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Antarctic): Discussion Author(S): Joseph Hooker, Louis Bernacchi, Dr Topography of South Victoria Land (Antarctic): Discussion Author(s): Joseph Hooker, Louis Bernacchi, Dr. Blanford, George Nares, Leopold M'Clintock and Erasmus Ommanney Source: The Geographical Journal, Vol. 17, No. 5 (May, 1901), pp. 492-495 Published by: geographicalj Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1775831 Accessed: 27-06-2016 22:17 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers), Wiley are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Geographical Journal This content downloaded from 132.239.1.231 on Mon, 27 Jun 2016 22:17:12 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 492 TOPOGRAPHY OF SOUTH VICTORIA LAND (ANTARCTIC)-DISCUSSION. a large mass of sea-ice would be impossible. Sir James Ross reported the " appearance of land to the south," near the spot where we landed on the barrier. We did not, however, sight any land, although we had exceptionally fine clear weather. I do not wish to imply that it does not exist, possibly it does, and is either an island or the eastern shore of a large deep bight extending from Mount Terror around towards Graham Land; but I do believe that there is an open sea between the southern side of the great ice-barrier and that land, if it exists. There is one thing that appears to go against the above theory, and that is the comparatively shallow water found at the spot where we landed on the barrier, viz. 350 fathoms. But can we reasonably expect to find deep water near the south pole, where everything tends to prove the existence of an archipelago of large islands? The few indications which we possess of the depth of the ocean in this part of the world, seem to indicate that there is a gradual shoaling of the ocean from very deep water towards the antarctic lands. The ice-barrier in long. 164? W. is distinctly different in appearance to that observed further west. Its outlines were more broken and full of indentations; the elevation, too, was no more than 60 or 80 feet. The fact that the position of the ice-barrier where we landed upon it was found to be many miles further south than reported by Ross is possibly due to a large portion of the barrier having here broken off and drifted away in the form of huge icebergs. Or, again, Ross might not have approached the barrier very closely at this particular spot, his highest south point being 30 miles more to the east. Before the reading of the paper, the PRESIDENT said: I think I can promise you a very interesting paper from Mr. Bernacchi. He is a young independent observer, and I think a very shrewd observer, and he has had the great advantage of observing in a most interesting part of the antarctic regions which has not previously been visited for nearly sixty years. I will ask Mr. Bernacchi to read his paper on the Topography of South Victoria Land. After the reading of the paper, the PRESIDENT said: In introducing Mr. Ber- nacchi, I forgot to mention what I had promised to state, namely, that the reading of Mr. Bernacchi's paper had the full consent of his former chief, Mr. Borchgrevink. We hope that Sir Joseph Hooker may be disposed to make some remarks on the views expressed by Mr. Bernacchi. Sir JOSEPH HOOKER: I have listened with very great pleasure to this most interesting and clear account of Mr. Bernacchi's of the phenomena that he has witnessed in the antarctic seas and lands. So far as my very vivid recollection carries me, they precisely agree with what I saw myself now upwards of sixty years ago, put in a very clear and most instructive manner. Of course, the great interest of the voyage and observations is that great ice-barrier. That ice- barrier, I think I may safely say, presents the most remarkable unsolved glacial problem in the world, and there has been really no satisfactory explanation given of it. That which Mr. Bernacchi has put forward, which he very wisely regards as a mere speculation, is a very ingenious one, and it may be a true one, but it is exceedingly difficult to conceive any amount of neve in the This content downloaded from 132.239.1.231 on Mon, 27 Jun 2016 22:17:12 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms TOPOGRAPHY OF SOUTH VICTORIA LAND (ANTARCTIC)-DISCUSSION. 493 Parry mountains driving a body of ice of that dimension over 300 miles. It is practically a plane surface, and we know nothing like it in any other part of the world. Then, again, with regard to there being water on the southern slopes of this barrier, is it not a fact that on no occasion did Mr. Borchgrevink see anything like a water-blink in the sky in that direction? If there had been much water within any reasonable distance to the southward, I think we could not fail to perceive a water-blink in the sky. These are the only remarks I have to make. The PRESIDENT: Mr. Bernacchi allows about 50 miles of width. Sir JOSEPH HOOKER: Yes. I should like to ask Mr. Bernacchi if Mr. Borch- grevink's party saw any appearance of these mountains seen by Ross from the extreme eastern edge of the barrier ? Mr. BERNACCII: No, none at all. The PRESIDENT: Were you as far east as Ross ? Mr. BERNACCHI: No; within 30 miles of Ross. Dr. BLANFORD: I have not had time to look at the geological specimens exhibited by Mr. Bernacchi; but the additional facts that have been obtained concerning sedimentary rocks and their resemblance to some of the Australian rocks are very interesting, and will lead to further identification. Of course, the most interesting fact about the antarctic land area is the probability that this at one time has formed part of either South America or Australia, or probably of both; because if it was not land at one time, and land which was not entirely covered with ice, it is very difficult to understand how some curious connections between the animal life of South America and Australia can have originated. The fact that one of the great groups into which the marsupials are divided is only repre- sented in South America and Australia, is in itself extraordinary; and it appears, from some recent observations, that the number of South American forms allied to the Australian marsupials is much greater than we in past times supposed. Then another curious fact is with regard to the horned tortoise Miolania, of which remains have only been found in Australia and South America. There are other points of connection in past times, and there is quite sufficient similarity between the faunas of the two areas to make it highly probable that at one time, when, perhaps, the southern hemisphere contained more land than it does at present, and the northern contained less, there was land union between South America and Australia. I think that the interest attaching to the glaciers and the ice- barrier is also a geological question. Just as one of the most important discoveries of the century was made when Nordenskiold penetrated into the interior of Green- land, so I think it is very probable that some equally important discoveries remain to be made when we know something of the interior of the antarctic land. Whether it is a continent or merely an archipelago of large islands, is one of the questions that remain to be solved in the antarctic area, and the ex- ceedingly novel and interesting views which Mr. Bernacchi has brought before us about that enormous mass of ice throw an entirely new light upon the whole subject. The ice may be either the edge of a great glacier coming down from the land to the south; or it may be, as Mr. Bernacchi has suggested, a mass of glacier ice pushed out to sea, or it may be a mass of floating ice filling a sound between two large islands. It is very satisfactory to hear that it can be easily explored; and if it can be penetrated from 150 to 200 miles, it will at once be shown what its real nature is. If it is a glacier, the surface will rise rapidly towards the south; if it is a floating mass pushed off from the land, the surface will not rise rapidly, but will probably remain for a considerable distance very nearly at the same level. No. V.-MAY, 1901.] 2 L This content downloaded from 132.239.1.231 on Mon, 27 Jun 2016 22:17:12 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 494 TOPOGRAPHY OF SOUTH VICTORIA LAND (ANTARCTIC)-DISCUSSION. Admiral Sir GEORGE NARES: With regard to Robertson bay, we are told of a remarkable double tongue of compact crystallized ice. Can Mr. Bernacchi tell us, was that likely to have been a summer river either at the spot or further back, and that it has been pushed forward by the glaciers ? Mr.
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