DOCSLIB.ORG

Air Pollution in the Nordic Countries from Biomass Burning in Eastern Europe

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Air Pollution in the Nordic Countries from Biomass Burning in Eastern Europe Air pollution in the Nordic countries From biomass burning in Eastern Europe Per Erik Karlsson, Lars Robert Hole, Hans Tømmervik & Elena Kobets /Policy brief Air pollution in the Nordic countries from biomass burning in Eastern Europe – Policy brief Per Erik Karlsson, Lars Hole, Hans Tømmervik & Elena Kobets ISBN 978-92-893-4296-4 (PRINT) ISBN 978-92-893-4297-1 (PDF) http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/ANP2015-766 ANP 2015:766 © Nordic Council of Ministers 2015 Layout: Pernille Sys Hansen, Damp Design Cover photo: imagesubscription.com Photo: norden.org & imagesubscription.com Print: Rosendahls-Schultz Grafisk Copies: 15 Typeface: Meta Paper: Munken Polar 54 7 1 45 TRYKSAG Printed in Denmark This publication has been published with financial support by the Nordic Council of Ministers. However, the contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the views, policies or recommendations of the Nordic Council of Ministers. www.norden.org/nordpub Nordic co-operation Nordic co-operation is one of the world’s most extensive forms of regional collaboration, involving Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Åland. Nordic co-operation has firm traditions in politics, the economy, and culture. It plays an important role in European and international collaboration, and aims at creating a strong Nordic community in a strong Europe. Nordic co-operation seeks to safeguard Nordic and regional interests and principles in the global community. Common Nordic values help the region solidify its position as one of the world’s most innovative and competitive. Nordic Council of Ministers Ved Stranden 18 DK-1061 Copenhagen K Phone (+45) 3396 0200 www.norden.org Air pollution in the Nordic countries From biomass burning in Eastern Europe Per Erik Karlsson* Lars Robert Hole** Hans Tømmervik*** Elena Kobets† This report describes the effects on air quality and possible vegetation damage in Northern Fennoscandia due to a combination of biomass burning in Eastern Europe and unfavorable weather conditions. A pollution episode in the spring of 2006 is de- scribed in detail. These situations can be avoided in the future with the right political actions. Here, the following recommendations are given to policy makers in Russia, EU and Fennoscandia: ▸ to develop the legislation, law enforcement and management responsibilities of authorities concerning the use of fire on agricultural and pasture lands, as well as on abandoned agricultural lands; ▸ to promote alternatives to agricultural burning through the development of con- sulting service for farmers; ▸ to institute subsidies for supporting the crop production sector in agriculture to apply alternative technologies, following the examples of subsidies in the Europe- an Union. * IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Box 53021, SE-400 14 Gothenburg, Sweden ** The Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Allégaten 70. 5007 Bergen, Norway. *** The Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA). Framsenteret, 9296 Tromsø. Norway † Bellona, Russian branch. Summary Polluted air with impacts on human late matter causing health problems agricultural producers are very small health and ecosystems in the Nordic were documented from Edinburgh, in comparison with those available countries, is transported with the Stockholm and southern Finland. in the European Union. There is winds over very long distances. Monitoring with e.g. remote legislation existing in the Russian Large-scale biomass burning is sensing methods have shown that Federation pertaining to the prohibi- an important source for polluted large-scale wildfires in Russia have tion of burning agricultural waste. In air over the northern hemisphere. continued until today and that the practice, the enforcement of the ban During the spring of 2006, biomass area burnt in 2006 was not excep- is very lax, and there is practically burning occurred on approximately tionally high as compared other no control over agricultural fires. 