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Selection and Maintenance of Cutting

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Selection and Maintenance of Cutting OCCASION This publication has been made available to the public on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the United Nations Industrial Development Organisation. DISCLAIMER This document has been produced without formal United Nations editing. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or its economic system or degree of development. Designations such as “developed”, “industrialized” and “developing” are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgment about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process. Mention of firm names or commercial products does not constitute an endorsement by UNIDO. FAIR USE POLICY Any part of this publication may be quoted and referenced for educational and research purposes without additional permission from UNIDO. However, those who make use of quoting and referencing this publication are requested to follow the Fair Use Policy of giving due credit to UNIDO. CONTACT Please contact [email protected] for further information concerning UNIDO publications. For more information about UNIDO, please visit us at www.unido.org UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 300, 1400 Vienna, Austria Tel: (+43-1) 26026-0 · www.unido.org · [email protected] vt~^ oszis Diatr. LIMITO]) rj/WG.F-.j/i} I* June 197.i United Nattons Industria! Development Organ ¡- »; on ORIGINAL: ENGLISH Technical Mealing on thu 3ol«*cticn of Woodworking Machinery Vienna, 19 - 7\ NovjmW 1/;..', saac?iow ANO MAINTENANCE OK CïTPTING r OLS roa ïHB HOüDUOHICIN'Q ¡KOUST!./ ^' tv S'-evan A. 3<*grl, Pr«f.iaent North A:Berican P.-..ducts Corp. Jnsper, ndima ,1/ The view« and opinions arorensed .n tmc , ap»»r ir« those of the author &n4 do not necessarily reflect the VIJK; nf \L _> nccnttar.at o* UNIDT.. Thi« docwent h%* been reproduced without foi-anl s<iit:ns>. id.?1,-/! 44? W« regret that SOM of the pages in the «icrofiche Í^L?;, r#port "*y not **• UP to tl»« prop«r legibility standard«, even though the best poaiiblc copy »as ufed for preparing the master fiche. CONSENTS INTRODUCTION . £522. Î. CUTTING TOOLS AVAIT-*F.LE 7 1.1. ^nP£^of_jrjx>is . „ . , T .j... ür-jK"fpnna stcu*. Tuoi«.t> 1.¿.2. a zbiôe Tipped Tocls 1.1.3. Stf.lite Toolu 1.1. ». C-; ?vi : Te--.1* 1 2 T - - TeçhoicM^ Vffer£nçeo_ Between Solid Stefel ana Tipped Tools . ~ ; «1 • 2.1, Tool Design 2.2.2. Clearance angles 1.2.3. Cutting Character! it ice 1.3. Summary 15 XI. PSRPORMAKCE CiiARACTKRISTICS OP HIGH SPEED STEEL, CARBIDE TIPPED, 7UTD STELITE TIPPED CUTTING ....... I? 7ml' Qte^SSMteo. at-ions ¿.r. Tool Design . 1Q ?;i.x. fôô.nTfe -*- ' 2.1.?. TOOOï Design 2.1.3. Hojî: Ano Le« 2 2 Rr 2 • * ^2L4^SÍ¿C£L - ative to t ne TypeJr of MaTSFIarSSInq: jikSKTng; """ - . 25 2.2.1. Hard WoocTs and High Density Component Wood Materials 2*:>..2. toft Woodu and Low Density Component. Materials 2.2.3. Mndium Woods ana Medium Density Coatponent Materials 2 2.4. CuittracT"Y of M* eriaie 2 3, ' Miscellaneo a M ¿rob lem fa 25 2.3.1. Si 1 £cV~In ItfòocTs 2.3.2. Foreign Object in Wood 2.3.3. Wut Wood» (High Moisture Content) 2.-.4., High RQsin Content in Particle Board III. TYPES OF TOOLS AND HOW TO SELECT TOOLS POR VARIOUS CUTTING OPERATIONS 40 3»1» Saw Blades "Hp Cutting 40 3.1.1.J. Summary Rip cutting 3.1.2. Crosscut Saw Blade 3.1. 2.i, Summary Crosscut Saw Blade 3.1.3. Cutter Heads and Planer Heads 3.1.3.1. Summary Cutter Heads and Planer Heads CONTENTS (CONTINUED) IV. MAINTENANCE OF CUTTING TOOLS Pafl* 4.3.T.facing Machine " 4.3.4. Cleaning Tubs 4.3.5. Supply of Protective Paraffin Bata Oil 4.3.6. steel Straight Edge c eckin 4 A hi'tll ? 9 Arbor and Dial Indicator fi^lÎT1 f'1^"*-^ Be Installed Tf T^TT-lody Poiisher 61 4.4.2. Torch 4.4.3. Carbide and Stelite Tip 4.4.4. Side Grinder 4.4.5. Seating Machine 4.4.6. Hammering Equipment *•4.7. Miscellaneous 4.5. Training of Personnel . APPENDIX H Appendix A - Workability of Woods ¿, Appendix B - Types of Saw Blade. Generally Recc*»ended to*. Rip rusting « Appendi» B - Typ„ of I, u*. „en.ra! ly R«o«.M.d ror Cross Cutting ¿- - 5 INTRODUCTION 1. The topic of selection of cutting tools is a complicated one. It is complicated because of tU ,aet number of variables which must always be considered when selecting cutting tool, for any cut- ting application. Such things a. the hardness and density of the material being cut, whether or not the material will contain any foreign objects or loose knots, whether the material is solid stock such as lumber or laminated stock such a. plywood or veneered paneling will all effect the decision as to what style and type of cutting tool is applied. That, of course, sounds explicated, yet it only deals with the material itself, other things such as feed rates and the type of cutting machine must also be considered. 