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The-Future-Of-Immortality-Remaking-Life The Future of Immortality Princeton Studies in Culture and Technology Tom Boellstorff and Bill Maurer, Series Editors This series presents innovative work that extends classic ethnographic methods and questions into areas of pressing interest in technology and economics. It explores the varied ways new technologies combine with older technologies and cultural understandings to shape novel forms of subjectivity, embodiment, knowledge, place, and community. By doing so, the series demonstrates the relevance of anthropological inquiry to emerging forms of digital culture in the broadest sense. Sounding the Limits of Life: Essays in the Anthropology of Biology and Beyond by Stefan Helmreich with contributions from Sophia Roosth and Michele Friedner Digital Keywords: A Vocabulary of Information Society and Culture edited by Benjamin Peters Democracy’s Infrastructure: Techno- Politics and Protest after Apartheid by Antina von Schnitzler Everyday Sectarianism in Urban Lebanon: Infrastructures, Public Services, and Power by Joanne Randa Nucho Disruptive Fixation: School Reform and the Pitfalls of Techno- Idealism by Christo Sims Biomedical Odysseys: Fetal Cell Experiments from Cyberspace to China by Priscilla Song Watch Me Play: Twitch and the Rise of Game Live Streaming by T. L. Taylor Chasing Innovation: Making Entrepreneurial Citizens in Modern India by Lilly Irani The Future of Immortality: Remaking Life and Death in Contemporary Russia by Anya Bernstein The Future of Immortality Remaking Life and Death in Contemporary Russia Anya Bernstein Princeton University Press Princeton & Oxford Copyright © 2019 by Princeton University Press Published by Princeton University Press 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 6 Oxford Street, Woodstock, Oxfordshire OX20 1TR press .princeton .edu All Rights Reserved LCCN: 2019932296 ISBN: 978- 0- 691- 18260- 5 ISBN: (pbk.) 978- 0- 691- 18260- 5 British Library Cataloging- in- Publication Data is available Editorial: Fred Appel & Thalia Leaf Production Editorial: Ali Parrington Jacket/Cover Design: Layla MacRory Jacket/Cover Art: Janusz Jurek, generative illustration from the Papilarnie series Production: Erin Suydam This book has been composed in Arno Printed on acid- free paper. ∞ Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 To my father, Lev Bernstein (1951– 2014) Contents List of Illustrations ix Acknowledgments xi Introduction 1 The Limits of Time and Space 6 Futurism as a Politics of Time 11 The Future as the Common Cause 15 Trans- or Posthuman? A Brief Guide 19 Mortals of the World, Unite! 22 The Return of the Progressors 29 1 Freeze, Die, Come to Life: The Many Paths to Immortality 35 KrioRus: Bodies in the Deep Freeze 41 The Avatar Project 49 Kinship, Resurrection, and Physiological Collectivism 59 Producing the Post- Soviet Human 71 Beyond the Sovereign Self 76 2 Our Body Must Become Our Cause, the Common Cause 81 To Bury Is to Preserve 83 Smertobozhnichestvo: Apotheosis of Death 90 A Body Was Given to Me— What Do I Do with It? 97 The Spirit of Dialectics 109 viivii viii Contents 3 Ending Death by Disease: The “War on Aging” 124 “Homo Sapiens Liberatus” 126 Optimistic Biology 135 The Future of Aging: Four Scenarios 144 Is Aging a Disease? 146 Science, Business, and Hope 152 A New National Idea 161 4 Inside NeuroNet 165 Chips and Mind Melds 169 Foresight: Reengineering Futures 178 The Future Must Be Created 180 NeuroNet: A New Space Race? 187 The Noös and the Cosmos 191 Virtually Immortal 201 Conclusion: Time. Space. Life. 211 Bibliography 233 Index 255 Illustrations Figures I.1. Vselenskoe delo (The universal cause), cover, 1914 25 I.2. Vselenskoe delo, “Mortals of the world, unite!” 26 I.3. Anastasia Gacheva and Valerija Pride at the celebration of Fedorov’s birthday 28 1.1. The Dewars, called Anabioz- 1 and Anabioz- 2 47 1.2. Four bodies of the Avatar Project 51 1.3. N. F. Fedorov, Filosofiia obshchago dela (The philosophy of the common cause), cover, 1906 61 3.1. Naked mole rats 129 3.2. Age- related increase in mortality 131 3.3. Department of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics logo 134 3.4. V. P. Skulachev at his office at Moscow State University 141 3.5. Mortality/disease graph 155 3.6. Maria Konovalenko at a transhumanist rally near the Kremlin 163 4.1. Marina Abramović sitting in Moscow with electrodes 177 4.2. Road map in the making 184 4.3. NeuroNet road map 185 Tables I.1. Trans- or posthuman? 