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Between Ape and Artilect Createspace V2 Between Ape and Artilect Conversations with Pioneers of Artificial General Intelligence and Other Transformative Technologies Interviews Conducted and Edited by Ben Goertzel This work is offered under the following license terms: Creative Commons: Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported (CC-BY-NC-ND-3.0) See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ for details Copyright © 2013 Ben Goertzel All rights reserved. ISBN: ISBN-13: “Man is a rope stretched between the animal and the Superman – a rope over an abyss.” -- Friedrich Nietzsche, Thus Spake Zarathustra Table&of&Contents& Introduction ........................................................................................................ 7! Itamar Arel: AGI via Deep Learning ................................................................. 11! Pei Wang: What Do You Mean by “AI”? .......................................................... 23! Joscha Bach: Understanding the Mind ........................................................... 39! Hugo DeGaris: Will There be Cyborgs? .......................................................... 51! DeGaris Interviews Goertzel: Seeking the Sputnik of AGI .............................. 61! Linas Vepstas: AGI, Open Source and Our Economic Future ........................ 89! Joel Pitt: The Benefits of Open Source for AGI ............................................ 101! Randal Koene: Substrate-Independent Minds .............................................. 107! João Pedro de Magalhães: Ending Aging ..................................................... 129! Aubrey De Grey: Aging and AGI .................................................................... 149! David Brin: Sousveillance .............................................................................. 157! J. Storrs Hall: Intelligent Nano Factories and Fogs ....................................... 173! Mohamad Tarifi: AGI and the Emerging Peer-to-Peer Economy ................... 187! Michael Anissimov: The Risks of Artificial Superintelligence ........................ 203! Muehlhauser & Goertzel: Rationality, Risk, and the Future of AGI ............... 227! Paul Werbos: Will Humanity Survive? ........................................................... 269! Wendell Wallach: Machine Morality ............................................................... 283! Francis Heylighen: The Emerging Global Brain ............................................ 295! Steve Omohundro: The Wisdom of the Global Brain and the Future of AGI 325! Alexandra Elbakyan: Beyond the Borg .......................................................... 337! Giulio Prisco: Technological Transcendence ................................................ 355! Zhou Changle: Zen and the Art of Intelligent Robotics .................................. 373! Hugo DeGaris: Is God an Alien Mathematician? .......................................... 389! Lincoln Cannon: The Most Transhumanist Religion? ................................... 407! Natasha Vita-More: Upgrading Humanity ...................................................... 439! Jeffery Martin & Mikey Siegel: Engineering Enlightenment .......................... 457! ! Introduction The amazing scientific and technological progress that characterizes our times, is at this stage still being directed primarily by flesh and blood human beings. Behind every radical scientific or technological advance or attempt, is some human being – or team -- with their own particular idiosyncratic perspective on their work and on the world. Due to the various roles I’ve taken in the science, technology and futurist communities in recent years, I have come into contact with a remarkable variety of intriguing, transformational scientists, engineers and visionaries – people bringing their own individual, often wonderfully quirky perspectives to their work on revolutionary technologies and related concepts. I have dialogued with these pathbreaking people in various ways and contexts: face to face and on line, in groups and individually, in highly focused settings or over lunch or beer or while hiking in the mountains, etc. In late 2010 I decided it would be interesting to formalize some of my ongoing dialogues with various interesting researchers, in the form of interviews/dialogues to be published in H+ Magazine, an online transhumanist magazine for which I have off-and-on written and/or edited since 2008. So I conducted a variety of such dialogues, mostly in late 2010 and early 2011 but continuing into 2012. What I did was to email each of my subjects a list of questions, get their responses via email, then reply to their responses, and so forth -- and then, finally, edit the results into a coherent linear dialogue. The resulting dialogues were well received when posted on the H+ Magazine website; and I eventually decided they have enough lasting value that it makes sense to collect them all into a book. The most central focus of the dialogues in the book is Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) – the quest to make software or hardware with the same sort of thinking power as humans, and 7 Between Ape and Artilect ultimately a lot more. Between half and two thirds of the chapters are focused in some way on AGI. But there’s also plenty of variation from this focus: a couple chapters on life extension research, a chapter on sousveillance, one on nanotech, some chapters on the Global Brain and on transhumanist spirituality. AGI does rear its head now and then even in the chapters that don’t focus on it, though. One of the exciting and sometimes mind-boggling characteristics of the current revolution in science and technology, is the way all the different branches of inquiry seem to be melding together into one bold, complex quest to understand and reshape the universe. The online H+ Magazine versions of the dialogues, in some cases, have nice pictures that didn’t make it into this book version. You may look the articles up online if you’re curious! However, the book format has a different flavor: it puts all the dialogues together, allowing synergies between the different perspectives to be readily perceived; and it nudges the reader more toward thoughtful cogitation on the themes discussed, whereas Web pages tend more to encourage quick-and-dirty skimming. Some of the material in some of the dialogues is already a bit dated – in some areas of science, a couple years is a long time! But I haven’t updated or otherwise changed any of the material in the dialogues from the original H+ Magazine versions, except for formatting adjustments. On the other hand, I have more significantly tweaked the introductory prose prior to the start of some of the dialogues. The information about interviewees’ careers and affiliations has been updated so as to be correct as of January 2013; and introductory information that was appropriate for the magazine but not for a book has been removed. Only a few of the pieces given here have the flavor of classical “interviews” – in most cases they are more like “dialogues”, meaning that I inject a lot of my own ideas and opinions. Except 8 Introduction in the case of Hugo de Garis’s interview of me (the “AGI Sputnik” dialogue given here), the focus is on the ideas of the other person I’m interviewing. But the feel in most cases is more of a wide-ranging conversation between friends/colleagues, rather than a reporter interviewing a subject. This is both because I like to talk too much, and because unlike most reporters, I myself happen to have a deep scientific expertise in the research areas being pursued by the subject. In spite of the conversational nature of the material, this is not exactly “light reading” – the lay reader with no background in the various areas of science and technology being discussed, is bound to get lost here and there. However, it’s certainly not technical material either. The discussion is kept at the level one might hear in a panel discussion at a non-technical technology- oriented conference like a Singularity Summit, Humanity+ conference or TEDx. If you like the idea of listening in on conversations between scientists and engineers talking about their work and their ideas, then this book is definitely for you! The ideas discussed in these pages are not only a lot of fun to think about and work on, they are also among the most important things happening on the planet at this point in time. Furthermore, they are ideas that nobody understands all that thoroughly – in spite of their importance, and the relative speed at which they are transitioning from idea into reality. I think it’s important that we foster a diversity of voices on these topics, and that folks with different opinions make every effort to understand each other and absorb each other’s ideas. That is the spirit in which these dialogues were conducted, and in which I’m now presenting them to you in book form. The title “Between Ape and Artilect” was chosen to reflect the transitional nature of our times. We are creatures of flesh and blood, on the verge of engineering creatures made from a much wider variety of substances, and of transmogrifying ourselves into all sorts of novel forms. We carry minds and bodies that are largely the same as those of apes; yet we are able to conceive, 9 Between Ape and Artilect and soon will be able to create, artificial general intelligences with physical and mental capabilities that are, from the perspective of our current comprehension, essentially unlimited. The word “artilect” was coined by Hugo DeGaris, who is involved in three
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