AI in the Nordic-Baltic Region
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Region Building and Identity Formation in the Baltic Sea Region
IJIS Volume 3 REGION BUILDING AND IDENTITY FORMATION IN THE BALTIC SEA REGION ∗ Imke Schäfer Abstract This paper examines the concept of “new region building” in the Baltic Sea region with emphasis on the construction of a collective “Baltic” identity. Possible implications of these processes on Russia as a non-EU member state are discussed. Region building around the Baltic Sea is conceptualised within the framework of social constructivism, and a connection between region building and identity formation is established. Furthermore, an attempt is made to shed light on the way in which a “Baltic identity” is promoted in the region. By means of a short discourse analysis, certain characteristics of the Baltic Sea region are discovered that are promoted as the basis for a regional identity by various regional actors. The impact of these characteristics on relations between Russia, the EU and the other Baltic Sea states are examined and conclusions are drawn in relation to the region building processes in the Baltic Sea area. INTRODUCTION Cooperation in the Baltic Sea region (BSR) has prospered since the independence of the Baltic States in the beginning of the 1990s. Several programmes and initiatives have been established, such as the Northern Dimension initiative (ND), the Council of Baltic Sea States (CBSS) or the Baltic Sea States Subregional Cooperation (BSSSC). The EU actively supports cooperation in this region. In 1997, at the Luxembourg European Council, Finland’s Northern Dimension initiative (ND) was recognized as part of the -
The Baltic Sea Region the Baltic Sea Region
TTHEHE BBALALTTICIC SSEAEA RREGIONEGION Cultures,Cultures, Politics,Politics, SocietiesSocieties EditorEditor WitoldWitold MaciejewskiMaciejewski A Baltic University Publication A chronology of the history 7 of the Baltic Sea region Kristian Gerner 800-1250 Vikings; Early state formation and Christianization 800s-1000s Nordic Vikings dominate the Baltic Region 919-1024 The Saxon German Empire 966 Poland becomes Christianized under Mieszko I 988 Kiev Rus adopts Christianity 990s-1000s Denmark Christianized 999 The oldest record on existence of Gdańsk Cities and towns During the Middle Ages cities were small but they grew in number between 1200-1400 with increased trade, often in close proximity to feudal lords and bishops. Lübeck had some 20,000 inhabitants in the 14th and 15th centuries. In many cities around the Baltic Sea, German merchants became very influential. In Swedish cities tensions between Germans and Swedes were common. 1000s Sweden Christianized 1000s-1100s Finland Christianized. Swedish domination established 1025 Boleslaw I crowned King of Poland 1103-1104 A Nordic archbishopric founded in Lund 1143 Lübeck founded (rebuilt 1159 after a fire) 1150s-1220s Denmark dominates the Baltic Region 1161 Visby becomes a “free port” and develops into an important trade center 1100s Copenhagen founded (town charter 1254) 1100s-1200s German movement to the East 1200s Livonia under domination of the Teutonic Order 1200s Estonia and Livonia Christianized 1201 Riga founded by German bishop Albert 1219 Reval/Tallinn founded by Danes ca 1250 -
Deterring Russian Aggression in the Baltic States Through Resilience and Resistance
Research Report C O R P O R A T I O N STEPHEN J. FLANAGAN, JAN OSBURG, ANIKA BINNENDIJK, MARTA KEPE, ANDREW RADIN Deterring Russian Aggression in the Baltic States Through Resilience and Resistance Introduction The governments and citizens of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania—the Baltic states—are subject to daily Russian strategic information operations and propaganda activities that are part of campaigns designed to undermine trust in their institutions, foment ethnic and social tensions, and erode confidence in North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) KEY FINDINGS collective defense commit- ■ Total Defense and Unconventional Warfare (TD/UW) techniques and ments. These three countries forces can support deterrence, early warning, de-escalation, defense are also vulnerable to low-level, against invading forces, and liberation from occupation during the hybrid, and full-scale attacks by course of a hybrid or conventional conflict. Russian special operations and ■ Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania are committed to enhancing the size and regular military forces deployed capabilities of their national guards and reserve forces and increasing close to their borders. In light whole-of society resilience and resistance efforts. All three countries of these concerns, and given are improving and expanding their small special operations forces. the imbalance between Russian ■ The United States, other NATO allies and partners, and the European and NATO conventional forces Union could take further concrete steps to support the development deployed in the Baltic region, of Baltic TD/UW capabilities by strengthening cooperation on crisis these governments and others management, intelligence sharing, civilian resilience, and countering Russian information warfare and hybrid attacks. -