21 2.1. Views on bodily enhancements 97 4.1. An example of an initial blank chart 183 ixix Acknowledgments First and foremost, I thank my ethnographic consultants in Russia, who gave generously of their time serving as my guides through the diverse but interconnected communities of Russian immortalism. Ever since I first appeared in Moscow in the summer of 2013 armed with only a few newspaper clippings about the “scandalous” business of Russian cryonics, six people in particular worked tirelessly to expand my understanding of their causes, imagi- naries, and projects. Our discussions, often lasting for hours into the night, helped me overcome many a preconceived idea, as I hope this book will do for my readers. All mistakes and misinterpretations, of course, are my own. Mikhail Batin expanded my view of aging and anti- aging, in addition to introducing me to many of the other key characters in this book. A self- appointed gatekeeper of “scientific” transhumanism, he was often concerned that this anthropologist might be veering off track into the dubious terrain of “pseudoscience” and periodically attempted to correct it, all with his excellent sense of humor. Valerija Pride and Danila Medvedev made me see cryonics in a completely new light, less an allegedly neoliberal practice of investment in the self and more as an instance of intergenerational caregiving. Anasta- sia Gacheva spent countless hours with me discussing Nikolai Fedorov’s philosophy, the history of the Fedorovian movement, and the relevance of the philosopher’s ideas and their possible applications today. Her courage, wit, and everyday practice of living “not for oneself and not for others, but with everyone and for everyone”— despite the myriad obstacles presented by daily life— left the deepest impression. Lev Regel’son likewise expanded my understanding of the Fedorovian legacy, while sharing his lifetime of think- ing on science and religion. Pavel Luksha helped me understand the place of spirituality in technofuturist endeavors, never ceasing to impress with his vast erudition and creative spirit. My special thanks for sharing their thoughts and ideas also go to Alexey Turchin, Igor’ Artiukhov, Timour Shchoukine, Daria Khaltourina, Elena Milova, Igor’ Kiriliuk, Maria Konovalenko, Dmitry xixi xii Acknowledgments Itskov, Denis Rysev, Vladimir Skulachev, Aleksandr Marusev, Boris Rezhabek, Valerii Borisov, Alexander Khaliavkin, Maxim Kholin, Petr Fedichev, Igor’ Nezovibat’ko, Mikhail Baranov, Ivan Kondrat’ev, Viktor Zykov, and Andrei Afanas’ev, among many others. I also thank Anna Gorskaia of the Fedorov Museum- Library for her warm welcome and assistance. Andrei Konstantinov, Yuri Lapshin, Tanya Konstantinova, Elena Sokolova, and Marina Potapova provided much- needed conversations about my ongoing research and kept me current on science fiction films and series. Andrei and Tanya’s kitchen was frequently the first place for me to debrief after periods of intense fieldwork, and it was the perfect platform for debating many of the issues covered in this book outside of academic contexts. In the academy, many colleagues have read versions of the manuscript, as well as individual chapters. Bruce Grant was an endless source of encourage- ment and fascinating ideas for new directions, as he has been so steadfastly in all the time I have known him. My hope is to be as good a mentor to others. Michael Gordin and Serguei Oushakine provided invaluable feedback dur- ing my book conference at Princeton University. Michael remains my guru in all things in the history of science, pseudoscience, and science fiction, and I am especially thankful to him for indulging my neophyte enthusiasm for his own discipline, the history of science. He responded— and at the speed of light— to my endless email queries on issues ranging from cybernetics to evolutionary biology to the philosophy of time. Vadim Gladyshev, biogeron- tologist at Harvard University, has been a cherished consultant on issues in the biology of aging, and he provided invaluable feedback on chapter 3. I have yet to align our schedules for a trip with my students to his Harvard lab to see his naked mole rats, those totemic animals of many of the characters of this book. Michael Hagemeister clarified numerous concepts regarding Rus- sian Cosmism and was extremely generous with his time during my visit to Bochum and afterward. Alexei Yurchak and I had many productive discussions on Russian utopianism and communist necropolitics, while comparing notes on the techniques of perfusion used in cryonics and Lenin’s embalmment. My colleagues in the social anthropology program in the Department of Anthropology at Harvard University provided a wonderful environment in which to conceive and develop this book. Jean Comaroff and John Comaroff, Michael Herzfeld, Mary Steedly, Nick Harkness, Ajantha Subramanian, Arthur Kleinman, Ieva Iusonyte, George Paul Meiu, Laurence Ralph, Susan Green- halgh, Byron Good, Lucien Taylor, and department chair Gary Urton, as well as Anya Bassett, the chair of my second home in the Committee on Degrees Acknowledgments xiii in Social Studies, were the best colleagues one could ask for. I am especially grateful to Mary Steedly, whose untimely passing I continue to mourn. It was Mary in one of our many conversations who suggested the “The Future of Immortality” as the first part of the title of this book. I discussed this work with a number of colleagues from other institutions, as well as other departments at Harvard, to whom I am very grateful: David Berliner, Jon Bialecki, Manduhai Buyandelger, Abou Farman, Milla Fedorova, Steve Fuller, Slava Gerovitch, Faye Ginsburg, Alaina Lemon, Donald Lopez, Fred Myers, Ahmed Ragab, Nancy Ries, Douglas Rogers, Sophia Roosth, Cameron Warner, and Yevgeniy Zhuravel.
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