-Turonian 1994 Godefroit 1994 Simolested keileni 1877 Lydekker 1877 Bardet et al. 1991 indicus Tithonian 1909 Andrews 1909 Simolestes vorax Callovian 1909 Andrews 1909 seeleyi Callovian 1865 (Owen, 1865) Watson 1909 Microcleidus homalospondylus Toarcian 1865 Seeley, 1865? Watson 1909 Microcleidus macropterus Toarcian 1909 Watson, 1909 Sthenarasaurus dawkins Toarcian 1913 Brown 1913 Leurospondylus' ultimus Maastrichtian 1914 Wegner 1914 brancai Berriasian 1840 (Owen 1840) Andrews 1922 Eurycleidus arcuatus Hettangian 1911 (Andrews 1911) Cruickshank 1997 capensis 1922 Andrews 1922 Leptocleidus superstes 1997 Cruickshank and Long, 1997 Leptocleidus clemai -Barremian 1924 Longman 1924 queenslandicus -Albian 1992 Hampe, 1992 Kronosaurus boyacensis Aptian-Albian 1930 Swinton 1930 tenuiceps Hettangian 1895 (Dames 1895) White 1940 Seeleysaurus guilelmiimperatoris Toarcian 1941 Cabrera 1941 parvidens Maastrichtian 1943 Welles 1943 Aphrosaurus furlongi Maastrichtian 1890 (Williston 1890) Welles 1943 snowii Santonian-Campanian 1890 Welles 1943 Morenosaurus stocki Maastrichtian 1943 Welles 1943 haningtoni Cenomanian 1949 (Welles 1949) Carpenter 1997 morgani Turonian 2006 Buchy 2006 Libonectes atlasense Turonian 1871 (Cope 1871) Welles 1943 Hydralmosaurus serpentinus Santonian-Campanian 1943 Welles 1943 Fresnosaurus drescheri Maastrichtian 1943 Welles 1943 alexandrae Maastrichtian 1865 (Owen 1865) Novozhilov 1964 Archaeonectrus rostratus Sinemurian 1976 (Ochev 1976) Ochev 1977 Georgiasaurus penzensis Santonian 1980 Dong 1980 Bishanopliosaurus youngi Toarcian 1981 Brown 1981 Kimmerosaurus langhami Kimmeridgian

257 Appendices Appendix 1

1982 Delair 1982 Bathyspondylus swindoniensis Kimmeridgian 1985 Zhang 1985 Yuzhoupliosaurus chengjiangensisBathonian 1986 Wiffen and Moisley 1986 Tuarangisaurus keysei Campanian-Maastrichtian 1996 Carpenter 1996 Plesiopleurodon wellesi Cenomanian 1996 Cruickshank et al. 1996 Pachycostasaurus dawni Callovian 1840 (Owen 1840) Storrs and Taylor 1996 hawkinsii Hettangian 1997 Gasparini 1997 Maresaurus coccai Bajocian 1990 (Sciau et al. 1990) Bardet et al. 1999 Occitanosaurus tournemirensis Toarcian 1962 (Welles, 1962) Carpenter 1999 colombiensis Aptian 2001 O,Keefe 2001 Hauffiosaurus zanoni Toarcian 2002 Cruickshank and Fordyce 2002 Kaiwhekea katiki Maastrichtian 2002 Druckenmiller 2002 muddi Albian 1949 (de la Torre and Rojas 1949) Gasparini et al. 2002 Vinielasaurus caroli Callovian 2003 Bardet et al. 2003 Thililua longicollis Maastrichtian 2003 Sato 2003 ponteixensis Campanian 2006 Kear 2006 Umoonasaurus demoscyllus Aptian-Albian 2006 Kear 2006 Opallionectes andamookaensis Aptian-Albian 2005 (Sachs 2005) Kear 2006 Eromangasaurus australis Albian 1893 Marsh 1893 striatus 1900 (Knight 1900) O'Keefe and Wahl 2003 laramiensis Oxfordian 1990 Gasparini and Spalleti, 1990 Sulcusuchus erraini Maastrichtian 1923 (Huene 1923) Grossman 2007 Hydrorion brachypterygius Toarcian 1942 Young 1942 Sinopliosaurus weiyuanensis Kimmeridgian? 2006 Sato et al 2006 Futabasaurus suzukii Santonian 2005 Buchy et al. 2005 Manemergus anguirostris Maastrichtian 2007 Albright et al. 2007 Eopolycotylus rankini Turonian 2007 Albright et al. 2007 Palmula quadratus Turonian

258 Appendices Appendix 2

Appendix 2. Additional material

The following list outlines additional material adopted in the cladistic analysis and/or the morphometric analysis, but not figured or described herein. The list begins with specimens of uncertain taxonomic affinity (1A) and continues with a taxon list (1B). The taxon list includes the and referred material employed in the analyses (the lists of referred material are therefore not exhaustive), and data on the type locality and horizon. Although not figured or described in this thesis, some of this material was observed first hand (observed material is indicated by the following symbol proceeding the specimen number: ***), otherwise the taxa were coded from the literature, as listed in the ‘remarks’ section. The taxa in Appendix 1B are listed in the that they appear in the cladograms resulting from the cladistic analysis (Figure 5.7).

Appendix 1A - Additional specimens of uncertain taxonomic affinity

OUM J.2858 ‘Eurycleidus’ Cruickshank (1994a) referred OUM J.28585, a specimen from Lyme Regis, to Eurycleidus arcuatus. The specimen consists of a partial including the and some postcranial elements (from the pelvic girdle). However, this specimen may represent a new taxon in itself (O’Keefe 2004b). To test affinities of OUM J.28585, it is treated as a separate OTU in the current cladistic analysis, albeit coded from the literature.

HALB ‘Uncatalogued’ This specimen from the Toarcian of Kanonenberg, northern Germany, was described by Brandes (1914) and referred to Thaumatosaurus aff. megacephalo (= Rhomaleosaurus megacephalus). However, Grossman (2007, p. 557-558) noted that this specimen “resembles Rhomaleosaurus victor more than R. megacephalus and it is probably synonymous with the German taxon [R. victor]”. The specimen was included in the morphometric analysis based on measurements given by Brandes (1914).

Appendix 1B - Additional taxa

Cymatosaurus Fritsch, 1894

259 Appendices Appendix 2

Type material. IGWH uncatalogued, skull. Type locality. Halle-Nietleben, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Type horizon. Myophoria beds, Upper Röt Formation (Beneckeia buchi and Dadocrinus assemblage zone), Upper Buntsandstein (Lower , Middle ). Remarks. A review of is presented by Rieppel (2000).

