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The Arctic Expedition of 1875-76 Author(S): Clements R The Arctic Expedition of 1875-76 Author(s): Clements R. Markham Source: Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London, Vol. 21, No. 6 (1876 - 1877), pp. 536-555 Published by: Wiley on behalf of The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers) Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1799926 . Accessed: 17/06/2014 03:42 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Wiley and The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers) are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 188.72.127.178 on Tue, 17 Jun 2014 03:42:03 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions ( 536 ) ADDITIONAL NOTICES. (Printed by order of Council.) 1.?The Arctic Expedition of 1S76-76. By Clements B. Markham, c.b., f.r.s., Secretary B.G.S. 1.?History of the Efforts to obtain a Renewal of Arctic Eesearch. In the followingPaper I wish it to be understoodthat any views or opinions that may be expressed are my own, and that I am solely responsiblefor them. When, in 1865, the Council of the Royal GeographicalSociety undertook to advocate and promotethe explorationof the unknownregion round the Pole, it was fullyunderstood that the great work could only be accomplished gradually,and that one expedition must follow anotheruntil all the know? ledge attainableby human means, in this fieldof inquiry,had been obtained. One importantstep in advance has been made by the discoveriesof the Arctic Expedition of 1875-6; and it now becomes necessaryto take stock of our increased knowledge,and by its light to considerthe next step in advance that should be advocated. 2. The duty of thus summing up the case at the terminationof the first effort,would have fallen upon our lamented Associate, Admiral Sherard Osborn,had he been sparedto us. He it was who firstraised the questionin 1865, who perseveringlyand ably kept it alive, who by his winningeloquence and well-deservedinfluence won adherents,and who at length secured the despatchof an expeditionby the route which he had advocated forten years. His effortswere crownedwith completesuccess, in the veryyear that he died. The cause of Arctic discoveryhas sustained a loss which cannot be replaced. We can no longer be sustained by that help which neVerfailed; yet the memoryof Osborn's cheeryvoice, and heartyjoyous smile, which won upon men's feelingsnearly as much as his close reasoningand well-marshalledfacts affectedtheir judgments,will nerve us still to do battle in the same noble cause. 3. I have undertakento sum up and take stockof what has been achieved, partlyas the constantassistant and adviserof Sherard Osborn fromthe day when he began to advocate the renewal of Arcticresearch in 1865, until the day of his death. But I do not take upon myselfto assertthat the views and opinions I now put forwardare necessarilythose which Osbornwould have adopted; althoughwe neverdiffered while workingtogether. We had been messmates during four years, we had served togetherin the same Arctic Expedition, and our friendshiphad stood the test of thirtyyears. When Osbornwent to Bombay in March 1865, he entrustedall his notes and cor? respondenceon the Arctic question to me, and he did so again on a later occasion. Togetherwe discussed each point as it arose, everystep that should' be taken, and togetherwe prepared the memoranda,drafts of letters,and reportswhich were adopted by the Council of the GreographicalSociety. So that the duty of discussing the question at the point it has now reached, which would have belonged to Osborn if he had been spared to us, does This content downloaded from 188.72.127.178 on Tue, 17 Jun 2014 03:42:03 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions ^^M^s^&m^ \JBAury(WmUrl/r)/8W 2. ?< f " I.) 1821. 3. ? (ftfloolik)1822. 4. ?> (P.Bowe,i)l824 ^.OraahnVitkarbik}182.9. ^J.HossfFdUH!)18211. 7. - rViei^ruLBP)mO-.T2. 8 " (FuryBeach> 18X2 f $J*aZhHisofYft?tkyB) I8.V2 10. " (*fa/^AAJ,tSAarJ/8Xi >X\.M0iseye/%fr'haUowB.)1838. \\1~4.LikcljitjHini(CrossB. i 18f3 )9Stuuu/efsfHWsfmAo/m^ i|13.J.Fmnktin (Beechey I.) 1845. ZQ.Mwrr(PorHhabm-tv) Ifi. This content downloaded from 188.72.127.178 on Tue, 17 Jun 2014 03:42:03 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions .Kellrrt,Bu,rv?S'((l.IWAlmrn/* I 4:Belcher (JKsusl*-,- J.I J853. ?KimefReiiAselaerH')1853.5+ IFClmtockpackotBatrintt.J1857. 37 (BKimiictlyI 1858. 38 Hayes(P. Foulke > 1X60- 39.CF.Hall (Frobischer B ) IS60 - 62. 40.H. ?? (ReputsvW)186+08. 41.S. Tobiesen(Bearl. I 186J-66 42.Koldewcv fSubinvlJ M69 43.Hall (Tlumk GodB. J IS7t. ^.Kamedy(BattyB.)1851. ?tBe^eh&Buddinyfoi,(Lileboutlbvc^ 'i/tson(Cambridijeli. 