2. Many tooling manufacturers try to apply standard design tools to applications which vary widely in their tool requirement«. This »skas things easier for the tool maker, but at best it producís only marginal results for the woodworker. This is not, however, to say that -tome standardisation cannot exist i) the tooling indus- try, such standardisation should not be applied to cutting appli- cation where the requirements call for specially designed tools. 3. Because of the wide variety of different applications, this paper does not attempt to describe tool selection in detail. The basic approach to tool selection is made fro» a gensral point of view, in many cases, broad generalisations would hold true and should, therefore, be used as a guide to tool selection. Ubere •pacific and specialised applications are to be made, however, it Is best for the woodworkers to contact a reputable tool maker. 4. « th. .oox „Mufacturer , knovlMgiable about his producti 1U b. „f gl,at .„,.,.„„ n g,Uding t(e ^ Ptop.r tool „UctU* for oach ppli=.tion ., „ PP ti0n x r,s * - » ° « to do tM«, 1-port.nt to Epeclfy scverttl baslc plece. of ln(orBatiem *• Wut «teri.1 i, bein, Mt> • Î. the «t.rU1 wet (nver 15% Hl|tv| ^^ • i. th. «urin dry (llnder „, -ol-tBit contMtj »• Wut typ. of cuttln, „CM,,. t. b,^ Mtd »• «*.t 1. th. m (rTOlutl6n, p#r mimu of ^ cutting tool. »• "tat 1. th. t.«, rlt. ,t vhlch th% Mt#tul wm b. fed tat. th. „chin, ,.ith.r ln fMt „, mUm «t. or d.ci«.ter. p„ mlnut.J. tyP 0t lnf0n atl to rJH^" * " °'" «» »-I «Mr «in U .bl. »«»-««" th. prop« tool to do the Job »J« action !. dimeult, m cattlng tooii Woo. Prop«, tool uie,tlon . „ . -»»FW. ««,„*. "•!»««»,*. c...-, „v. tr«•dou_- "«>»t. of »0B.y. Th.r.for., thl. ..«— , .„ "on «NU b. loo,«, ., «oo*»,^ o,.,.. lo o^ " « critici to th. «.co... of th# „^ I. CUTTING TOOLS AVAILABLE 1.1. Type» of Toole 1.1.1. High Speed Steel Tools 6. Prior to 194 5 selecting cutting tools for wood cutting operations was much less complicated than it is today. In the years before the end of World War II, the only type of cutting tool being successfully applied in wood and wood pro- ducts industries were those made of high speed stesi.1 High speed itstl tools were being applied to all the various cut- ting operations in wood fabricating plants throughout world woodworking markets. Tool selection, at that tin«, simply centered around the proper tool design to perform the task at hand. Because all tools were mads entirely from steel, and various steel alloys, the only difference in the cutting longevity between one tool and another centered around what steel alloy the tool was made from, the tool design, and what materiel was being cut. naturally, the carder the materials being cut, the shorter the productive cutting life of the tool. Also, the softer the steel alloy, the shorter the tool life. These tools were nade of various types of steel, i.e., high carbon steels, spring steels, high nickle steels, and various other alloys which gave them resistance to wear. Many of these alloy steels ere commonly referred to aa tool steels and high •p«*d steels. Because of the wide use of the term in industry, this paper will refer to all tools which are not either carbide or stellte tipped as high speed steel tools. - p .. 1.1.2. Carbide Tipped Tools 7. Tool design was very important in expanding productive cutting life of high speed steel tools just as it is today important in the cutting life of carbide tipped cutting tools. 8. Although the characteristics of the hardness of the mat« erial, the hardness of the cutting tool, and the tool design cone into effect when selecting any type of cutting tool; the tool selection process prior to 1945 was somewhat simplified because there was only one material from which wood cutting tools were made—steel. In the early 1940'a, tool engineers began to experiment with carbide tipping various cutting tools. Carbide tipped tools had been in use for some time in the fer- rous metals industries in both Europe and the United States.
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