Pistosaurus longaevus Meyer, 1839 Type material. Uncatalogued, Oberfränkisches Erdgeschichliches Museum, Bayreuth, skull. Type locality. Lainecker Hohenzug, east of Bayreuth, southern Germany. Type horizon. Lower Meissner Formation, Upper Muschelkalk (atavus to postspinosus zones), (Upper Anisian, ). Referred material. SMF R 4041, postcranial skeleton. Remarks. Some authors have considered as a member of the (e.g. White, 1940, p. 459). Rieppel (2000) presents a concise summary of the unusual history of this . A cast of the holotype skull was investigated first hand (SMNS ‘uncatalogued’) ***

Augustasaurus hagdorni Sander, Rieppel and Bucher, 1997 Type material: Holotype: FMNH PR 1974, complete skull and mandible, post-cranial skeleton consisting of posterior neck vertebrae, pectoral girdle, majority of forelimbs, dorsal vertebrae and associated fragmentary ribs and gastralia. Type locality: Pershing County, Nevada, USA. Type horizon: Fossil Hill Member, Farvet Formation, Star Peak Group, Rotelliformis Zone, Late Anisian, Middle Triassic. Remarks: The postcranium of A. hagdorni is described by Sander et al. (1997) and the cranium is described by Rieppel et al. (2002). This taxon has important implications because it is only the second non-plesiosaurian sauropterygian to be discovered in the New World; alcovensis was the first (Storrs, 1991).

Yunguisaurus liae Cheng, Sato, Wu and Li, 2006 Type material: NMNS 004529/F003862, almost complete articulated specimen missing the distal portion of the tail. Type Locality: Near Huangnihe River, Chajiang, 10km northwest of Xingyi, Guizhu. Type Horizon: Falang Formation, Carnian (early Late Triassic).

260 Appendices Appendix 2

Remarks: The skull and limbs of were described by Cheng et al. (2006) but “the postcranial skeleton waits for further preparation and subsequent full description” (p.501). Consequently, some characters, presumably preserved but not described or figured for this taxon, could not be coded in this cladistic analysis; this is taken into account in the discussion (Chapter 6).

Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus Conybeare, 1824 Type material. BMNH 22656, complete skeleton. *** Type locality. Lyme Regis, Dorset, . Type horizon. Black Ven Marl Formation, Lower Lias Group, (Echioceras raricostatum Zone), (Uppermost Sinemurian, Lower ). Referred material. NMING F8758 *** Remarks. This genus was described by Owen (1865) and extensively revised by Storrs (1997).

Hydrorion brachypterygius (Huene, 1923) Grossman, 2007 Type material. GPIT/477/1/1; complete skeleton including skull. Type locality. Steinbruch 29, Ohmden (near Holzmaden), Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Type horizon. Lias epsilon II, 4 (Unterer Schiefer), Posidonienschiefer, (Harpoceras falcifer zone), (Lower Toarcian, Lower Jurassic). Referred material. MB.R. 1991, SMNS 51143. Remarks. The holotype skull is described by Maisch and Rucklin (2000) as Plesiosaurus brachypterygius; Grossman (2006, 2007) redescribed the material pertaining to this taxon and introduced the new genus name Hydrorion.

Seeleysaurus guilelmiimperatoris (Dames, 1895) Grossman, 2007 Type material. MB R.1992, complete skeleton. Type locality. Holzmaden, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Type horizon. Lias Epsilon II, 4 (Unterer Schiefer), Posidonienschiefer, (Harpoceras falciferum zone), (Lower Toarcian, Lower Jurassic). Referred material. SMNS 16812, more or less complete skeleton ***, SMNS 12039, (specimen figured by Fraas [1910]). Remarks. Dames (1895) and Fraas (1910) described this taxon. This species was renamed ‘Seeleysaurus’ by White, (1940). Storrs (1997) modified Persson’s (1963) suggestion that Plesiosaurus contains only three valid species by proposing P. brachypterygius as a junior synonym of P. guilielmiimperatoris, reducing the number

261 Appendices Appendix 2

to two. However, Maisch and Rucklin (2000, p. 38) justify retention of P. brachypterygius. Some workers (Bakker, 1993) have retained the name ‘Seeleyosaurus’ for P. guilielmiimperatoris and recently, Grossman (2007) formalised this . O’Keefe (2004b) erected a new genus and species name for SMNS 16812 (Plesiopterys wildii), but the specimen was later regarded as a juvenile Seeleysaurus guilelmiimperatoris (Grossman, 2007).

‘Plesiosaurus’ longirostris Tate and Blake, 1876 Type material: MCZ 1033 (in the collection of fossil and amphibians), damaged skull, 85 vertebrae and 4 limbs. Type locality: Whitby, Yorkshire, England. Type horizon: Alum Shale, Upper Lias, serpentinus ammonite zone, Toarcian, Lower Jurassic. Referred material: MM 8004, skull and associated skeleton. Remarks: ‘Plesiosaurus’ longirostris has an extremely confusing taxonomic history, complicated by the perplexing history of the type material. White (1940) included the species ‘Plesiosaurus’ longirostris in the genus Macroplata (see below). Other authors have placed it in Rhomaleosaurus (Broadhurst and Duffy, 1970). However, even after superficial examination, it is clear that Plesiosaurus ‘longirostris’ is far removed morphologically from both Rhomaleosaurus and Macroplata, not least in the extreme elongation of the rostrum (pers. obs.). O’Keefe (2004b) contended the placement of the species longirostris in Macroplata (see Chapter 3). Plesiosaurus longirostris may be far more abundant than previously recognised: another contemporary taxon, Sthenarosaurus dawkinsi (see below), may also pertain to the species longirostris (R. Forrest pers. comm., 2005). Even Watson (1909), in his original description of Sthenarosaurus, suggested the possibility that the type of S. dawkinsi was congeneric with ‘Plesiosaurus’ longirostris. This cladistic analysis will test this contention.

Sthenarosaurus dawkinsi Watson, 1909 Type material. MM L8023, a partial postcranial skeleton including both girdles, propodials, and vertebrae. Type locality. Saltwick, Yorkshire, UK. Type horizon. Upper Lias (D. commune zone) (Toarcian, Lower Jurassic) Remarks. Sthenarosaurus was described and figured by Watson (1909), no cranial material has been referred to this taxon.

262 Appendices Appendix 2

Maresaurus coccai Gasparini, 1997 Type material: MOZ 4386 V Museo Prof. Olsacher, Zapala, Neuquén, articulated skull and mandible, atlas-axis and first . Type locality: Chacaico Sur, (39˚ 15’ S, 70˚ 18’ W), 70 km southwest of Zapala, Neuquén Province, Argentina. Type horizon: Upper part of the Los Molles Formation, Cuyo Group, Emileia giebeli and Emileia multiformis subzone, Lower Bajocian, . Remarks: Diagnosed as a pliosaurid under the current limitations of poor understanding of pliosaur phylogeny. Noè (2001) suggests that this may by a junior synonym of Simolestes. The cladistic analysis presented here will test this contention.