Revised Sequence Stratigraphy of the Ordovician of Baltoscandia …………………………………………… 20 Druzhinina, O
Baltic Stratigraphical Association Department of Geology, Faculty of Geography and Earth Sciences, University of Latvia Natural History Museum of Latvia THE EIGHTH BALTIC STRATIGRAPHICAL CONFERENCE ABSTRACTS Edited by E. Lukševičs, Ģ. Stinkulis and J. Vasiļkova Rīga, 2011 The Eigth Baltic Stratigraphical Conference 28 August – 1 September 2011, Latvia Abstracts Edited by E. Lukševičs, Ģ. Stinkulis and J. Vasiļkova Scientific Committee: Organisers: Prof. Algimantas Grigelis (Vilnius) Baltic Stratigraphical Association Dr. Olle Hints (Tallinn) Department of Geology, University of Latvia Dr. Alexander Ivanov (St. Petersburg) Natural History Museum of Latvia Prof. Leszek Marks (Warsaw) Northern Vidzeme Geopark Prof. Tõnu Meidla (Tartu) Dr. Jonas Satkūnas (Vilnius) Prof. Valdis Segliņš (Riga) Prof. Vitālijs Zelčs (Chairman, Riga) Recommended reference to this publication Ceriņa, A. 2011. Plant macrofossil assemblages from the Eemian-Weichselian deposits of Latvia and problems of their interpretation. In: Lukševičs, E., Stinkulis, Ģ. and Vasiļkova, J. (eds). The Eighth Baltic Stratigraphical Conference. Abstracts. University of Latvia, Riga. P. 18. The Conference has special sessions of IGCP Project No 591 “The Early to Middle Palaeozoic Revolution” and IGCP Project No 596 “Climate change and biodiversity patterns in the Mid-Palaeozoic (Early Devonian to Late Carboniferous)”. See more information at http://igcl591.org. Electronic version can be downloaded at www.geo.lu.lv/8bsc Hard copies can be obtained from: Department of Geology, Faculty of Geography and Earth Sciences, University of Latvia Raiņa Boulevard 19, Riga LV-1586, Latvia E-mail: [email protected] ISBN 978-9984-45-383-5 Riga, 2011 2 Preface Baltic co-operation in regional stratigraphy is active since the foundation of the Baltic Regional Stratigraphical Commission (BRSC) in 1969 (Grigelis, this volume). -
Eu Baltic Sea Strategy
EU BALTIC SEA STRATEGY REPORT FOR THE KONRAD-ADENAUER-STIFTUNG LONDON OFFICE www.kas.de This paper includes résumés and experts views from conferences and seminars facilitated and organised by the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung London and Centrum Balticum. Impressum © Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung 2009 All rights reserved. No part of this report may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronical or mechanical, without permission in writing from Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, London office, 63D Eccleston Square, London SW1V 1PH. ABBREVIATIONS AC Arctic Council AEPS Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy ALDE Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe BaltMet Baltic Metropoles BCCA Baltic Sea Chambers of Commerce Association BDF Baltic Development Forum BEAC Barents Euro-Arctic Council BEAR Council of the Barents Euro-Arctic Region BENELUX Economic Union of Belgium, The Netherlands and Luxembourg BFTA The Baltic Free Trade Area BSCE Black Sea Economic Cooperation Pact BSPC The Baltic Sea Parliamentary Conference BSR Baltic Sea Region BSSSC Baltic Sea States Subregional Cooperation CBSS The Council for Baltic Sea States CFSP Common Foreign and Security Policy CEFTA Central European Free Trade Agreement CIS The Commonwealth of Independent States COMECON Council for Mutual Economic Assistance CPMR Conference of Peripheral Maritime Regions of Europe EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development EEA European Economic Area EEC European Economic Community EFTA European Free Trade Agreement EGP European Green Party ENP European -
Maintaining Arctic Cooperation with Russia Planning for Regional Change in the Far North
Maintaining Arctic Cooperation with Russia Planning for Regional Change in the Far North Stephanie Pezard, Abbie Tingstad, Kristin Van Abel, Scott Stephenson C O R P O R A T I O N For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR1731 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available for this publication. ISBN: 978-0-8330-9745-3 Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. © Copyright 2017 RAND Corporation R® is a registered trademark. Cover: NASA/Operation Ice Bridge. Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions. The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. Support RAND Make a tax-deductible charitable contribution at www.rand.org/giving/contribute www.rand.org Preface Despite a period of generally heightened tensions between Russia and the West, cooperation on Arctic affairs—particularly through the Arctic Council—has remained largely intact, with the exception of direct mil- itary-to-military cooperation in the region. -
