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A New Course Design Enhanced with Andragogical Principles ∗ International Journal on New Trends in Education and Their Implications April 2013 Volume: 4 Issue: 2 Article: 16 ISSN 1309-6249 A NEW COURSE DESIGN ENHANCED WITH ANDRAGOGICAL PRINCIPLES ∗ Dr. Gülden AKIN Turkish National Police Academy Ankara- TURKEY Dr. Serap KARABACAK AŞIR Ministry of National Education Ankara- TURKEY ABSTRACT Traditionally in pedagogy, children are learning dependently, learning activities are arranged by teachers, information is transferred from teacher to student and teachers are the only source of authority. Therefore, pedagogy needs some new supplementary approaches. Children, nowadays, reach independent learner level at an earlier stage. At this point, andragogical principles can offer some new solutions. Although it is assumed that andragogy deals with adults, actually the main point in andragogical learning process is the consciousness level of learners but not their ages. Thus, andragogy can be implemented to every age level. Researches show that adults wait for their teachers’ approval during the learning processes. They are conditioned doing so because of their pedagogical formal education experiences. In a pedagogical environment, students’ sense of wonder is oppressed under the situations where information is transferred from teacher to student without questioning and criticizing. In order to eliminate these shortcomings in pedagogy, andragogy proposes independent and self-directed learners with its six principles. In formal education enhanced with andragogical principles, children learn issues by relating with their lives, focus on lifelong learning and take their performance as a criteria in the evaluation level. The authority held only by teacher is shared with students. Teacher becomes participatory, collaborative and negotiator while s/he changes his/her role from information transmitter to problem solver. Accordingly, both teacher and students have new roles in such an educational process. This study aims to represent the effects of andragogical principles in primary school level. The sample of the research consists of 168 students of 8th grade. Students are asked whether they are ready for the process enhanced with andragogical principles and andragogy can contribute anything to their school success. The results of survey reveal that with an 'Agree' point scale, students are ready for an education program enhanced with six basic andragogical principles. Key Words: Andragogy, Pedagogy, New Course design. INTRODUCTION Throughout history, both education and learning have been defined in different ways by numerous researchers. Ciceron defines education as "the art of transforming a child into a person ". Emile Durkheim described education as "influence of educated generation on the growing generations". (Cit: Sönmez, 2010). ∗ This study is an improved and expanded version of the research "A New Student and Teacher Model Enhanced by Andragogical Principles" which was presented at 1st International Symposium on the Sociology of Education, Faculty of Education, Ankara University, May 10-11, 2012. 160 Copyright © International Journal on New Trends in Education and Their Implications / www.ijonte.org International Journal on New Trends in Education and Their Implications April 2013 Volume: 4 Issue: 2 Article: 16 ISSN 1309-6249 Mazur (1990) defines learning as the permanent changes that occur in individuals by experience. Slavin's (1997) definition of learning is all kinds of skills that are not acquired innately. Senge (1996) states that learning is a set of changes in behavior and ideas which makes people can do the things that they are not able to do in advance. Both education and learning are open to redefine again and again. After all, human beings have always been engaged in education and learning, and it seems they will always be. Pedagogy, which is the mere concept that comes to mind when one thinks of the concept of education, was developed in the monastery schools between the seventh and twelfth centuries. It is thought to be a field that can answer to the question of how learning and education should occur (Holmes and Abington-Cooper, 2000). The concept is a combination of words 'paid', which means 'child' in the ancient Greek language, and 'agogus', which means 'managing or training' in the ancient Greek. Accordingly, pedagogy can be defined as 'the art and science of children's education' (Knowles, 1977). The most prominent feature of pedagogy is to be a teacher- centered system. Therefore, in a pedagogical educational system, education and training activities are planned by the teacher and s/he is regarded as a source of knowledge, authority and power. Children's experience is not a key point in the educational process. Students are involved in the education process entirely dependent on the teacher about what to learn, how to learn and when to learn. Furthermore, in an education system that is dominated just by pedagogy, students' learning method is perceived as memorization and / or recalling in general. In this traditional system, evaluation of the students is only carried out by teacher as well. (Smith and Waller, 1997). Conner (2008) states that, in the school system of the ancient times, teacher-centered structure was not available. She also emphasizes that students used to contribute to the formal education process. Former system was disrupted with the opening of the school of priests, since the idea was to teach only desired issues for the sake of remaining and keeping students as pure and clean. In the following centuries, the schooling system has adapted priest school system and formal education system has founded on this idea. However; pedagogy has some shortcomings for students, because even the best-intentioned teachers could suppress inherent sense of wonder of students by taking control of the learning environment. To handle with the deficiencies of pedagogy, andragogy offers some new principles and methods to the formal educational system. Conner (2008) expresses that implementation of the andragogy to formal education is significant because of the reasons as follows: 1. Learners should know why it is important to learn the subject. 2. Learners should be educated how to be directed to the knowledge. 3. The target topics should be related to students' interests. 4. Human beings cannot learn without being ready and motivated. 5. Teachers should help students to change their prejudices, beliefs and attitudes towards learning. Knowles (1977) defines the concept of andragogy- by the help of the definition of pedagogy- as the art and science of adult education. Forasmuch, 'andra' meaning 'adult (male)', and 'agogus' meaning 'educate or manage' in the ancient Greek are the words that form the concept of andragogy. The most important feature of andragogy is to be student-centered and the students are independent learners. In this regard, andragogical education system has features such as valuing students' experience in an educational environment, sharing of power and authority between teacher and students, revealing the knowledge not by rote but in relation to the life. Knowles (1996)states that andragogy is based on six fundamental principles: 1. The learner’s need to know. Before attempting to learn anything, adults need to know why they should learn it. When adults undertake the responsibility of learning for themselves, they spend time and energy to examine both the benefits of what has been learnt and the negative consequences if they do not learn. 161 Copyright © International Journal on New Trends in Education and Their Implications / www.ijonte.org International Journal on New Trends in Education and Their Implications April 2013 Volume: 4 Issue: 2 Article: 16 ISSN 1309-6249 2. Self-conception of the learner. Adults have a self-perception as to be responsible for the decisions they make in their lives. They show resistance when they feel that others obstinately insist their requests on them. 3. Prior experience of the learner. Comparing to children, adults attend to an educational activity with a larger and more diverse of life experience. 4. Readiness to learn. For the changes they face in their lives, adults are ready to learn anything that they need to know. 5. Orientation to learning. Learning orientation of children and young learners' is subject-oriented. However; learning orientation of adults is life-centered and problem-centered. 6. Motivation to learn. Even if adults are affected by some external motives such as better jobs, promotions and higher wages, they are deeply affected by internal motives such as desire to get job satisfaction, self- esteem and quality of life. Nowadays, children reach the independent learners' level at an early age when compared to the past. Most young learners want to be involved in the learning process with their own ideas since they are aware of what they need to learn and why they need to learn it (Essex, 2009). Essex proposes that independent learning is not a condition that occurs all of a sudden, once you reach at the age of 18 or 25. Learners are involved in the learning process, gradually get used to the situation and become independent learners. Therefore, it is useful for learners to meet andragogical approach as early as possible to help to conduct their self-evaluation and to become self-directed learners. Otherwise, some students may get stuck in dependent learning. Indeed, studies on adults show that adults wait for the approval of their teachers during a learning process because the education system they
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