Hauffiosaurus zanoni O’Keefe, 2001 *** Type material: HAUFF ‘Uncatalogued’, complete skeleton on display in the Urwelt- Museum Hauff. Type locality: Holzmaden, Germany. Type horizon: Posidonien-schiefer, Toarcian, Lower Jurassic Remarks: O’Keefe (2001a) briefly described this specimen and proposed the new taxon name.

Brachauchenius lucasi Williston, 1903 Type material: USNM 4989, skull and mandible (palatal view) plus 37 ribs and associated vertebrae. Type locality: Ottawa County, Kansas, USA. Type horizon: Greenhorn Limestone, Turonian, Late . Referred material: USNM 2361, skull and vertebrae; FMNH VP321, compete skull. Remarks: This taxon is described by Williston (1903) and was reviewed by Carpenter (1996).

Kronosaurus queenslandicus Longman, 1924 Type material: Queensland Museum (unspecified) Type locality: Army Downs, north of Richmond, Queensland, Australia. Type horizon: Aptian-Albian Referred material: MCZ 1284, 1285.

263 Appendices Appendix 2

Remarks: The skull of Kronosaurus queenslandicus was described by White (1935) and the postcranium by Romer and Lewis (1959). The genus Kronosaurus is currently under revision (C. McHenry, pers. comm., 2003).

Simolestes vorax Andrews, 1909 Type material: BMNH R.3319, complete skeleton. *** Type locality: Peterborough, England. Type horizon: Lower , Callovian, Middle Jurassic Referred material: PETMG R296. Remarks: Simolestes was described by Andrews (1913) based on the holotype. The most recent treatments of Simolestes are unpublished – Noè (2001) thoroughly described the holotype skull and also referred a second skull to this taxon (PETMG R296) originally discovered in 1990 and identified as Liopleurodon (Dawn, 1991).

Liopleurodon ferox Sauvage, 1873 Type material: BMNH R.3536, a single (but see below). Type locality: Wast, Boulogne, France. Type horizon: Callovian, Middle Jurassic. Referred material: Associated skeleton (also BMNH R.3536), “the teeth of which are indistinguishable from the type” (Tarlo, 1960, p.166) and BMNH R.2680 and GPIT 1754/2 (O’Keefe, 2001a). *** Remarks: The skull of Liopleurodon ferox has been described by Andrews (1913). L. pachydeirus, also from the Callovian (Tarlo, 1960), has been recently recognised as a junior synonym of L. ferox (Noè, 2001). Noè et al. (2003) recently described the exoccipital-opisthotic bone in this taxon. According to Noè et al. (2004), the species Liopleurodon macromerus should be assigned to Pliosaurus.

Peloneustes philarchus (Seeley, 1869) Lydekker, 1889a Type material: CAMSM J.46913, almost complete skeleton. Type locality: Peterborough, England. Type horizon: Oxford Clay, Callovian, Upper Jurassic Referred material. SMNS 10113 (***) Remarks: Peloneustes has been described by Lydekker (1889) and Andrews (1895, 1910b and 1913). According to Martill (1991), Peloneustes is often difficult to distinguish from Pliosaurus and some species may possibly be congeneric. Peloneustes is currently under revision by H. Ketchum (H. Ketchum, pers. comm., 2006).

264 Appendices Appendix 2

Pliosaurus Owen, 1841 (Owen, 1842) Type material: P. brachydeirus OXFUM J.9245 A.B., “teeth, lower and upper jaws, vertebral column, femur, tibia and fibula” (Tarlo, 1960, p. 152). Type locality: Market Rasen, Lincolnshire, England. Type horizon: Kimmeridge Clay, Kimmeridgian, Upper Jurassic. Referred material: BRSMG Cc332 (***), P. brachyspondylus, the ‘Westbury Pliosaur’ (Taylor and Cruickshank, 1993). Almost complete skull and mandible, some associated cervical vertebrae, phalanges and a rib. Remarks: I have refrained from including both Kimmeridgian species of Pliosaurus because few characters separate them, many of questionable validity (Taylor and Cruickshank, 1993). However the type specimens of P. brachyspondylus and P. brachydeirus are complementary and, combined, allow a greater degree of resolution for the genus. Accordingly, I have coded Pliosaurus to genus level only, albeit discounting characters of the Callovian species P. andrewsi, which is omitted from the analysis (see table 1). The coding for Pliosaurus can therefore be regarded as follows: P. brachydeirus + P. brachyspondylus – P. andrewsi. The genus Pliosaurus was described by Owen (e.g. 1869) and Tarlo (e.g. 1960).

TMP 94.122.01 Type material: TMP 94.122.01, complete skeleton including the skull. Type locality: Syncrude Canada Ltd. oil sand mine (Mildred Lake site), 30km northeast of Fort McMurray, Athebasca Oil Sands Area of northeastern Alberta, Canada. Type horizon: Wabiskaw Member, Clearwater Formation, (Lower Albian, Lower Cretaceous). Remarks: TMP 94.122.01 represents a distinct but as yet un-named taxon (Druckenmiller, 2006ab). A detailed unpublished description of this taxon is provided by Druckenmiller (2006a).

Umoonasaurus demoscyllus Kear, Schroeder and Lee, 2006 Type material: AM F99374, quite complete opalised skeleton including the skull. Type locality: Zorba Extension Opal Field, west of Coober Pedy, northern South Australia. Type horizon: (Maree Subgroup) (Lower Aptian-Lower Albian, Lower Cretaceous).

265 Appendices Appendix 2

Remarks: Umoonasaurus was briefly described and named by Kear et al. (2006). This plesiosaur was formally known as ‘Eric’ the pliosaur.

Leptocleidus superstes Andrews, 1922a Type material: BMNH R.4828 (***), incomplete skull. Type locality: Berwick, Sussex, England. Type horizon: Barremian, Lower Cretaceous Remarks: The holotype of Leptocleidus superstes (also the holotype of the genus) is a partial skull and vertebral column associated with a complete pectoral girdle and partial limbs, from the Lower Cretaceous Upper (Barremian?) of Sussex, UK. BMNH R4828 was described and figured by Andrews (1922a). Leptocleidus superstes is omitted from the morphometric analysis because it is so far removed stratigraphically form the other taxa included, and it has already been well distinguished as a separate taxon based on discreet characteristics. Species referred to this genus are also known from South Africa and Australia (see below), making Leptocleidus one of the most widespread genera of plesiosaur.

Leptocleidus capensis (Andrews, 1911) Cruickshank, 1997. Type material: SAM-K5822, skull. Type locality: Zwartkops River Valley, Algoa Basin, South Africa. Type horizon: Sundays River Formation, (Upper Valanginian, Lower Cretaceous) Remarks: This specimen was originally described and named ‘Plesiosaurus capensis’ by Andrews (1911). It was later redescribed and refigured by Cruickshank (1997) who referred it the genus Leptocleidus.