Baltics Left of Bang: the Role of NATO with Partners in Denial-Based Deterrence
November 2019 STRATEGIC FORUM National Defense University About the Authors Colonel Robert M. Klein, USA (Ret.), Baltics Left of Bang: The Role was a Senior Military Fellow in the Center for Strategic Research (CSR), of NATO with Partners in Institute for National Strategic Studies, at the National Defense University. Lieutenant Commander Stefan Denial-Based Deterrence Lundqvist, Ph.D., is a Researcher and Faculty Board Member at the Swedish Defence University (SEDU). Colonel Ed By Robert M. Klein, Stefan Lundqvist, Ed Sumangil, Sumangil, USAF, is a Senior Military and Ulrica Pettersson Fellow in CSR. Ulrica Pettersson, Ph.D., is assigned to SEDU and is an Adjunct Faculty Member at Joint Special his paper is the first in a sequence of INSS Strategic Forums dedicated Operations University. to multinational exploration of the strategic and defense challenges Key Points faced by Baltic states in close proximity to a resurgent Russia that ◆◆ The North Atlantic Treaty Organi- the U.S. National Security Strategy describes as “using subversive measures to zation’s military contribution to T weaken the credibility of America’s commitment to Europe, undermine transat- deter Russian aggression in the 1 Baltic region should begin with lantic unity, and weaken European institutions and governments.” The Ameri- an overall strategic concept that can and European authors of this paper, along with many others, came together seamlessly transitions from deter- rence through countering Russia’s in late 2017 to begin exploration of the most significant Baltic states security gray zone activities and onto con- challenges through focused strategic research and a series of multinational, in- ventional war, only if necessary. -
One Flank, One Threat, One Presence
ONE FLANK, ONECenter for EuropeanTHREAT, Policy Analysis ONE PRESENCE A Strategy for NATO’s Eastern Flank LTG (Ret.) Ben Hodges Janusz Bugajski COL (Ret.) Ray Wojcik Carsten Schmiedl 2 May 2020 Center for European Policy Analysis All opinions are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the position or views of the institutions they represent or the Center for European Policy Analysis. About CEPA The Center for European Policy Analysis (CEPA) is a 501(c)(3), non-profit, non-partisan, public policy research institute. Our mission is to promote an economically vibrant, strategically secure, and politically free Europe with close and enduring ties to the United States. Our analytical team consists of the world’s leading experts on Central-East Europe, Russia, and its neighbors. Through cutting- edge research, analysis, and programs we provide fresh insight on energy, security, and defense to government officials and agencies; we help transatlantic businesses navigate changing strategic landscapes; and we build networks of future Atlanticist leaders. © 2020 by the Center for European Policy Analysis, Washington, DC. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without permission in writing from the Center for European Policy Analysis, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in news articles, critical articles, or reviews. Center for European Policy Analysis 1275 Pennsylvania Ave NW, Suite 400 Washington, DC 20004 E-mail: [email protected] www.cepa.org Cover image: Standing NATO Maritime Group Two and Standing NATO Mine Countermeasures Group Two in the Black Sea in 2018. -
Spatial and Sectoral Distribution of International Clusters in the Baltic Region
A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Mikhaylov, Andrey; Mikhaylova, Anna Article — Published Version Spatial and sectoral distribution of international clusters in the Baltic region European Journal of Scientific Research Suggested Citation: Mikhaylov, Andrey; Mikhaylova, Anna (2014) : Spatial and sectoral distribution of international clusters in the Baltic region, European Journal of Scientific Research, ISSN 1450-202X, European Journals Inc., Victoria, Seychelles, Vol. 121, Iss. 2, pp. 122-137 This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/107012 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu European Journal of Scientific Research ISSN 1450-202X Vol.121 No.2 (2014), pp.122-137 © European Journals Inc. 2014 SPATIAL AND SECTORAL DISTRIBUTION OF INTERNATIONAL CLUSTERS IN THE BALTIC REGION Mikhaylov A. -
The EU Baltic Sea Region Strategy Towards a Sustainable, Prosperous Future