2 Mha (20 000 km2) forest and recent years. However, in order to Furthermore, there are decreased agricultural land in Russia and severely affect the air quality in fire management capabilities as a neighbouring countries. Due to the the Nordic countries, the biomass consequence of the transition of anti-cyclonic high pressure weather burning in Russia have to coincide national economies. situation, this highly polluted air an anti-cyclonic, high pressure The Nordic countries, as well as was transported towards north- weather system over Russia which other EU member countries, have to west across northern Europe, from favours northwards transport. Also, support Russia and neighbouring Scotland to Finland and even all the when the air masses are not subject countries in order to increase their way to Iceland and Svalbard. High ot precipitation, the atmospheic life efforts to restrict the widespread air concentrations of black carbon time of the particles is much longer. wildfires. The most important and ground level ozone as well as In Russia alternative utilizations activities include preventing the high deposition of nitrogen were of agricultural residues are seldom burning of agricultural waste as well measured in forests in mid- and applicable due to the weak econom- as fire-prevention activities in the north Fennoscandia. Furthermore, ic state of agricultural enterprises. forests and providing acquisitions of high air concentrations of particu- Existing governmental subsidies for fire-prevention equipment. 4 1. Introduction 2. Background Emissions from the large-scale Over the past decade, improved re- land. The between-year variation is biomass burning represent an im- mote sensing has permitted a more large. Furthermore, it can be seen portant component of the northern accurate assessment of the annual that the area burnt in 2006 was not hemispheric air pollution. During fires in Russian boreal forest, reveal- exceptionally high as compared to the last decade there have been ing that Russia in general has the e.g. 2003 and 2008. several large-scale biomass burning largest area burned among boreal The extent to which the polluted events in Eastern Europe, in particu- forests. Annual estimates of burned air from Eastern Europe biomass lar in southern Russia, with severe areas over the Russian Federation burning is transported to the consequences for the human health are presented in Figure 1. The mean Nordic countries depend on the of the local population as well as for annually burnt areas range 8-10 Mha prevailing wind directions, which the local ecosystems. for total land and 4-6 Mha for forest in turn depend on the large-scale In addition to local impacts, the large-scale biomass burning also has substantial consequences for /yr Total area burned - Agency 2 m Forest area burned - Agency the air quality and ecosystem im- k pacts in the Nordic countries due to Total area burned - Satellite long-range transport of the polluted Forest area burned - Satellite air. The Nordic council of Ministers (NMR) initiated a study in 2011, NitrOzNor, with the aim to describe the impacts of the eastern Europe biomass burning on the nitrogen deposition to northern ecosystems (Karlsson et al., 2013). Furthermore, NMR initiated this policy-orient- ed article with the aim to give an overview of the impacts on the air Fig. 1. Annual estimates of burned areas over the Russian Federation derived from three different quality and northern ecosystems sources, separated for total land and for forest land. Data for 1996-2006 were from Goldammer et al. caused by the long-range transport (2013), in turn based on Russian Agency reports (Avialesookhrana of Russia) and satellite-derived of polluted air from large-scale bio- data (NOAA AVHRR). The second source based on Agency reports from 2007-13 was from JRC 2014. mass burning. The third source with satellite-derived information from Landsat and MODIS data from 2007-2011 was from Bartalev et al. (2013). The satellite derived information for 2012 was based on Goldammer et al. (2013) and include only the Siberian/Asian part of the Russian Federation. 5 weather situation. Hence, in order to northern North Atlantic and a prom- The situation in 2006 was unprec- severely affect the air quality in the inent anticyclone was located over edented, leading to record high air Nordic countries, large intensities northeastern Europe (Stohl et al., temperatures and pollution levels of biomass burning in Russia have 2007). This pressure configuration in the Norwegian Arctic (Stohl et to coincide with air mass trans- corresponds to a positive phase of al., 2007). However, predictions for port patterns from Russia towards the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) the future of the NAO is still highly northwest, i.e. when there is a weather pattern, which is known uncertain since the NAO is related to anti-cyclonic, high pressure weather to enhance pollution transport into the tracks of Atlantic storms, noisy system over Russia. the Arctic (Eckhardt et al., 2003). mid-latitude phenomenon, and During the pollution episode in Air from the European continent predictions of storminess changes April/May 2006, the Icelandic low was channelled into the Arctic are also currently uncertain (Hurrell, dominated the circulation over the between the two pressure centres. 1995). 