Leptocleidus clemai Cruickshank and Long, 1997 Type Material: WAM 92.8.1-1 to 60, a partial postcranial skeleton. Type locality: Kalbarri region, Western Australia. Type horizon: Birdrong Sandstone (Hauterivian-Barremian, ) Remarks: Leptocleidus clemai is described by Cruickshank and Long (1997) and represents one of three species of the genus Leptocleidus.

Dolichorhynchops osborni Williston, 1903 Type material: KUVP 1300, almost complete skeleton. Type locality: Logan County, Kansas, USA. Type horizon: Niobrara Formation, Cenomanian, Referred material: MCZ 1064, FHSM VP404.

266 Appendices Appendix 2

Remarks: Dolichorhynchops osborni has been thoroughly described by Williston (1903), Carpenter (1996, 1997) and O’Keefe (2004a). This taxon is included as a representative polycotylid taxon to test whether polycotylids are plesiosauroids (as endorsed by Carpenter, 1997 and O’Keefe, 2001a) or pliosauroids (as endorsed by Druckenmiller, 2006ab).

267 Appendices Appendix 3

Appendix 3. Anatomical abbreviations

1-4 – distal carpals 1-4 Q – quadrate Ang – angular Qp – quadrate-pterygoid flange Ar – articular R – radius Bo – basioccipital Ra – radiale Bs – basisphenoid Rbs – ribs C – coronoid Sa – surangular Cc – central cavity Sc – scapula Co – coracoid Soc – supraoccipital D – dentary Sp – splenial Ect – ectopterygoid Sq – squamosal Ep – epipterygoid St – stapes (hyoid) Ex – external naris T – tibia Exop – exoccipital-opisthotic Ta – tooth alveoli F – frontal Tem – temporal fenestra Fe – femur U – ulna Fi – fibula Ul – ulnare H – humerus V – vomer Ic – interclavicle In – intermedium Int – internal nares Is – ischium i-v – metacarpals i-v J – jugal M – maxilla Mc – maxillary cavity Oc – occipital condyle Or – orbit P – parietal Par – parasphenoid Pal – palatine Pin – pineal foramen Pm – premaxilla Po – postorbital Poc – paraoccipital process Pof – postfrontal Pre – prearticular Prf – prefrontal Pt – pterygoid Pu – pubis

268 Appendices Appendix 4

Appendix 4. Morphometric data

(all measurements in cm)

269 270 M Q O G D N H U R K C S B A E T P F L J I Premaxillae widthatanteriorborderofnares premaxilla tiptoanterior-mostborderorbit overlap: naresanddorso-medianforamen Distance betweenexternalnaris andorbit premaxilla tiptodorso-medianforamen Length (toposteriorsquamosalbulb) max widthacrosspremax.rostrum premaxilla tiptopinealforamen length ofdorsomedianforamen premaxilla tiptoexternalnares premax/maxilla suturetoorbit Width betweenexternalnares Width ofexternalnares(left) Snout tiptomaxilla(lateral) Length ofpinealforamen length ofexternalnares Width betweenorbits Length ofpremaxilla Orbit length(left) (right) (right) Skull 15.5 13.5 14.5 53.5 30.5 43.5 5.3 5.9 2.7 2.9 1.2 4.8 15 26 11 34 37 88 5 4 7 R. cramptoni (NMING F8785) 17.5 16.8 16.5 1.6 18 4.5 92 42 35 6 4 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? R. thorntoni (BMNH R4853) 10.5 11.5 29.2 34.5 9.8 8.5 5.1 4.7 1.9 3.5 3.5 5.7 12 23 47 27 41 73 2 4 1 R. zetlandicus (YORYM G503) 24.5 37.5 22.5 59 7.1 3.1 3.8 1.7 1.9 3.5 3.9 5.3 10 27 34 _ _ _ _ 5 ? R. propinquus (WM 851.S) 4.23 2.71 1.12 1.12 2.76 16.5 3.25 23.5 33 63 n/a n/a n/a 11 11 29

? ? ? ? ? R. megacephalus (type cast, BRSMG Cb 2335 ) 4.72 1.25 1.37 3.07 19.5 13.8 2.12 45.5 36.5 12 9.8 4.3 8.8 4.2 33 27 65 9 _ _ _ R. megacephalus (neotype, LEICS G221.1851) 13.5 13.6 32.5 37.4 14 n/a n/a n/a 4.2 3.7 1.5 1.1 3.2 8.8 3.5 3.9 19 45 27 67 4 NMING F10194 63

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? WARMS G10875

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? E. arcuatus (BMNH R2028* etc.) 12.6 21.5 35.5 39.5 11 15 30 72 n/a n/a 4.6 1.7 2.1 47 9 4 4 ? ? ? ? NMING F8749 37.5 51.2 3.6 6.5 n/a 5.5 5.5 10 29 26

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Archaeonectrus (BMNH 38525) 12.8 34.5 5.5 4.9 25 61 n/a n/a n/a 7.5 5.4 8.5 18 32 41 7 ? ? ? ? ? Macroplata (BMNH R5488) 10.5 13.2 22.5 0.5? 3.9 1.5 3.9 3.8 1? 9 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? P. macrocephalus (BMNH R1336) 1.15 2.68 1.45 1.47 12.4 19.4 13.8 29.5 n/a n/a n/a n/a 6.5 6.5 9.2 5.2 6.2 6.8 2.9 9.6

2 BMNH 49202 1.2 1.2 1.9 6.9 12

? ? ? ? ? ? HALB uncatalogued 16

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Thalassiodracon (BMNH 2018*) 29.5 0.87 25.5 15 10 21 n/a 7.7 7.7 33 48

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Attenborosaurus (BMNH R1339) 13.91 11.63 1.85 1.64 1.99 1.11 6.31 6.93 6.77 3.55 35 1.1

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? R. victor (SMNS 12478)

Appendix 4 Appendix Appendices 271 GG DD HH CC BB AA C* B* A* EE FF W Z X V 6 5 4 3 2 1 g d b Y a e c f diagonal lengthofsymphysis(tip-constriction) Minimum widthbehindsymphysis(constriction) width betweenlateralmarginsofpost.int.vacs scapular facet(lengthcoracoid scapulasuture) width ofsingleposteriorinterpterygoidvacuity Skull tiptoposteriorinterpterygoidvacuity dorsal symphysislength(anteriorofgully) length ofposteriorinterpterygoidvacuity length ofanteriorinterpterygoidvacuity Skull widthatpremaxilla/maxillasuture Skull widthatanteriorborderofnares Skull widthatanteriorborderoforbit posterior cornerofglenoidto cornua postcranial skeletondimensions maximum widthofparasphenoid Mandible length(alongramus) width betweeninternalnares Skull widthatmiddleoforbit Symphysis length(ventral) premaxilla width(1/2way) median embaymentlength midline symphysislength cultriform processlength humerus facet(ventral) distance toconstriction Bulb topinealforamen Symphysis width Orbit width(left) Coracoid length Mandible Coracoid Palate (right) 15.5 13.5 30.5 32.5 26.5 110 15? n/a 2.5 6.5 2.3 3.5 2.7 6.5 7.2 9.6 20 18 16 57 37 14

