Artificial Intelligence: Distinguishing Between Types & Definitions
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EY Fall02.Pdf
THE JOURNAL OF THE School of Forestry & Environmental Studies EnvironmentYale Fall 2002 LMS Software Changing the Face of Forest Management Inside: Reflections on the Johannesburg Summit, page 36 letters It is a magnificent production, well balanced I write to express my disappointment with the and with outstanding texts and pictures. I liked tone of the new Yale F&ES journal. Cover particularly Dean Speth’s message: “Did 9/11 headlines, such as “Hidden Dangers,”and its really change everything?” I have circulated the accompanying article that point up risks without journal to our graduate students and to various adequate discussion of the rationale, histories, staff members, ending in the library. I am tradeoffs and contexts for those risks signals that eagerly awaiting the next issue. Thank you for the school has decided to follow the “histrionic your effort. model”of raising environmental awareness (and, GERARDO BUDOWSKI,YC ’56,PH.D.1962 I am sure, funding). This contrasts with the SENIOR PROFESSOR traditional academic model, which seeks DEPARTMENT NATURAL RESOURCES AND PEACE sobriety, balance and accuracy over hysteria. UNIVERSITY FOR PEACE While I agree that there is a place for emotion SAN JOSE,COSTA RICA and metaphor to help generate public concern about environmental issues, I do not want to see academic institutions—and particularly Yale— go down this slippery path. Leave the emotion The first edition of Environment: Yale was very The inaugural issue of Environment: and “necessary” distortions in context to the impressive—congratulations. Yale elicited many responses. Because environmental NGOs. Nonetheless, I found the of space limitations, only a representa- MARK DAMIAN DUDA,M.E.S.’85 coverage of Dr. -
Artificial General Intelligence and Classical Neural Network
Artificial General Intelligence and Classical Neural Network Pei Wang Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Temple University Room 1000X, Wachman Hall, 1805 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122 Web: http://www.cis.temple.edu/∼pwang/ Email: [email protected] Abstract— The research goal of Artificial General Intelligence • Capability. Since we often judge the level of intelligence (AGI) and the notion of Classical Neural Network (CNN) are of other people by evaluating their problem-solving capa- specified. With respect to the requirements of AGI, the strength bility, some people believe that the best way to achieve AI and weakness of CNN are discussed, in the aspects of knowledge representation, learning process, and overall objective of the is to build systems that can solve hard practical problems. system. To resolve the issues in CNN in a general and efficient Examples: various expert systems. way remains a challenge to future neural network research. • Function. Since the human mind has various cognitive functions, such as perceiving, learning, reasoning, acting, I. ARTIFICIAL GENERAL INTELLIGENCE and so on, some people believe that the best way to It is widely recognized that the general research goal of achieve AI is to study each of these functions one by Artificial Intelligence (AI) is twofold: one, as certain input-output mapping. Example: various intelligent tools. • As a science, it attempts to provide an explanation of • Principle. Since the human mind seems to follow certain the mechanism in the human mind-brain complex that is principles of information processing, some people believe usually called “intelligence” (or “cognition”, “thinking”, that the best way to achieve AI is to let computer systems etc.). -
TEDX – What's Happening with Artificial Intelligence
What’s Happening With Artificial Intelligence? Steve Omohundro, Ph.D. PossibilityResearch.com SteveOmohundro.com SelfAwareSystems.com http://googleresearch.blogspot.com/2015/06/inceptionism-going-deeper-into-neural.html Multi-Billion Dollar Investments • 2013 Facebook – AI lab • 2013 Ebay – AI lab • 2013 Allen Institute for AI • 2014 IBM - $1 billion in Watson • 2014 Google - $500 million, DeepMind • 2014 Vicarious - $70 million • 2014 Microsoft – Project Adam, Cortana • 2014 Baidu – Silicon Valley • 2015 Fanuc – Machine Learning for Robotics • 2015 Toyota – $1 billion, Silicon Valley • 2016 OpenAI – $1 billion, Silicon Valley http://www.mckinsey.com/insights/business_technology/disruptive_technologies McKinsey: AI and Robotics to 2025 $50 Trillion! US GDP is $18 Trillion http://cdn-media-1.lifehack.org/wp-content/files/2014/07/Cash.jpg 86 Billion Neurons https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Human_brain_01.jpg http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2776484/ The Connectome http://discovermagazine.com/~/media/Images/Issues/2013/Jan-Feb/connectome.jpg 1957 Rosenblatt’s “Perceptron” http://www.rutherfordjournal.org/article040101.html http://bio3520.nicerweb.com/Locked/chap/ch03/3_11-neuron.jpg https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Perceptron.svg “The embryo of an electronic computer that [the Navy] expects will be able to walk, talk, see, write, reproduce itself and be conscious of its existence.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perceptron 1986 Backpropagation http://www.ifp.illinois.edu/~yuhuang/samsung/ANN.png -
Artificial Intelligence/Artificial Wisdom