6 3. The impacts of the 2006 large scale biomass burning in eastern Europe 3.1 Transport of the polluted air Forcers, SLCF. The polluted air from for ammonia deposition was esti- In May 2006 severely polluted air the large-scale biomass burning that mated to have exceeded 1 kg N/ha. from large scale biomass burning passed over mid-Sweden in the April The normal deposition of inorganic was transported from eastern Euro- and May 2006 contained unusually nitrogen (NO3+NH4) in this region is pean countries towards northwest, high levels of black carbon (Figure 1-2 kg N/ha/yr and the critical load all the way to Spitsbergen (Stohl et 3). for nitrogen deposition to coniferous al., 2007, Figure 2). Snow at a glacier forest is Sweden is set to 5 kg N/ha/ on Spitsbergen became discoloured 3.3 Nitrogen deposition to forests yr (3 kg N/ha/yr in mountain areas).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress
    Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress Updated May 22, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R41153 Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress Summary The diminishment of Arctic sea ice has led to increased human activities in the Arctic, and has heightened interest in, and concerns about, the region’s future. The United States, by virtue of Alaska, is an Arctic country and has substantial interests in the region. The seven other Arctic states are Canada, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark (by virtue of Greenland), and Russia. The Arctic Research and Policy Act (ARPA) of 1984 (Title I of P.L. 98-373 of July 31, 1984) “provide[s] for a comprehensive national policy dealing with national research needs and objectives in the Arctic.” The National Science Foundation (NSF) is the lead federal agency for implementing Arctic research policy. Key U.S. policy documents relating to the Arctic include National Security Presidential Directive 66/Homeland Security Presidential Directive 25 (NSPD 66/HSPD 25) of January 9, 2009; the National Strategy for the Arctic Region of May 10, 2013; the January 30, 2014, implementation plan for the 2013 national strategy; and Executive Order 13689 of January 21, 2015, on enhancing coordination of national efforts in the Arctic. The office of the U.S. Special Representative for the Arctic has been vacant since January 20, 2017. The Arctic Council, created in 1996, is the leading international forum for addressing issues relating to the Arctic. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) sets forth a comprehensive regime of law and order in the world’s oceans, including the Arctic Ocean.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient Fennoscandian Genomes Reveal Origin and Spread of Siberian Ancestry in Europe
    ARTICLE DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07483-5 OPEN Ancient Fennoscandian genomes reveal origin and spread of Siberian ancestry in Europe Thiseas C. Lamnidis1, Kerttu Majander1,2,3, Choongwon Jeong1,4, Elina Salmela 1,3, Anna Wessman5, Vyacheslav Moiseyev6, Valery Khartanovich6, Oleg Balanovsky7,8,9, Matthias Ongyerth10, Antje Weihmann10, Antti Sajantila11, Janet Kelso 10, Svante Pääbo10, Päivi Onkamo3,12, Wolfgang Haak1, Johannes Krause 1 & Stephan Schiffels 1 1234567890():,; European population history has been shaped by migrations of people, and their subsequent admixture. Recently, ancient DNA has brought new insights into European migration events linked to the advent of agriculture, and possibly to the spread of Indo-European languages. However, little is known about the ancient population history of north-eastern Europe, in particular about populations speaking Uralic languages, such as Finns and Saami. Here we analyse ancient genomic data from 11 individuals from Finland and north-western Russia. We show that the genetic makeup of northern Europe was shaped by migrations from Siberia that began at least 3500 years ago. This Siberian ancestry was subsequently admixed into many modern populations in the region, particularly into populations speaking Uralic languages today. Additionally, we show that ancestors of modern Saami inhabited a larger territory during the Iron Age, which adds to the historical and linguistic information about the population history of Finland. 1 Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany. 2 Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics, University of Tübingen, 72070 Tübingen, Germany. 3 Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, PL 56 (Viikinkaari 9), 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
    [Show full text]
  • The Horseshoe of Fennoscandia, Norway, Rein Midteng