? ? ? ? ? ? ? NMING F8785 15.5 39.4 20.5 14.5 4.05 13.5 114 18 58 38 35 33 9.3 25 16 18 20 _ ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? BMNH R4853 11.5 15.5 11.9 53.5 22.5 5.65 50 24 19 5.7 1.7 8.5 18 14 99 12 11 _ 3 6 _ ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? YORYM G503 25 30 6.5 9.5 ______7 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? WM 851.S 18.5 11.1 12.9 80.5 3.75 44.5 17.5 9.55 5.79 5.7 1.8 18 13 21 6 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? BRSMG Cb 2335 18.7 16.5 9.28 10.9 11.9 5.55 17.7 24.5 8.11 7.5 1.8 1.6 8.6 5.8 84 52 21 16 5 2 6 _ 2 ? ? ? ? ? ? LEICS G221.1851 46.5 18.5 16.5 14 12 7.5 7.7 5.5 2.4 4.7 8.2 8.6 6.5 17 23 25 49 26 21 2 3 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? NMING F10194 16.5 10.5 15.5 44.5 7.5 5.2 1.9 22 22 45 17 78 _ 8 9 2 2 5 7 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? WARMS G10875 22.5 27.5 45.5 5.25 14.8 8.25 10.1 6.9 7.7 9.9 17 13

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? BMNH R2028* etc. 16.5 12.5 6.19 2.73 2.38 2.5 11 55 1.9 16 10 74 32 27 18 10 11 5 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? NMING F8749 16.5 18.5 12.5 62 5.2 5.4 6 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? BMNH 38525 50.3 15.2 14.9 1.22 46.5 45 13 17 20 15 7.7 9.2 5.5 3.3 3.6 7.5 8.3 7.2 7.5 66 23 8 5 _ 5 2 ? ? ? BMNH R5488 2.3 28

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? BMNH R1336 7.15 6.25 6.82 38.5 4.73 3.58 3.03 2.95 1.25 9.48 15.5 10.9 5.15 3.85 6.9 0.9 3.4 8.7 5.1 5.4 22 7 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? BMNH 49202 4.8 1.5 6.3 12 4

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? HALB 2.75 9.15 2.05 4.38 3.88 3.01 18.5 2.5 2.9 3.7 14 17

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? BMNH 2018* 11.5 14.5 6.5 6.5 53 14

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? BMNH R1339 13.61 11.67 16.5 3.75 16.5 39.5 9.12 8.75 7.85 41.5 2.68 0.63 2.07 1.15 4.14 5.59 23.5 5.54 8.5 7.5 6.2 32

6 8 0

? ? ? ? SMNS 12478

Appendix 4 Appendix Appendices 272 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 27 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 9 8 7 Max widthofposteriorembayment(tomidline) max posteriorcoracoidcornua(frommidline) minimum widthofposteriorprocesscoracoid distance ofminimumwidthfromdistaltip max width(posteriorborderofglenoid) median embaymentborderlength max width(postprocessventral) Width ofpost.processcoracoid dorsal processterminalwidth width ofpreglenoidprocess Width ofglenoidprocess Anterior processlength length tomid-glenoid Width acrossglenoid dorsal processlength Length totuberosity min width(ventral) Length tofenestra Humerus RIGHT postaxial distance ant processwidth preaxial distance Humerus LEFT minimum width fenestra length Length scapula fenestra width Radius facet Distal flare ulna facet Scapula Length Length 51 43 43 31 12 25 53

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? NMING F8785 17.5 52.5 26.4 29.5 33.5 15.5 63 37 11 13 14 n/a n/a 62 56 35 15 72 47 28 18 28 38 4 9 3 ? ? ? ? BMNH R4853 12.5 14 41 46 48 24 25 54 10 12 28 13 9 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? YORYM G503 18.5 8.5? 15 35 13 22 8? _ ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? WM 851.S 18.2 27 30 21 35 8 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? BRSMG Cb 2335 42.5 41.5 14 8.5 36 38 23 22

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? LEICS G221.1851 35.5 36.5 10.5 39.5 15.6 23.5 10.5 12.8 22.7 21.2 20.5 30 34 19 10 20 38 15 10 7 _ _ _ _ 6 _ 9 ? ? ? NMING F10194 36.5 10.5 21.3 32? 15 19 7.2 9.2 14 16 12 8 _ 5 _ 8 _ ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? WARMS G10875 29.3 23.5 19.3 37.5 11.2 14.3 13.5 20.7 7.2 30 37 10 22 _ _ _ _ 6 _ _ _ ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? BMNH R2028* etc. 33 26 22 42 8 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? NMING F8749 10 13

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? BMNH 38525 17.1 13.7 17.1 10.8 33? 34 16 12 25 20 10 ______? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? BMNH R5488 10.4 10.4 8.1 9.2 5.5

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? BMNH R1336

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? BMNH 49202 29 13 29 20 28

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? HALB 14.66 10.95 14.78 13.07 11.75 12.9 10.8 3.48 7.33 3.68 2.06 4.27 7.35 2.35 3.15 3.15 4.09 2.79 7.38 5.83 4.35 2.9 1.7

? ? ? ? ? ? ? BMNH 2018*

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? BMNH R1339 40.5 10.2 11.4 22.5 6.6 3.5 6.5 9.7 31 38 25 19 40 20 31 29 12 14 17 20

_ _ _ 8 6 8 _

? ? ? SMNS 12478

Appendix 4 Appendix Appendices 273 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 32 31 30 29 28 50 49 48 47 46 45 44 distance ofminimumwidthfromdistaltip distance ofminimumwidthfromdistaltip distance ofminimumwidthfromdistaltip tibia facetlength(dorsalview) tibia facetlength(dorsalview) fibula facetlength(dorsal) fibula facetlength(dorsal) postaxial distance postaxial distance postaxial distance preaxial distance preaxial distance preaxial distance minimum width minimum width minimum width minimum width Femur RIGHT proximal width width (middle) Femur LEFT Distal width Distal flare Radius Length Length Length Length length Tibia Ulna Flare Flare 14.6 11.3 11.4 24.5 53.8 53.4 8.8 18 11 16 25 11 18 11 25 43 25 12 25 ______NMING F8785 68.5 52 57 29 52 43 29 33 12 55 13 68 _ _ ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? BMNH R4853 11.2 15.1 12.5 12.5 18.5 8.85 22.5 13 16 9.5 40 41 33 49 25