panorama inforegio 30Summer 2009 The EU Baltic Sea Region Strategy Towards a sustainable, prosperous future en CONTENTS Editorial Dirk Ahner 3 OVERVIEW 4–7 The EU Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region – many countries, one region INTERVIEWS 8–11 Christopher Beazley, MEP – Dr Cecilia Malmström – Mr Jan Kozłowski – Dr Andreas Röpke ACROSS THE BOARD 12–13 The JOSEFIN project – support for SMEs brings new benefits to the Baltic Sea Region ON THE GROUND 14–16 COHIBA – working on ways to identify and control the flow of hazardous substances into the Baltic Sea 17 TROUBLESHOOTING 18-19 COMMON GROUND Acting together for the Baltic Sea Region 20 FIND OUT MORE 21 REGIO MATTERS Territorial Cohesion – where the concept springs from 22-23 INSIDE OUR PROJECTS The Musikpark, Mannheim – The Centre for NanoHealth 24–25 NETWORKING Networking Conference in Visby, Sweden, 11–12 June 2009 26 LAST ISSUE, NEXT ISSUE 27 28 Agenda MAKE YOUR VOICE HEARD Photographs (pages): Cover: Istockphoto Pages 5, 10, 16, 21, 24, 25: © CE Pages 5, 14, 15, 26: © Jaakko Mannio Page 6, 7, 12-13: © Istockphoto Page 8: © Baltic Sea Convention - Jenny Björkqvist Page 9: © Hans Doverholm, Metsahallitus Page 10: © Office of the Marshal of the Pomorskie Voivodeship Page 11: © Lisa Katharina Röpke Pages 18, 19: © Vomare Project Page 22: © Musikpark Mannheim GmbH Page 23: © Swansea University Editor: Raphaël Goulet, European Commission, Regional Policy DG. This magazine is printed in English, French and German on recycled paper. It is available online in 21 languages at http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/docgener/panora_en.htm The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Commission. -
Roadmap for the Baltic Sea Region
Roadmap for the Baltic Sea Region Cultural Routes | 2 Routes Cultural Heritage protection, cultural tourism and transnational co-operation through the Cultural Routes Cultural Routes | 2 Roadmap for the Baltic Sea Region Roadmap for Routes4U Project Roadmap for the Baltic Sea Region Heritage protection, cultural tourism and transnational co-operation through the Cultural Routes Cultural Routes | 2 Council of Europe Table of content FOREWORD 4 INTRODUCTION 6 PART I – OVERVIEW OF THE CULTURAL ROUTES OF THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE PROGRAMME AND THE EU STRATEGY FOR THE BALTIC SEA REGION 9 1. THE CULTURAL ROUTES OF THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE 10 1.1. Historic context 10 1.2. Definition 11 1.3. Institutional structure 12 1.4. Creation of a Cultural Route 14 1.5. Key features 16 2. THE BALTIC SEA REGION 20 2.1. European Union Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region 21 2.2. The role of cultural tourism for the region 24 3. ANALYSIS OF THE CULTURAL ROUTES IN THE BALTIC SEA REGION 25 3.1. Geographical framework of Cultural Routes in the Baltic Sea Region 25 3.2. Sectorial framework of Cultural Routes in the Baltic Sea Region 26 3.3. Thematic framework of Cultural Routes in the Baltic Sea Region 28 3.4. Summary 29 4. IMPACT OF CULTURAL ROUTES ON REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT 30 4.1. Economic impact 30 4.2. Social impact 32 5. ROUTES4U PROJECT 33 5.1. Identification of Cultural Routes priorities for the Baltic Sea Region 34 5.2. Extension of certified Cultural Routes 35 5.3. Bibliography 36 PART II – EXPERTS REPORTS ON REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT THROUGH THE CULTURAL ROUTES IN THE BALTIC SEA REGION 39 1. -
The European Union Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region Background and Analysis
The european union STraTegy for The BalTic Sea region background and analysis May 2010 More information on the european union Strategy for the Baltic Sea region is available on the internet at: http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/cooperation/baltic/index_en.htm luxembourg: office for official publications of the european union, 2010 © european union, 2010 iSBn 978-92-79-15757-8 doi:10.2776/18241 The text of this publication is not legally binding. reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. editor: raphaël goulet, european commission, Directorate-general for regional policy PREFACE The european union Strategy for the Baltic Sea region FROM WORDS To AC TIONS The EU’s Strategy for the Baltic Sea region is a new way of working together in the union. regions in eight Member States, nearly 100 million people, are able to plan, prioritise and implement activities confident that their colleagues and neighbours are working in the same vein, towards the same goals. This will enable the Baltic Sea region to enjoy a sustainable environment and optimal economic and social development and, moreover, will be a concrete contribution to european integration. INVOLVING E VERYONE The strategy was requested by the european council following work by the european parliament. as you will read in this publication, the strategy is based on detailed socio-economic analysis, a thorough consultation of the national, regional, inter- and non-governmental stakeholders in the region and on a close analysis of community policy in the fields addressed by the strategy. it is therefore comprehensive, realistic and coherent. having been endorsed by the council of Ministers, the european parliament and the european council, it is also evidence of a very strong consensus on the need to take action across a wide range of policy areas.