    The Horseshoe of Fennoscandia-A corridor for the long term survival of old-growth forest dependent species in Norway, Sweden and Finland. Rein Midteng, Asplan Viak. Norway. [email protected] 1.What is the Horseshoe of Fennoskandia? 2. What is its ecologial function? 3. Which subparts does it consist of? 4.Transboundary zones 5. How continuous and broad is the Horseshoe? 6. Key regions and areas in need of protection 7. Futher emphazis Un-protected old-growth forest in Pasvik 1.What is the Horseshoe of Fennoskandia? • Its a more or less continously corridor of old-growth forests from southern Finland/southeast Karealia to southern Norway/Sweden. • It consists of four subparts that are connected as a whole. These four subparts are although presented individually. In addition, it exists so called transboundary zones, which are “green” corridors with mostly continuously old-growth forests that stretch out from the Horseshoe. • Old-growth forests dominate the Horseshoe while in the rest of Fennoscandia culture forests dominate. • It consist of both protected and unprotected old-growth forests. • It includes a great variation of vegetationzones and foresttypes. • It is of major importance in the implementation of the Nagaya goals • It is of major importance for the preservation of old-growth forest species in Norway, Sweden, Finland and probably also in some parts of Russia. 2. What is its (ecologial) function? • It is a migrationzone east-west (since the last ice age), and the Fennoscandinavian countries share therefore to a large extent the same flora and fauna as Russia (low level of endemism). • It provides an exchange of species, individuals and genes to and forth in the Horseshoe.
    [Show full text]
  • Mitochondrial Genome Diversity in the Central Siberian Plateau with Particular
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/656181; this version posted May 31, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Mitochondrial Genome Diversity in the Central Siberian Plateau with Particular Reference to Prehistory of Northernmost Eurasia S. V. Dryomov*,1, A. M. Nazhmidenova*,1, E. B. Starikovskaya*,1, S. A. Shalaurova1, N. Rohland2, S. Mallick2,3,4, R. Bernardos2, A. P. Derevianko5, D. Reich2,3,4, R. I. Sukernik1. 1 Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, SBRAS, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation 2 Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA 3 Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA 4 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA 5 Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, SBRAS, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation Corresponding author: Rem Sukernik ([email protected]) * These authors contributed equally to this work. bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/656181; this version posted May 31, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Abstract The Central Siberian Plateau was last geographic area in Eurasia to become habitable by modern humans after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM).
    [Show full text]
  • Eurasian Woodcock Scolopax Rusticola
    Key concepts of Article 7(4): Version 2008 Species no. 50: Eurasian Woodcock Scolopax rusticola Distribution: The Eurasian Woodcock has an extensive Palaearctic distribution. It breeds from the Azores and Ireland to the pacific coast of Russia. Birds winter in Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, India and Southeast Asia to Japan. In Europe breeding occurs from Fennoscandia and Russia to the Mediterranean basin and the Canary Islands. Movements: Breeding populations in western maritime countries are sedentary, whilst those elsewhere are migratory. Scandinavian populations move southwest to winter mainly in Britain and France. Finnish birds move mainly south and winter mostly in Italy and the Balkans. Autumn movements start after the onset of frosts. Birds from the large Russian population are recorded wintering across most of West and Central Europe. The majority of birds are in their winter quarters by November but further (sometimes large scale) movements may occur in response to cold weather. Return migration starts in February in the Mediterranean region and the first half of March elsewhere. Population size and trends: The Woodcock is a difficult bird to count accurately. The European breeding population is estimated at 1,800,000 – 6,600,000 pairs of which 1,200,000 - 5,000,000 breeds in Russia (BirdLife Int. 2004A). The EU 27 population is estimated at 460,000 - 1,500,000 pairs (BirdLife Int. 2004A, 2004B). During 1990-2000 trends were stable across most of its European range, but declining in its Russian stronghold resulting in an overall moderate decline in Europe (>10%) (BirdLife Int. 2004A). Biological and behavioural aspects: Breeding: clutch size is usually 4 eggs (2-5); incubation 21-24 days; fledging period 15-20 days but sometimes able to get off ground at 10 days; independence: 5-6 weeks after hatching; brood: normally one brood.