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? YORYM G503 36.5 15.4 15? 7.5 7.5 7.5 8.5 10 10 11 17 36 9 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? WM 851.S 7.95 10.7 5.32 10.5 16 34 7.1 9 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? BRSMG Cb 2335 13.9 10.8 16.4 33.5 30.5 33.5 12 37 5.8 9.5 7.5 7.5 8.5 13 32 19 21 38 19 21 39 33 23 20 _ _ ? ? LEICS G221.1851 7.4 35 13 18 35 18 29 32 19

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? NMING F10194 26.5 35.5 24 30 19 36 13 10 14 12 14 30 19 7 8 _ 7 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? WARMS G10875 14.4 13.5 24.2 30.3 16.8 34.5 25.1 29.5 21.4 16.5 35.4 9.3 5.2 8.2 5.8 5.9 10 23 _ _ _ _ _ ? ? ? ? ? BMNH R2028* etc. 31

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? NMING F8749 5.5 3.9 11 24 8 5 8

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? BMNH 38525 11.2 36.5 16 6.5 6.5 11 27 30 35 11 27 30 16 ______? ? ? ? ? ? BMNH R5488 10.2 11.2 12.5 6.1 10 11 13 6.1 5.5 10 8 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? BMNH R1336

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? BMNH 49202 29 13

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? HALB 11.69 14.56 11.67 11.67 3.95 5.49 2.85 10.5 2.76 6.25 10.3 2.75 14.1 11.9 3.57 6.92 5.3 4.3 9.5 9.6 11 5 5 ? ? BMNH 2018*

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? BMNH R1339 11.65 10.12 12.28 13.95 35.5 6.99 9.75 9.55 28.5 37.5 29.5 38.5 20 8.5 32 25 16 33 25 16 38

_ _ 6 _ _ 6 _ SMNS 12478

Appendix 4 Appendix Appendices 274 69 68 67 66 65 64 63 62 61 60 59 58 57 56 55 54 53 52 51 width betweenorbits/totalpremaxilla length width atextnares/lengthtoext.nares Length premaxrostrum/ width Distance betweencoracoidandpubis rostrum width/premaxtoext. nares length toorbitmargin/skull length orbit length/premaxtoext. nares Length toext.nares/skulllength min widthoflateralprocessshaft distal widthoflateralprocess orbit length/skull Ischium glenoidfacet Selected Ratios distal flarewidth minimum width proximal width proximal width Width fenestra width (middle) Length fenstra Total length distal width Ischium Length Length Length Length Fibula Other Pubis Ilium Width Width 675 0.42 0.31 0.48 0.76 0.49 0.35 0.17 0.87 10.5 12.5 15.8 26 14 16 15 7 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? NMING F8785 ### 665 0.46 0.48 0.98 0.38 0.19 0.94 14.5 39.8 12.5 0.5 7.8 13 29 16 19 35 13 43 38

? ? ? ? ? ? BMNH R4853 0.47 0.21 0.44 0.96 0.39 0.37 0.14 0.7

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? YORYM G503 ### ### ### 440 0.46 0.21 0.44 0.38 0.17 3.5 18 7 8 8 9 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? WM 851.S 508 ### ### ### 0.46 0.47 0.37 0.74 1 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? BRSMG Cb 2335 516 0.51 0.25 0.33 1.57 0.36 0.42 0.15 0.59 21.5 13.9 11.4 7.5 27 4.5 8.2 8.9 6.4 6.2 7.5 7.9 19 12 28

? ? ? LEICS G221.1851 0.49 0.11 0.33 1.55 0.61 29.8 10.3 8.5 26 11 0.5 0.4 0.2 8.7 9 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? NMING F10194 ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### 450 19.5 25.4 27.2 8.9 6.8 5.3 7.5 8.5 8.2 57 22 29 10 12 11 9 ? ? WARMS G10875 ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### 18.5 8.35 23 26 24 25 11 8 8 7 7 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? BMNH R2028* etc. 420 0.49 0.23 0.37 1.36 0.43 0.41 0.18 0.61

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? NMING F8749 ### 335 0.57 0.25 1.54 0.21 0.51 0.11 0.48 12.6 1.4 5.6 3.7

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? BMNH 38525 465 0.52 0.16 0.35 1.51 0.31 0.12 30.5 9.1 0.4 0.6 8.5 9.8 24 31 29 13 7 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? BMNH R5488 ### ### ### 0.47 0.29 0.43 0.17 156 0.4

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? BMNH R1336 0.42 0.67 0.54 1.31 0.68 0.33 0.22 0.91

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? BMNH 49202 ### ### ### ### ### ### ### 0 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? HALB #### #### #### #### #### #### #### #### 2.85 14.5 2.45 7.59 10.2 3.08 4.69 3.7 174 3.9 9.5 _ _ 9 ? ? ? ? ? BMNH 2018* #### #### #### #### 0.531 0.367 0.438 0.16 19.8 6.5 19 21 23 20 7 6 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? BMNH R1339 #### #### #### 0.397 0.543 1.073 0.332 1.003 335 42.5 8.45 17.5 8.45 10.9 6.5 7.2 9.5 20 21 24 22 12

? ? ? ? ? SMNS 12478

Appendix 4 Appendix Appendices 275 length ofpost.vacs./widthacrossVacs Coracoid widthatglenoid/coracoidlength Pubis length/coracoidwidth at glenoid humerus length/lengthtopost.Vacs. postaxial humerus/preaxialhumerus length topostvacuities/skull distal widthofradius/radiuslength symphysis length/width symphysis length/mandiblelength symphysis length/humeruslength preaxial humerus/femur Bulb-pineal foramen/skulllength flare humerus/length skull length/totalanimallength symphysis length/radiuslength Length humerus/lengthfemur Rostrum width/lengthtoorbit premaxilla length/skulllength radius length/humeruslength Ischium width/ischiumlength Pubis length/coracoidlength ischium length/femurlength humerus length/skulllength Pubis length/ischiumlength Humerus flare/skulllength Femur length/skulllength ilium length/femurlength Flare femur/lengthfemur radius length/tibialength Orbit length/iliumlength Pubis width/pubislength ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### 0.84 0.25 0.49 0.47 0.13 0.58 0.65 0.63 0.71 0.35 0.28 0.99 0.47 0.12 0.84 0.61 0.93 0.39 0.49 0.3 0.6

