Japan Resource Packet
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Learning About Japan: A Resource Guide 1150 18th Street, NW, Suite 100, Washington, DC 20036 Tel: 202-238-6900・Fax: 202-822-6524・ [email protected]・www.us.emb-japan.go.jp/jicC/index.html This resourCe guide is intended to enhanCe the study of Japan and its culture in your classroom or for your own self-study. The handouts inCluded in the paCket are some of the Japan Information & Culture Center’s most requested topiCs from teachers and students. The following resources are also available from the JICC upon request: Coloring Book paCket Japanese Folk Tales Kenta: My Life in Japan Elementary School Life packet Junior High School Life packet Senior High School Life packet NiponiCa Magazine Map of Japan Japanese Tourism Information The JICC also has videos and Cultural items for loan. For more information and to reserve items, email [email protected] 2 Table of Contents Overview of Japan ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 School Life in Japan: Overview -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 School Life in Japan: Sample Schedule -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 Japanese Language: 日本語 (Nihongo) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 Useful Phrases ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 Hiragana Chart ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10 Japanese Language: ACtivity ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 11 Annual Events -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13 Origami ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15 History -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15 Sadako and the Thousand Paper Cranes ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 15 Origami: Crane (Tsuru 鶴) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16 Origami ResourCes ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 16 Cooking: Onigiri ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17 Visit Programs: DC Metropolitan Area --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18 Useful Websites ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 19 3 Overview of Japan LAND • 145,883 sq. miles (slightly smaller than California) • 73% of land is mountainous and hilly, 12.5% of the land is agriCultural • Consists of more than 6,800 islands • Four major islands: Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku & Kyushu • Tallest mountain: Mt. Fuji (12,388 ft) • Largest Cities by population: Tokyo, Yokohama, Osaka, Nagoya & Sapporo CLIMATE • Ranges from SubarCtiC in the north to SubtropiCal in the south • Most of Japan is in the Northern Temperate Zone • Rainy season, tsuyu, in the summer with typhoons frequently occurring in August – October Hokkaido Tokyo Okinawa Winter 27 F 43 F 64 F Average Summer 67 F 75 F 84 F Average POPULATION • 126,451,398 (2017 est.), 10th largest in the world. Roughly 1.7% of world population. Life expeCtanCy at birth is 85.3 years, 2nd longest in the world (2017 est.) RELIGION • Shintoism 79.2%, Buddhism 66.8%, Christianity 1.5%, other 7.1% (Note: many Japanese praCtiCe both Shintoism and Buddhism). (2012 est.) EDUCATION • Compulsory eduCation: 9 years (elementary to middle school; ages 6 to 15) • Japan has one of the highest literaCy rates in the world (99% of total population) • AcademiC Year: starts mid-April to end of MarCh; three semesters with 6 week summer break • Since 2011, students have begun learning English from the 5th grade and as of 2020 students from 3rd grade will begin learning English GOVERNMENT • Constitutional monarChy with a parliamentary government • Chief of State: Emperor Naruhito • Head of Government: Prime Minister Shinzo Abe • The legislative branch (Diet) consists of two chambers (House of Representatives & House of CounCilors) CURRENCY • Yen (¥) • 2018 average exchange rate: ¥110.42 per US $1.00 TRADE • 3rd largest eConomy in the world (Nominal GDP, 2014) • Top Exports in 2016: Transport Equipment (InCluding motor vehiCles), semiconduCtors, iron and steel • Top Imports in 2016: Mineral fuels (petroleum), clothing • Major trading partners: China (largest), United States, South Korea, Taiwan, Australia, Thailand (2017) TRADITIONAL CULTURE HIGHLIGHTS • Japan’s four forms of classical theater were named UNESCO Intangible Heritage of Humanity in 2008: 4 o Noh is Japan’s oldest musical theater where the story is told through not only dialogue but also dance, song, and musical aCCompaniment. Leading charaCters wear hand-painted masks and boldly patterned costumes. o Kabuki is an all-male theater that is known for the rhythm of the lines spoken by the aCtors, extravagant makeup and Costumes, and meChaniCal deviCes for speCial effeCts. o Kyogen is a classical comic theater featuring highly stylized aCtions and dialogue that historically was staged between noh performances although now is sometimes performed independently. o Bunraku is a traditional puppet theater dating baCk to the 17th century which is performed to the accompaniment of narrative singing and shamisen (a three-stringed instrument) music. • Chao/Sado or tea ceremony is a highly structured method of preparing green tea or matcha and has strong roots in many aspeCts of everyday life in Japan. • Ikebana or Japanese flower arrangement originated in Buddhist flower offerings. It is a meditative and sometimes spiritual art form where natural substanCes suCh as flowers or leaves take on symbolic meanings through the ways they are plaCed in an arrangement. • Shodo or Japanese calligraphy is learned by most students from a young age. Calligraphers use a brush and black ink to create strokes that bring out the beauty in eaCh kanji (Chinese charaCter) or kana (charaCters derived from kanji). • Ukiyo-e, literally meaning ‘picture,’ but commonly referring to wood bloCk prints, became a popular art form Edo period with the invention of the printing press. Ukiyo-e are famous throughout the world, perhaps the most famous being ‘The Great Wave’ by Katsushika Hokusai. MODERN CULTURE HIGHLIGHTS • Anime or Japanese animated movies or shows have been entertaining Japanese youth and adults alike from the 1960s. It is also a top cultural export of Japan. • Manga or Japanese comics beCame one of Japan’s most popular forms of literature in the 1960s. Spanning many genres and age ranges, some of today’s most popular anime started out as manga. • Takarazuka refers to Japan’s famous all-female musical theatre troupe from the Hyogo Prefecture. The Takarazuka Revue perfoms not only traditional Japanese operas and dramas, but Western musiCals and original material as well. 5 School Life in Japan: Overview Japan follows a 6-3-3-4 school system where elementary school is six years, junior-high school (JHS) is three years, high school is three years, and university is four years. The school year consists of three semesters, beginning in April and ending in March, which means students get homework over summer vacation. There are three major vaCations: summer (6 weeks), winter break (2 weeks), spring break (2 weeks). The school day begins around 8:30 AM and ends around 3:00 PM. Students often have club activities or preparatory school (juku) in the afternoon. Every year students from elementary to high sChool will partiCipate in a sports festival (undokai) to promote health and sports and allow parents to come watch their children in friendly competition. 6 st th Elementary • Children enter 1 grade in the April after their 6 birthday. • In many schools, students take turns to serve lunCh to their classmates. School The lunCh is prepared by the sChool or loCal school lunCh centers. • Students attending public schools walk to school every day since there are no school buses. This custom teaches responsibility, pedestrian safety, and independence. They have a speCial yellow hat they must wear when walking Called tsugaku boshi. Junior High • EduCation is Compulsory for the 9 years of elementary and JHS school. • In elementary and JHS schools, students clean the classrooms, halls, and School yards of their school every day as a means of teaching respect for the spaCe they work in and share with others. • While elementary sChool students may be exposed to the English language via foreign language activities class, English is a mandatory, graded class in middle school. High • 98.8% of middle sChool students go on to high sChool, and the majority of them graduate (Statistics Bureau of Japan, 2019).1. School • Most elementary, middle, and high schools require students to wear uniforms. • In order to attend public high school, students must take an entranCe exam. Some students may even live in or attend a school