Panoramic Monocentric Lens Imaging

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO Panoramic monocentric lens imaging A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Electrical Engineering (Photonics) by Igor Stamenov Committee in charge: Professor Joseph Ford, Chair Professor Thomas Bewley Professor David Kriegman Professor Truong Nguyen Professor George Papen 2014 Copyright Igor Stamenov, 2014 All Rights Reserved. Signature Page The Dissertation of Igor Stamenov is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ Chair University of California San Diego 2014 iii Dedication To my family iv Table of Contents Signature Page ....................................................................................................... iii Dedication .............................................................................................................. iv Table of Contents .................................................................................................... v List of Figures ...................................................................................................... viii List of Tables ....................................................................................................... xvi Acknowledgements ............................................................................................ xviii Vita ........................................................................................................................ xx Abstract of the Dissertation ................................................................................. xxi 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Wide-field of view imaging ....................................................................... 1 1.2 Monocentric wide-field of view imaging .................................................. 2 1.3 Introduction to fiber-coupled monocentric lens imaging ........................... 6 1.4 Thesis organization .................................................................................... 9 2. Optimization of simple monocentric lenses ................................................... 11 2.1 Two-glass symmetric (2GS) monocentric lens background .................... 11 2.2 Theoretical analysis of monocentric lenses ............................................. 14 2.2.1 Focus of monocentric lenses ............................................................. 14 2.2.2 Design optimization of monocentric lenses ...................................... 18 2.3 Specific monocentric lens cases ............................................................... 29 2.3.1 AWARE2 monocentric lens analysis ................................................ 29 2.3.2 SCENICC F/1.71 12mm focal length lenses .................................... 33 2.3.3 Comparison with conventional wide-angle lenses ............................ 40 2.4 Chapter summary ..................................................................................... 42 3. Optimization of high-performance monocentric lenses ................................. 45 3.1 Limits of simple monocentric lenses ....................................................... 45 3.2 Options for improving monocentric lenses .............................................. 48 3.2.1 Review of monocentric lens architectures ........................................ 48 3.2.2 Review of monocentric lens design methods .................................... 52 v 3.3 Advanced design algorithms and results .................................................. 54 3.3.1 Improved 2GS global search using 5 wavelengths ........................... 54 3.3.2 Three-glass symmetric (3GS) global search ..................................... 58 3.3.3 Seeded Hammer Optimization .......................................................... 62 3.3.4 Five-dimensional 4GA-8 near global optimization .......................... 64 3.4 Lens complexity and performance tradeoff ............................................. 83 3.5 Specific lens design examples ................................................................. 87 3.5.1 Water-immersed lens (f=12mm, F/1.79, 380-550nm) ...................... 87 3.5.2 Night vision lens (f=16mm, F/1.2, 500-900nm) ............................... 89 3.5.3 Short-wave IR lens (f=12mm, F/1.19, 900-1500mm) ...................... 90 3.5.4 Medium scale lens (f=112mm, F/2.33, 486-656nm) ........................ 92 3.5.5 Large scale lens (f=280mm, F/2.8, 450-700nm) .............................. 93 3.6 Chapter summary ..................................................................................... 95 4. Panoramic monocentric imaging using fiber-coupled focal planes ............... 97 4.1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 97 4.2 Fiber-coupled imager components ........................................................... 97 4.2.1 Monocentric lens design and fabrication .......................................... 97 4.2.2 Characterization of monocentric lens image formation and focus . 100 4.2.3 Fiber bundle and CMOS image sensor integration ......................... 104 4.3 Narrow field (single sensor) fiber-coupled image transfer .................... 107 4.3.1 Fiber-coupled image transfer performance ..................................... 107 4.3.2 Monocentric fiber-coupled vs. a conventional lens image forming 110 4.4 Wide field (multi-sensor) fiber coupled monocentric imaging .............. 113 4.4.1 Fiber-coupled monocentric lens prototype ..................................... 113 4.4.2 Fiber-coupled monocentric imager vs. wide angle DSLR camera . 114 4.5 Conclusions ............................................................................................ 118 5. Broad spectrum monocentric lens ................................................................ 120 5.1 Broad spectrum 4GA-8 monocentric lens prototype ............................. 120 5.2 Imaging performance and focus of the 4GA-8 VNIR lens .................... 122 5.3 Broad-spectrum “Letterbox 2” prototype camera .................................. 128 5.3.1 Components and assembly .............................................................. 128 5.3.2 Indoors operation (VIS illumination spectrum) .............................. 130 vi 5.3.3 Outdoors operation (VIS and VNIR illumination spectrum) .......... 132 6. Conclusions and future directions: Towards Terapixel video imaging ....... 134 6.1 Long term perspective: system level performance metrics .................... 134 6.2 Total resolution scaling in a fully monocentric camera system ............. 137 6.2.1 A panoramic monocentric lens imaging 2.6 Terapixels ................. 141 6.3 Conclusion ............................................................................................. 143 References ........................................................................................................... 144 vii List of Figures Figure 1.1: (a) Optical layout of a 2.4 Gigapixel monocentric multiscale lens, and (b) the same image field transferred by tapered fiber bundles instead of multiple relay optics. ...................................................................................................... 3 Figure 1.2: Monocentric lens imaging with (a) a physical aperture stop at the center of the objective lens, and (b) a "virtual" stop accomplished by limiting the numerical aperture of the image transfer which, as drawn, are non-imaging optical fibers. ................................................................................................... 5 Figure 1.3: Possible geometries of the panoramic fiber-coupled monocentric imager with (a) single straight fiber bundle, (b) single curved fiber bundle and (c) multiple straight fiber bundles ....................................................................................... 7 Figure 2.1: First and third order consideration of monocentric lens refocus ................... 15 Figure 2.2: Third order aberration theory applied to monocentric lens design. .............. 19 Figure 2.3: Monocentric lens real ray trace variables. ..................................................... 22 Figure 2.4: Example of dependence of criterion Q on the radius r1 ................................ 25 Figure 2.5: Image formation in the monocentric lens. ..................................................... 26 Figure 2.6: AWARE2 lens and global optimum solution ................................................ 30 Figure 2.7: MTF and ray aberrations performance comparison of the (a) fabricated AWARE2 prototype and (b) new AWARE2 design candidate. .................... 32 Figure 2.8: Correlation between polychromatic mean square wavefront deformation and MTF @ 200lp/mm for candidates. ................................................................ 35 viii Figure 2.9: Highest ranked design solution (high index center glass). ............................ 36 Figure 2.10: MTF performance of monocentric lens (a) focused at infinity (design) and (b) refocused at flat object at 0.5m

Load more