1/852. 45.S. Tobiesen (A'ov. Zemlya l 1872. This content downloaded from 188.72.127.178 on Tue, 17 Jun 2014 03:42:03 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions ARCTIC WINTERQUARTER \JBJ\uryfWmttrffrJ/8W 2. ?< ( " I.) 1821. ;3 ? 1822. ?> (ftfloolik) 'i4. (PBowe,i)l824 *>.Graah(iViikarbik} 182.9. \^J.Boss(FelUH!)/82.0. \7. - (VictaruLBP)mO-.T2. 8 " (FuryBeach> 1832 f j SJ>aJc1*titsor7R4>ckyB.)l8.V2 10. " (Va/^AAJ,tSAarJ/8Xi 'W.Mviseye/%(yihaHowB.)1838. \^4.LikcljitjHim(CrossB. >1843 IjS(u//u/ers(H WstenAohneS1 13../Franklin(Berchty I.) 1845. 20M,orr(Partnuibmrs) 185(1. 14. " (K?Will L'*) 1846. 2\.MCha-e(Pr,rr\Va(csStr.)1850. 15.AW(Fort HofM-1 1846. IZ.Justin-_./Ki*w?,?,?,.u.(Griffith ../. >J .?.,?.1850 ^MoorrPlo\cr (RKaviileiue) IM8 27t.Pcnnv(.4ssistiuuyB.> 1850. yi..l.C.Ho^s(PheofwUt> 1848. 2* CoWnstm(WuikerB.) 1851 ; 18.Moore (KschacholtxR ) I84fl. 25.AFCiurv (Mtivv H I 1831. This content downloaded from 188.72.127.178 on Tue, 17 Jun 2014 03:42:03 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions ARCTIC ^//**// S5/WINTER QUARTERS Z$.Kellert,BumwS'((l.IWAlmrn/-^ 4.Belcher (Di&uster J.f 7853. SJh:Kune(Hei,sselaerH'l1853.5+ 36JF(7mfodLfl>acAo/B?frmtt.J1857. 37 (BKimiictlyI 1858. 38.Hayes (P. Fou/ke > 1860- 39.CF.Hall (Frobischer B ) IS60 - 62 40.H. < (ReputsvW)186+68. 41 S. Tobiesen(Bearl. / 186J-66 42.Koldewev fSubinvlJ /S6<> 43.Hall (Tlumk GodB. J 187/. KamedyfButtyB.)1851. ?tBe^eh&Buddinyfoii(/.ileboutlbve^ 'i/ison(Cambridtfcli. 1/852. 45.S. Tobiesen (A'ov. Zemlva l187'2. \fc(lmtockmclUyl. ) 1852 ^.Xovtlenskjobl(Mossel 11J 1872 2$.Belc/urC\'orllHin,beH(mdStf>/352 M. IVeyprrc/tf (H'ilcxeA/. > 1872 - 7+ 30.PnllenVh-cchcy 1.11852 46. GXanesfhlivbcn,Ixuch UH7J? 6\\ 31 Miujitirc(Klson B. ) 1852 49.Ste/dienson (7>isiv\erVB. > > yi.Coliinson(Camdi'ti B. 1853. ~~ _ JSTG.Raveiistein. This content downloaded from 188.72.127.178 on Tue, 17 Jun 2014 03:42:03 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions ADDITIONAL NOTICES. 537 not unnaturally fall upon one who, in this matter,was his coadjutor and assistant. 4. It will be well, beforemarshalling our new knowledge,to recapitulate the historyof our effortsto obtain a renewalof Arctic exploration,since their commencementin 1865. 5. In determiningthe policy to be pursued forsecuring the despatchof an Arctic Expedition,it was above all things necessaryto ascertain the points which formerArctic experiencehas firmlyestablished, and to formulatethem, so as to have a firmstand-point from whence to start. 6. This experience bears upon the two main divisions of the subject, namely,the objects of Arctic exploration,and the means of securing those objects. 7. Formerly,and since 1775, the objects,or at least the main objects,of Arctic voyages had been to make the North-west Passage or to reach the North Pole. The last voyage forthe formerobject leftEngland in 1845, and forthe latterin 1827. But the advance of knowledge had since proved that therecould be no usefuland tangibleresults either in making the North-west Passage or in reaching the North Pole. These objects had, therefore,to be finally discarded. It was quite clear that Arctic discoverywould have no influentialsupport from any of the learned Societies,without which success was impossible,if to reach the North Pole?an utterlyuseless quest?was its main object. 8. The objects of Arcticexploration, in these days, must be to secure useful scientificresults ; in geographyby exploringthe coast lines, and ascertaining the conditionsof land and sea within the unknown area; in geology by collections and by a carefulexamination of the land; in zoology and botany by observationand by collections; in physicsby a completeseries of observa? tions extendingover at least a year. 9. Such being the scientificobjects of Arcticexploration, they must be kept in mind when the rules for securing them,based upon long experience,are formulated. But thereis anotherobject which had greatweight with Sherard Osborn. He specially dwelt upon the importanceof encouraginga spiritof maritimeenterprise, and of givingworthy employment to the Navy in time of peace?a truly national object,and one which,as the result proved,had as much influencein formingthe decisionof statesmenas the scientificresults. 10. We now come to the means wherebythe unknown Polar area is to be penetrated,and the desired success to be secured. The firstgreat lesson taughtby two centuriesof experienceis that no extensiveand usefulexploring work can be calculated upon by merelyentering the driftingpack; and that effectiveprogress can be made only by followinga coast line.
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