    [Show full text]
  • LUCAS 2018 Technical Reference Document C3 Classification (Land
    Regional statistics and Geographic Information Author: E4.LUCAS (ESTAT) TechnicalDocuments 2018 LUCAS 2018 (Land Use / Cover Area Frame Survey) Technical reference document C3 Classification (Land cover & Land use) Regional statistics and Geographic Information Author: E4.LUCAS (ESTAT) TechnicalDocuments 2018 Table of Contents 1 Scope and Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 6 LUCAS survey classification comparison 2009 - 2012 ................................................................................... 7 LUCAS survey classification comparison 2012 - 2015 ................................................................................... 7 LUCAS survey classification comparison 2015 – 2018 ................................................................................... 9 Land cover and land use: general explications .............................................................................................. 9 Specific to the LUCAS classification ............................................................................................................. 10 The basic unit and the extended window of observation ........................................................................... 10 2 Land Cover Classification (LUCAS SU LC) ................................................................................................. 11 A00 ARTIFICIAL LAND .............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • An Empirical Model of Glacio-Isostatic Movements and Shore-Level
    R-01-41 An empirical model of giacio-isostatic movements and shore-level displacement in Fennoscandia Tore Passe Sveriges Geologiska Undersdkning August 2001 Svensk Karnbranslehantering AB Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co Box 5864 SE-102 40 Stockholm Sweden Tel 08-459 84 00 +46 8 459 84 00 Fax 08-661 57 19 +46 8 661 57 19 ISSN 1402-3091 SKB Rapport R-01-41 An empirical model of giacio-isostatic movements and shore-level displacement in Fennoscandia Tore Passe Sveriges Geologiska Undersdkning August 2001 Keywords: giacio-isostatic uplift, shore-level displacement, eustasy. This report concerns a study which was conducted for SKB. The conclusions and viewpoints presented in the report are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily coincide with those of the client. PLEASE NOTE THAT ALL MISSING PAGES ARE SUPPOSED TO BE BLANK Abstract Shore-level displacement in Fennoscandia is mainly due to two co-operative vertical movements, glacio-isostatic uplift and global eustatic sea level rise. The course of the glacio-isostatic uplift has been made discernible according to an investigation of the lake-tilting phenomenon (Passe 1996a, 1998). This information made it possible to start an iteration process that has given mathematical expression for factors involved both within the isostatic movements and the eustatic rise. There are two components involved in glacio-isostatic uplift. The main uplift, still in progress, acts slowly and is thus called the slow component. Arctan functions have proved to be suitable tools for describing the slow component. There are two main factors involved in the function used for calculation; As (m), the download factor (m) and 1 Bs (y ), which is an inertia factor.
    [Show full text]
  • North-West Russia As a Gateway in Russian Energy Geopolitics
    North-West Russia as a gateway in Russian energy geopolitics MARKKU TYKKYLÄINEN Tykkyläinen, Markku (2003). North-West Russia as a gateway in Russian ener- gy geopolitics. Fennia 181: 2, pp. 145–177. Helsinki. ISSN 0015-0010. This paper examines Russian energy development and plans and their geopo- litical implications around the turn of the new millennium. Argumentation is founded on the interpretation of the impacts of stakeholders’ interests on geo- politics under new societal conditions and the legacy of past energy produc- tion and logistics. Empirical evidence consists of material from the projects of Russian companies and the plans and politics of the Russian Government for developing the energy sector. The redefined borders and the geographical shifts of energy production have brought about the orientation of Russia’s energy development and interests towards the north. The former empire’s parts bordering on Russia in the west, Belarus and first of all Ukraine, have become problematic due to transit pay- ment conflicts. Consequently, Russian companies develop ports in North-West Russia as well as plan the construction of new oil and gas pipelines through the Baltic Sea Region. On the other hand, the northern location of the infra- structure plans is a geographical necessity, in the way that new oil and gas deposits lie in northern high-latitude zones. Energy stakeholders’ market-ori- ented interests greatly influence the country’s economic orientation to the ad- vanced economies and the global economy. Thus, Russia’s new energy geo- politics means economic integration and networking with partners (compa- nies, nations and economic areas) that are able to co-operate successfully in the economic sector.