Artificial Intelligence/Artificial Wisdom - A Drive for Improving Behavioral and Mental Health Care (06 September to 10 September 2021) Department of Computer Science & Information Technology Central University of Jammu, J&K-181143 Preamble An Artificial Intelligence is the capability of a machine to imitate intelligent human behaviour. Machine learning is based on the idea that machines should be able to learn and adapt through experience. Machine learning is a subset of AI. That is, all machine learning counts as AI, but not all AI counts as machine learning. Artificial intelligence (AI) technology holds both great promises to transform mental healthcare and potential pitfalls. Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly employed in healthcare fields such as oncology, radiology, and dermatology. However, the use of AI in mental healthcare and neurobiological research has been modest. Given the high morbidity and mortality in people with psychiatric disorders, coupled with a worsening shortage of mental healthcare providers, there is an urgent need for AI to help identify high-risk individuals and provide interventions to prevent and treat mental illnesses. According to the publication Spectrum News, a form of AI called "deep learning" is sometimes better able than human beings to spot relevant patterns. This five days course provides an overview of AI approaches and current applications in mental healthcare, a review of recent original research on AI specific to mental health, and a discussion of how AI can supplement clinical practice while considering its current limitations, areas needing additional research, and ethical implications regarding AI technology. The proposed workshop is envisaged to provide opportunity to our learners to seek and share knowledge and teaching skills in cutting edge areas from the experienced and reputed faculty. -
Machine Guessing – I
Machine Guessing { I David Miller Department of Philosophy University of Warwick COVENTRY CV4 7AL UK e-mail: [email protected] ⃝c copyright D. W. Miller 2011{2018 Abstract According to Karl Popper, the evolution of science, logically, methodologically, and even psy- chologically, is an involved interplay of acute conjectures and blunt refutations. Like biological evolution, it is an endless round of blind variation and selective retention. But unlike biological evolution, it incorporates, at the stage of selection, the use of reason. Part I of this two-part paper begins by repudiating the common beliefs that Hume's problem of induction, which com- pellingly confutes the thesis that science is rational in the way that most people think that it is rational, can be solved by assuming that science is rational, or by assuming that Hume was irrational (that is, by ignoring his argument). The problem of induction can be solved only by a non-authoritarian theory of rationality. It is shown also that because hypotheses cannot be distilled directly from experience, all knowledge is eventually dependent on blind conjecture, and therefore itself conjectural. In particular, the use of rules of inference, or of good or bad rules for generating conjectures, is conjectural. Part II of the paper expounds a form of Popper's critical rationalism that locates the rationality of science entirely in the deductive processes by which conjectures are criticized and improved. But extreme forms of deductivism are rejected. The paper concludes with a sharp dismissal of the view that work in artificial intelligence, including the JSM method cultivated extensively by Victor Finn, does anything to upset critical rationalism. -
How Empiricism Distorts Ai and Robotics
HOW EMPIRICISM DISTORTS AI AND ROBOTICS Dr Antoni Diller School of Computer Science University of Birmingham Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK email: [email protected] Abstract rently, Cog has no legs, but it does have robotic arms and a head with video cameras for eyes. It is one of the most im- The main goal of AI and Robotics is that of creating a hu- pressive robots around as it can recognise various physical manoid robot that can interact with human beings. Such an objects, distinguish living from non-living things and im- android would have to have the ability to acquire knowl- itate what it sees people doing. Cynthia Breazeal worked edge about the world it inhabits. Currently, the gaining of with Cog when she was one of Brooks’s graduate students. beliefs through testimony is hardly investigated in AI be- She said that after she became accustomed to Cog’s strange cause researchers have uncritically accepted empiricism. appearance interacting with it felt just like playing with a Great emphasis is placed on perception as a source of baby and it was easy to imagine that Cog was alive. knowledge. It is important to understand perception, but There are several major research projects in Japan. A even more important is an understanding of testimony. A common rationale given by scientists engaged in these is sketch of a theory of testimony is presented and an appeal the need to provide for Japan’s ageing population. They say for more research is made. their robots will eventually act as carers for those unable to look after themselves. -
Artificial Intelligence for Robust Engineering & Science January 22