1 1 NMING F8785 ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### 0.66 0.43 0.43 0.88 1.13 0.59 0.66 0.95 0.14 1.15 1.06 0.89 0.51 0.13 0.73 0.74 0.58 0.78 0.2 0.6 0.4 0.4 BMNH R4853 ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### 0.65 0.22 0.46 0.73 1.05 0.34 0.68 0.31 0.34 1.12 0.89 0.46 0.12 0.86 0.67 0.56 1.01 0.74 0.35 0.56 1.1 YORYM G503 ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### 0.47 0.13 0.56 0.31 0.82 0.25 0.97 0.43 0.61 0.62 0.59 0.58 0.5 0.9 WM 851.S ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### 1.24 0.37 0.48 0.12 0.71 0.66 0.68 0.29 1.03 0.52 0.16 1.01 0.54 0.79 0.56 0.38 0.52 0.3 0.9 BRSMG Cb 2335 ### ### ### ### ### 0.73 0.29 0.49 0.54 0.77 0.72 0.13 0.52 1.11 0.68 0.58 0.27 0.34 1.13 1.06 0.95 0.53 0.14 1.09 0.64 0.27 0.56 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.8 LEICS G221.1851 ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### 0.64 0.51 0.87 0.64 0.73 0.85 0.28 0.28 1.04 0.88 0.52 0.52 0.46 0.74 0.54 0.27 0.56

NMING F10194 ### ### ### ### ### ### 1.11 0.42 0.55 0.54 0.76 0.93 0.82 0.94 0.14 0.71 0.96 0.38 0.62 0.57 1.03 0.52 1.48 0.56 0.47 0.82 0.58 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.2 WARMS G10875 ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### 0.73 0.26 0.55 0.52 0.47 0.88 0.96 0.73 0.55 0.96 0.36 0.61 1.02 1.06 0.98 0.51 0.98 0.45

BMNH R2028* etc. ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### 0.26 0.17 0.76 0.81 0.31 0.52 0.15 0.88 0.76 0.58 0.31 0.55

NMING F8749 ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### 2.06 0.52 0.47 0.15 0.44 0.49 0.27 0.47 0.22 0.2 BMNH 38525 ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### 0.37 0.58 0.44 0.77 1.05 0.85 0.58 0.94 0.13 0.76 0.65 0.28 0.26 0.92 0.48 0.19 1.36 0.72 0.55 0.27 0.57 0.6 0.4 BMNH R5488 ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### 0.49 0.14 0.24 0.82 0.83 0.88 0.53 0.56 0.46 0.59

BMNH R1336 ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### 0.75 1.12 0.32 0.12 0.69 0.42 0.47

BMNH 49202 ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### 0.14 0.45 0.83 0.6

1 HALB #### #### #### #### #### #### #### #### 0.559 0.376 0.744 0.947 0.723 0.559 0.931 0.092 0.338 0.458 1.105 1.048 0.849 0.496 1.229 0.881 0.343 0.924 0.74 0.25 0.57 0.57 0.2 BMNH 2018* #### #### #### #### #### #### #### #### #### #### #### #### #### #### #### #### #### #### #### #### #### #### #### #### 0.943 0.952 0.405 0.302 0.264 0.615 1.15

BMNH R1339 #### #### #### 0.444 0.155 0.557 0.455 0.416 0.952 1.091 0.545 0.557 1.048 0.104 0.671 1.545 0.349 0.837 0.699 0.543 1.152 1.039 0.816 0.475 0.149 0.506 1.702 1.143 0.454 0.79 1.1

SMNS 12478

Appendix 4 Appendix Appendices Appendices Appendix 5

Appendix 5. Data matrix for cladistic analysis

276 Appendices

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 Archaeonectrus 0 0 1 ? 1 1 0 0 0 1 ? ? 0 1 1 ? 1 0 ? 0 ? ? 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 ? 1 0 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Attenborosaurus 0 0 1 0 ? ? 0 ? 0 ? 1 0 0 ? ? ? ? ? 1 0 0 ? 0 ? 1 ? 1 0 ? 0 ? 0 0 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 ? 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 BMNH 49202 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 ? 0 0 ? 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 ? 0 0 0 ? ? 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 Brachauchenius 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 1 0 0 ? 0 0 1 1 0 0 ? ? ? 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 ? 1 0 0 ? ? 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 2 1 ? Cymatosaurus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x x 0 0 0 0 x ? Dolichorhynchops 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 2 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 2 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 Eurycleidus ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 0 NMING F10194 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 ? 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 ? 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 ? 0 ? 2 ? ? NIMING F8749 0 ? 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 ? 1 1 1 0 0 ? 1 0 1 ? 0 1 0 ? 1 ? ? ? ? ? 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 ? 0 0 1 0 1 2 0 ? WARMS G10875 0 0 ? 0 ? ? ? ? ? 1 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1 ? ? 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 ? 0 ? Hauffiosaurus 1 0 1 1 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 ? Hydrorion 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 ? Kronosaurus 0 0 1 0 0 0 ? ? 0 1 1 ? ? 0 ? ? ? 1 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 0 ? ? 0 1 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1 1 ? 1 1 0 ? 0 0 Leptocleidus_capensis 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 ? 1 1 1 ? 1 ? ? 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 0 0 ? 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 2 1 0 Leptocleidus_clemai ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Leptocleidus_superstes ? ? ? ? 1 0 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 0 ? ? ? 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 ? 0 ? ? ? ? ? ? 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 2 1 ? Liopleurodon 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 277 Macroplata 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 ? 1 ? 1 0 1 ? ? 0 ? ? ? 1 0 0 1 ? ? ? ? ? 0 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 ? Maresaurus 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 ? 1 1 1 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 0 ? ? ? ? 1 ? 1 0 1 1 ? ? 0 ? 1 1 0 0 0 ? 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 OUMJ28585 0 ? 0 0 0 ? ? ? 0 1 0 0 ? ? ? ? 0 ? ? ? 3 ? ? ? 1 0 ? 0 ? ? 1 0 0 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 0 ? 0 ? ? ? ? ? P.longirostris 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 ? ? ? 0 ? ? ? ? 0 ? ? ? ? ? ? 1 ? 0 1 ? 1 0 ? 1 0 0 0 ? ? ? 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 ? P.dolichodeirus 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ? 1 Peloneustes 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 ? 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 Pistosaurus 0 0 0 0 0 ? 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 ? 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ? 0 ? 1 0 0 0 ? ? 0 0 0 0 ? ? 0 ? 0 0 ? ? Pliosaurus 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 ? 0 3 1 2 1 1 0 2 0 0 1 ? 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 R.cramptoni 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 ? 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 ? ? 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 ? 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 R.megacephalus 0 1 ? 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 ? ? ? ? 1 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1 0 0 ? 1 ? ? 0 0 1 0 1 2 0 0 LEICS G221.1851 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 ? 0 1 ? 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 2 0 0 R.propinquus 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 ? ? 0 1 1 0 1 ? ? 1 ? ? 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 ? ? 0 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? R.thorntoni 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1 ? ? 0 ? ? 1 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? R.victor 0 1 ? 0 1 0 ? ? 0 1 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1 0 ? ? ? 1 1 ? 0 1 ? 1 ? 0 1 ? 1 2 ? ? R.zetlandicus 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 ? 0 1 1 0 1 ? ? 1 ? ? ? 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 ? 0 ? ? 1 ? ? ? ? 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 Seeleysaurus 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 2 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ? Simolestes 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 ? ? 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 ? ? ? ? 1 1 1 1 0 ? ? 0 Sthenarosaurus ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Thalassiodracon 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 ? ? ? ? ? ? 0 0 0 0 0 0 ? 1 0 TMP_94_122_01 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 ? 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 1 ? 1 1 ? ? ? ? ? 1 ? 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 Appendix 5 Umoonasaurus 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 ? 0 0 1 ? ? 1 ? ? 0 ? 0 0 ? ? ? ? 0 1 2 0 0 1 0 ? 0 ? 1 0 1 ? 1 1 ? 1 1 1 0 1 ? 1 0 Yunguisaurus 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ? 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ? 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 ? ? ? 1 ? ? ? 0 0 0 ? 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 ? Appendices