    [Show full text]
  • Some Features of Winter Climate in Northern Fennoscandia
    RAPORTTEJA RAPPORTER REPORTS No. 2013:3 SOME FEATURES OF WINTER CLIMATE IN NORTHERN FENNOSCANDIA ILARI LEHTONEN ARI VENÄLÄINEN JAAKKO IKONEN NIINA PUTTONEN HILPPA GREGOW RAPORTTEJA RAPPORTER REPORTS No. 2013:3 551.584.2, 551.524.2, 551.578.46 Some Features of Winter Climate in Northern Fennoscandia Ilari Lehtonen Ari Venäläinen Jaakko Ikonen Niina Puttonen Hilppa Gregow Ilmatieteen laitos Meteorologiska institutet Finnish Meteorological Institute Helsinki 2013 ISBN 978-951-697-1 (paperback) ISBN 978-951-697-7 (pdf) ISSN 0782-6079 Unigrafia Helsinki 2013 Julkaisun sarja, numero ja raporttikoodi Ilmatieteen laitos, Raportteja 2013:3 Julkaisija Finnish Meteorological Institute Erik Palménin aukio 1, PL 503 Julkaisuaika 2013 00101 Helsinki Tekijät Ilari Lehtonen, Ari Venäläinen, Jaakko Ikonen, Projektin nimi Niina Puttonen, Hilppa Gregow EAKR “Ajoneuvoalan ja kylmä- ja talvitek- nologian sovelluskehityksen T&K ja koulu- tustoiminnan selvitys ja valmistelu (ACT) A31590” Nimeke Joitain Fennoskandian pohjoisosien talvi-ilmaston piirteitä Tiivistelmä Fennoskandian pohjoisosien talvi-ilmaston ankaruus luo erinomaiset edellytykset erilaisten laitteiden teknisen kestävyyden testaamiseen äärimmäisissä olosuhteissa. Autojen ja talvirenkaiden suorituskyvyn testaus talviolosuhteissa onkin ollut kasvava toimiala alueella. Myös alueen jatkuvasti kasvava matkailuelinkeino on vahvasti riippuvainen talvi-ilmastosta. Tietoa talvi-ilmaston alueellisesta vaihtelusta tarvitaan uusia investointeja suunniteltaessa. Tähän tarpeeseen vastataksemme olemme tutkineet
    [Show full text]
  • Northern Fennoscandia Via the British Isles: Evidence for a Novel Post- Glacial Recolonization Route by Winter Moth (Operophtera Brumata)
    a Frontiers of Biogeography 2021, 13.1, e49581 Frontiers of Biogeography RESEARCH ARTICLE the scientific journal of the International Biogeography Society Northern Fennoscandia via the British Isles: evidence for a novel post- glacial recolonization route by winter moth (Operophtera brumata) Jeremy C. Andersen1 , Nathan P. Havill2 , Brian P. Griffin1, Jane U. Jepsen3 , Snorre B. Hagen4 , Tero Klemola5 , Isabel C. Barrio6 , Sofie A. Kjeldgaard7, Toke T. Høye7 , John Murlis8, Yuri N. Baranchikov9, Andrey V. Selikhovkin10,11 , Ole P. L. Vindstad12 , Adalgisa Caccone13 , and Joseph S. Elkinton1 1 Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, 01003, USA; 2 Northern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Hamden, Connecticut, 06514, USA;3 Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, FRAM High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway; 4 Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Svanhovd, NO-9925 Svanvik, Norway; 5 Department of Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; 6 Faculty of Environmental and Forest Sciences, Agricultural University of Iceland, Árleyni 22, IS-112 Reykjavík, Iceland; 7 Department of Bioscience and Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, DK-8410 Rønde, Denmark; 8 41 Royal Crescent, London W11 4SN, England; 9 Department of Forest Zoology, Sukachev Institute of Forest FRC KSC, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia; 1 0 Department of Forest Protection, Wood Science and Game Management, Saint Petersburg State Forest Technical University, St. Petersburg, 194021, Russia; 1 1 Department of Biogeography & Environmental Protection, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab., 7–9, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation,1 2 Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, PO Box 6050 Langnes N-9037, Tromsø, Norway;1 3 Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06511, USA.