Artificial Intelligence for Robust Engineering & Science January 22 – 24, 2020 Organizing Committee General Chair: Logistics Chair: David Womble Christy Hembree Program Director, Artificial Intelligence Project Support, Artificial Intelligence Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge National Laboratory Committee Members: Jacob Hinkle Justin Newcomer Research Scientist, Computational Sciences Manager, Machine Intelligence and Engineering Sandia National Laboratories Oak Ridge National Laboratory Frank Liu Clayton Webster Distinguished R&D Staff, Computational Distinguished Professor, Department of Sciences and Mathematics Mathematics Oak Ridge National Laboratory University of Tennessee–Knoxville Robust engineering is the process of designing, building, and controlling systems to avoid or mitigate failures and everything fails eventually. This workshop will examine the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning to predict failures and to use this capability in the maintenance and operation of robust systems. The workshop comprises four sessions examining the technical foundations of artificial intelligence and machine learning to 1) Examine operational data for failure indicators 2) Understand the causes of the potential failure 3) Deploy these systems “at the edge” with real-time inference and continuous learning, and 4) Incorporate these capabilities into robust system design and operation. The workshop will also include an additional session open to attendees for “flash” presentations that address the conference theme. AGENDA Wednesday, January 22, 2020 7:30–8:00 a.m. │ Badging, Registration, and Breakfast 8:00–8:45 a.m. │ Welcome and Introduction Jeff Nichols, Oak Ridge National Laboratory David Womble, Oak Ridge National Laboratory 8:45–9:30 a.m. │ Keynote Presentation: Dave Brooks, General Motors Company AI for Automotive Engineering 9:30–10:00 a.m. -
An Open Letter to the United Nations Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons
An Open Letter to the United Nations Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons As companies building the technologies in Artificial Intelligence and Robotics that may be repurposed to develop autonomous weapons, we feel especially responsible in raising this alarm. We warmly welcome the decision of the UN’s Conference of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) to establish a Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems. Many of our researchers and engineers are eager to offer technical advice to your deliberations. We commend the appointment of Ambassador Amandeep Singh Gill of India as chair of the GGE. We entreat the High Contracting Parties participating in the GGE to work hard at finding means to prevent an arms race in these weapons, to protect civilians from their misuse, and to avoid the destabilizing effects of these technologies. We regret that the GGE’s first meeting, which was due to start today, has been cancelled due to a small number of states failing to pay their financial contributions to the UN. We urge the High Contracting Parties therefore to double their efforts at the first meeting of the GGE now planned for November. Lethal autonomous weapons threaten to become the third revolution in warfare. Once developed, they will permit armed conflict to be fought at a scale greater than ever, and at timescales faster than humans can comprehend. These can be weapons of terror, weapons that despots and terrorists use against innocent populations, and weapons hacked to behave in undesirable ways. We do not have long to act. Once this Pandora’s box is opened, it will be hard to close. -
Artificial Intelligence and National Security
Artificial Intelligence and National Security Artificial intelligence will have immense implications for national and international security, and AI’s potential applications for defense and intelligence have been identified by the federal government as a major priority. There are, however, significant bureaucratic and technical challenges to the adoption and scaling of AI across U.S. defense and intelligence organizations. Moreover, other nations—particularly China and Russia—are also investing in military AI applications. As the strategic competition intensifies, the pressure to deploy untested and poorly understood systems to gain competitive advantage could lead to accidents, failures, and unintended escalation. The Bipartisan Policy Center and Georgetown University’s Center for Security and Emerging Technology (CSET), in consultation with Reps. Robin Kelly (D-IL) and Will Hurd (R-TX), have worked with government officials, industry representatives, civil society advocates, and academics to better understand the major AI-related national and economic security issues the country faces. This paper hopes to shed more clarity on these challenges and provide actionable policy recommendations, to help guide a U.S. national strategy for AI. BPC’s effort is primarily designed to complement the work done by the Obama and Trump administrations, including President Barack Obama’s 2016 The National Artificial Intelligence Research and Development Strategic Plan,i President Donald Trump’s Executive Order 13859, announcing the American AI Initiative,ii and the Office of Management and Budget’s subsequentGuidance for Regulation of Artificial Intelligence Applications.iii The effort is also designed to further June 2020 advance work done by Kelly and Hurd in their 2018 Committee on Oversight 1 and Government Reform (Information Technology Subcommittee) white paper Rise of the Machines: Artificial Intelligence and its Growing Impact on U.S. -