50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 Archaeonectrus 1 ? 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1 0 0 0 0 1 ? 0 1 0 Attenborosaurus ? ? 0 0 0 0 ? ? 0 ? ? 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 2 0 1 1 0 0 ? 1 0 0 0 0 ? 0 1 ? 0 1 0 Augustasaurus 1 ? 0 0 0 0 1 0 ? 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 ? ? ? 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ? 0 0 ? 0 0 0 0 0 BMNH 49202 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 1 0 1 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1 ? 0 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Brachauchenius 1 ? 0 1 4 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 4 0 0 2 0 0 ? ? ? 1 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 ? ? ? 0 1 ? 0 0 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Cymatosaurus 1 ? 0 0 1 0 ? ? ? ? ? 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ? 0 0 0 ? 0 0 ? 0 0 0 0 0 Dolichorhynchops 1 1 1 0 4 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 ? 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 ? 1 0 2 Eurycleidus ? ? 0 1 1 ? 1 1 0 1 ? 1 ? 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 ? 0 1 ? 1 1 1 2 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 NMING F10194 1 1 0 1 ? ? ? 1 ? ? ? 1 ? 1 1 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1 ? 1 1 1 1 0 0 ? 1 0 ? ? ? 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 NIMING F8749 ? 1 0 1 1 1 1 ? 0 1 ? 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 ? 1 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1 0 1 1 1 ? ? WARMS G10875 ? ? 0 1 0 0 1 1 ? 1 1 1 1 ? 1 1 ? 1 ? ? ? 0 ? ? 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 ? 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 Hauffiosaurus 1 ? 0 0 4 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 2 1 0 0 1 0 ? 0 1 1 0 1 0 2 1 1 1 ? 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 ? 1 1 0 Hydrorion 0 ? 1 0 3 ? 0 ? 2 ? ? 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 ? 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 ? 0 1 ? 0 ? ? 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 Kronosaurus ? 1 0 1 4 ? 1 ? 1 ? 0 1 4 ? 0 2 ? ? ? ? 1 1 1 1 ? ? 1 ? 0 0 0 ? 1 1 1 ? 1 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Leptocleidus_capensis 1 1 0 1 ? 0 ? ? ? ? ? 1 ? 0 0 0 0 1 ? 0 1 ? 1 1 ? ? ? 0 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1 0 1 Leptocleidus_clemai ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1 ? ? 1 1 0 0 ? ? ? ? 1 1 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 0 0 1 0 1 ? 1 0 2 Leptocleidus_superstes 1 ? 0 1 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1 ? ? ? 0 ? 0 ? 0 1 1 1 1 ? 1 1 1 2 0 0 1 ? ? ? ? ? 1 ? 1 ? 1 ? ? Liopleurodon 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 ? 0 1 1 0 1 ? 1 2 0 1 0 2 278 Macroplata ? 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 ? 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 ? 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 ? 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 ? 0 Maresaurus 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 ? 1 ? ? ? ? ? 1 1 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? OUMJ28585 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 2 1 0 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 0 0 0 0 ? 0 ? ? ? ? ? P.longirostris 1 1 0 1 4 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 0 ? 1 ? ? ? ? ? ? 0 ? ? ? ? ? 0 0 0 1 ? 0 1 0 P.dolichodeirus 0 ? 1 0 3 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 Peloneustes 1 ? 0 1 4 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 ? 1 2 0 0 0 2 Pistosaurus ? ? 0 0 0 ? ? ? ? ? ? 1 0 ? 0 0 ? 0 ? 0 0 0 0 0 ? 0 0 0 0 ? 0 ? 0 0 0 0 0 0 ? 0 0 0 0 0 Pliosaurus 1 ? 0 1 4 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 ? 0 ? 1 0 1 0 1 1 ? ? ? ? 1 0 1 1 0 1 ? ? ? ? 0 0 2 R.cramptoni 1 1 0 1 2 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 1 R.megacephalus ? ? 0 1 1 ? 1 1 ? ? 1 1 1 ? ? ? 0 ? ? 1 1 ? 0 ? ? 1 1 1 1 ? 0 ? 1 0 1 0 0 1 ? 1 ? 1 1 0 LEICS G221.1851 1 ? 0 1 1 ? 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 ? 1 ? ? 0 ? 1 ? ? ? ? ? 0 ? 1 ? 1 0 0 1 0 1 ? 1 1 0 R.propinquus 1 ? 0 1 ? 1 ? ? ? ? ? 1 1 1 ? ? 1 0 ? 1 ? ? 0 1 ? ? ? ? ? ? 0 ? 0 ? ? 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 ? 1 R.thorntoni ? ? 0 1 2 ? 1 1 0 1 ? 1 ? 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 ? 0 1 ? 2 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 0 ? 1 R.victor 1 ? 0 1 2 0 1 1 ? 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ? 0 ? ? ? 0 0 ? 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 ? 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 ? 1 1 1 R.zetlandicus 1 1 0 1 2 1 1 1 ? 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 ? 1 ? ? 0 1 1 ? 0 1 1 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 0 ? 1 0 1 1 1 Seeleysaurus 0 ? 1 0 3 ? 0 1 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 ? 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 Simolestes 1 ? 0 1 2 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 3 ? ? ? 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 ? 1 2 0 1 0 2 Sthenarosaurus ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1 ? 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 ? 0 1 ? 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 ? 0 ? ? Thalassiodracon 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 0 ? 1 0 1 0 0 ? 0 1 0 0 1 0 TMP_94_122_01 1 ? 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 ? 0 1 ? 0 1 0 1 1 0 ? ? ? ? ? ? 1 0 ? ? 0 0 1 1 1 ? ? 0 2 Appendix 5 Umoonasaurus 1 ? 0 1 ? ? ? 0 ? ? 0 1 ? 0 ? ? ? ? ? 0 1 ? 1 1 0 ? ? ? ? ? 0 1 ? 0 ? ? ? 1 0 1 ? 1 0 2 Yunguisaurus 0 0 1 ? 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 0 1 0 0 0 0 0