    [Show full text]
  • The Fennoscandian Shield Within Fennoscandia
    SCIENTIFIC CORRESPONDENCE THE FENNOSCANDIAN SHIELD WITHIN FENNOSCANDIA JOAKIM DONNER DONNER, JOAKIM, 1996. The Fennoscandian Shield within Fennoscandia. Bull. Geol. Soc. Finland 68, Part 1, 99-103. Keywords: nomenclature, Baltic Shield, Fennoscandian Shield, Precambrian, Fennoscandia. Joakim Donner, Department of Geology, P.O. Box 11, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland The Commission for the Geological Map of the Platform (Russian Platform), as seen, for in- World, CGMW, recommended in a resolution at stance, on the maps presented by Holmes (1944, its General Assembly in Kyoto, 24-28 August 1965). It is for this area (Fig. 1), geologically 1992, "that the name Baltic Shield should be similar to the Canadian Shield, that the name replaced by the name Fennoscandian Shield". Fennoscandian Shield should, according to the This was taken as an international acceptance of above-mentioned recommendation, be used. the use of this name (Vorma 1993), earlier rec- The wish to replace the name Baltic Shield by ommended both by the unofficial Finnish work- the the name Fennoscandian Shield stems fore- ing group of bedrock stratigraphy (Aro 1986, most from a linguistic confusion, as pointed out by 1988) and by the Geological Survey of Finland Saltikoff (1992). The name Baltic Shield, as it has (Marttila 1988), and mentioned as an alternative been used, refers to the Baltic (Sea), the English name already by Simonen (1980). The area of name corresponding to Mare balticum in Latin and the shield with exposed Precambrian rocks, al- la Baltique in French, as also to the name in Rus- though largely covered by a sheet of Quaternary sian, Baltiiskoye morye.
    [Show full text]
  • Perspectives of the Green Belt“ Chances for an Ecological Network from the Barents Sea to the Adriatic Sea?
    Barbara Engels, Angela Heidrich, Jürgen Nauber, Uwe Riecken, Heinrich Schmauder and Karin Ullrich (Eds.) „Perspectives of the Green Belt“ Chances for an Ecological Network from the Barents Sea to the Adriatic Sea? BfN - Skripten 2004 Perspectives of the Green Belt“ Chances for an Ecological Network from the Barents Sea to the Adriatic Sea? Proceedings of the International Conference 15th of July in Bonn on the Occasion of the 10th Anniversary of the German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN) Editors: Engels, Barbara Heidrich, Angela Nauber, Jürgen Riecken, Uwe Schmauder Heinrich Ullrich, Karin 2 Cover Picture: The German Green Belt near Pferdsdorf (Uwe Riecken, BfN) Editors: Division II 1.3 Tel: +49-228-8491-242 [email protected] This publication is included in the literature database “DNL-online” (www.dnl-online.de) BfN-Skripten are not available in book trade. Publisher: Bundesamt für Naturschutz (BfN) Federal Agency for Nature Conservation Konstantinstrasse 110 53179 Bonn, Germany Tel.: +49 228/ 8491-0 Fax: +49 228/ 8491-200 URL: http://www.bfn.de All rights reserved by BfN The publisher takes no guarantee for correctness, details and completeness of statements and views in this report as well as no guarantee for respecting private rights of third parties. Views expressed in the papers published in this issue of BfN-Skripten are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the publisher. No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner.
    [Show full text]