Between Ape and Artilect Createspace V2
Between Ape and Artilect Conversations with Pioneers of Artificial General Intelligence and Other Transformative Technologies Interviews Conducted and Edited by Ben Goertzel This work is offered under the following license terms: Creative Commons: Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported (CC-BY-NC-ND-3.0) See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ for details Copyright © 2013 Ben Goertzel All rights reserved. ISBN: ISBN-13: “Man is a rope stretched between the animal and the Superman – a rope over an abyss.” -- Friedrich Nietzsche, Thus Spake Zarathustra Table&of&Contents& Introduction ........................................................................................................ 7! Itamar Arel: AGI via Deep Learning ................................................................. 11! Pei Wang: What Do You Mean by “AI”? .......................................................... 23! Joscha Bach: Understanding the Mind ........................................................... 39! Hugo DeGaris: Will There be Cyborgs? .......................................................... 51! DeGaris Interviews Goertzel: Seeking the Sputnik of AGI .............................. 61! Linas Vepstas: AGI, Open Source and Our Economic Future ........................ 89! Joel Pitt: The Benefits of Open Source for AGI ............................................ 101! Randal Koene: Substrate-Independent Minds .............................................. 107! João Pedro de Magalhães: Ending Aging .................................................... -
For a Casual Faith and This Is No Time to Go It Alone
NO TIME UNITARIAN UNIVERSALIST ASSOCIATION Annual Report FOR A Fiscal Year 2018 CASUAL FAITH TABLE OF CON- TENTS A letter from Rev. Susan Frederick-Gray 1 Time to... Equip Congregations for Health and Vitality 4 Train and Support Leaders 10 Advance UU Values and Justice 14 Organizational and Institutional Change 18 Grow New Congregations and Communities 22 Leadership 23 Financial Performance 24 Contributors 26 Congregations Individuals Legacy Society In memorium 76 Beacon Press and Skinner House 79 Our Unitarian Universalist Principles 80 Two themes came to define my first year as your UUA President – This is TABLE No Time for a Casual Faith and This is No Time to go it Alone. This is a defining time in our nation and for our planet. The challenges, opportunities and crises that mark this time impact our own lives and our congregations and communities. Unfortunately, in times of crises and change None of this could happen without your OF CON- — when rhetoric of fear and defensiveness collective support, as congregations and dominate — it is all too common for people individuals. The UUA is the embodiment and institutions to break down, or to turn of the covenant we make to each other as inward and protective. But it is precisely in Unitarian Universalists to build something times of change and urgency when we need stronger than any of us could be alone. more courage, more love, more commitment When the UUA shows up for congregations in order to nurture the hope that is found following hurricanes and wildfires, when in seeing the possibilities that live within we help congregations find and call new TENTS humanity and community. -
Letters to the Editor
Articles Letters to the Editor Research Priorities for is a product of human intelligence; we puter scientists, innovators, entrepre - cannot predict what we might achieve neurs, statisti cians, journalists, engi - Robust and Beneficial when this intelligence is magnified by neers, authors, professors, teachers, stu - Artificial Intelligence: the tools AI may provide, but the eradi - dents, CEOs, economists, developers, An Open Letter cation of disease and poverty are not philosophers, artists, futurists, physi - unfathomable. Because of the great cists, filmmakers, health-care profes - rtificial intelligence (AI) research potential of AI, it is important to sionals, research analysts, and members Ahas explored a variety of problems research how to reap its benefits while of many other fields. The earliest signa - and approaches since its inception, but avoiding potential pitfalls. tories follow, reproduced in order and as for the last 20 years or so has been The progress in AI research makes it they signed. For the complete list, see focused on the problems surrounding timely to focus research not only on tinyurl.com/ailetter. - ed. the construction of intelligent agents making AI more capable, but also on Stuart Russell, Berkeley, Professor of Com - — systems that perceive and act in maximizing the societal benefit of AI. puter Science, director of the Center for some environment. In this context, Such considerations motivated the “intelligence” is related to statistical Intelligent Systems, and coauthor of the AAAI 2008–09 Presidential Panel on standard textbook Artificial Intelligence: a and economic notions of rationality — Long-Term AI Futures and other proj - Modern Approach colloquially, the ability to make good ects on AI impacts, and constitute a sig - Tom Dietterich, Oregon State, President of decisions, plans, or inferences.