Contribution À L'étude Du Genre Asphodelus Dans La Région De Tlemcen

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Contribution À L'étude Du Genre Asphodelus Dans La Région De Tlemcen Contribution à l’étude du genre Asphodelus dans la région de Tlemcen Ministère de l’enseignement supérieur Et de la recherche scientifique Université ABOU BAKR BELKAID DE TLEMCEN Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie et des Sciences de la Terre et de l’Univers Département d’écologie et environnement Mémoire pour l’obtention du diplôme de : MASTER EN ECOLOGIE ET ENVIRONNEMENT Option : pathologie des écosystèmes Thème : Contribution à l’étude du genre Asphodelus dans la région de Tlemcen Présenté par : Mr ZAOUI Ahmed Soutenu le 16-06-2014 devant le jury composé de : Promoteur : Mr ELHAITOUM A. Maitre de conférences Université de Tlemcen. Président : Mr AMRANI S.M. Professeur - Université de Tlemcen. Examinateur : Mr MAHI A.H Maitre-assistant - Université de Tlemcen. 2013 - 2014 Les données bioclimatiques, pédologiques et phytoécologiques ont montré les degrés d’instabilités de milieu au cours de la dégradation du couvert végétal, surtout à la sévérité des conditions climatique et anthropozoogene qui favorisent la prolifération de certaines espèces épineuses ou/et toxiques qui les conduit vers une thérophytisation, cette situation inquiétante exige une connaissance approfondie sur l’ aspect phytoécologique et biologique de ces espèces, Nous avons choisi le genre Asphodelus car il fait l’objet de notre étude grâce à sa forte résistance aux différentes agressions citer précédemment. Mots clés : Asphodelus, Asphodelus microcarpus, espèce anthropozoogène, végétations Méditerranéennes, Tlemcen Bioclimatic, soil and phytoecological data showed levels of instability of the environment during the degradation of vegetation, especially in harsh weather and anthropozoogene conditions, that support growth of thorny species and/or toxic which leads to a therophytisation, this worrying situation requires a depth knowledge of the nature of these species and their phytoecological and biological aspect, because his high resistance, the kind Asphodelus is the subject of our study. K ey wor ds : Asphodelus, Asphodelus microcarpus, anthropozoological spieces, M edi terranean vegetati on, Tl emcen. أظﮭﺮت ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ و اﻟﻤﻨﺎخ و اﻟﻨﺒﺎت- ﺑﯿﺌﯿﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﯾﺎت ﻋﺪم اﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮار اﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﺪھﻮر اﻟﻐﻄﺎء اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻲ، وﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺧﯿﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﺳﯿﺔ وﺗﺪﺧﻞ اﻻﻧﺴﺎن و ﻣﺎﺷﯿﺘﮫ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﻧﻤﻮ اﻷﻧﻮاع اﻟﺸﺎﺋﻜﺔ و/ أو اﻟﺴﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﺆدي إﻟﻰ ھﯿﻤﻨﺔ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت اﻟﺴﻨﻮﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺤﯿﻂ. ھﺬا اﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﻤﻘﻠﻖ ﯾﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻨﺎ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ واﻓﯿﺔ ﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﺔ ھﺬه اﻷﻧﻮاع وﺟﻮاﻧﺒﮭﺎ اﻟﺒﯿﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺔ و اﻟﻨﺒﺎت- ﺑﯿﺌﯿﺔ. ﻟﮭذا اﺧﺘﺮﻧﺎ ﻧﻮع اﻟﺰﻧﺒﻖ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎ ﻟﺪراﺳﺘﻨﺎ ﻛﻤﺜﺎل ﻟﮭﺬه اﻟﻈﺎھﺮة ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺘﮫ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻈﺮوف اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮرة أﻋﻼه اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎﺣﯿﺔ: اﻟﺰﻧﺒﻖ, اﻟﺒﺮواق, ﻧﺒﺎت ﻣﺘﺄﻗﻠﻢ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ اﻻﻧﺴﺎن و اﻟﻤﺎﺷﯿﺔ, ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎت ﺣﻮض اﻟﺒﺤﺮ اﻻﺑﯿﺾ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﻠﻤﺴﺎن Tout d’abord je remercie dieu le tout puissant qui ma accorder la force et le temps pour réaliser ce modeste travail. Je voudrais exprimer ma profonde estime à Mr El HAITOUM Ahmed (maitre de conférence-Université de Tlemcen), qui a bien voulu diriger ce travail. Nous souhaitons aussi le remercier pour ses conseils, sa disponibilité et pour le temps qu’il a consacré à ce travail. Je tiens également à exprimer ma profonde gratitude à Mr AMRANI Sidi Mohammed (professeur-Université de Tlemcen) pour l’honneur qu’il nous a fait en acceptant la présidence de ce jury. Nous souhaitons tout particulièrement Mr MAHI Abdel hakim (maitre asssistant-Université de Tlemcen) remercier pour avoir voulu examiner ce travail. Mes remerciements chaleureux vont à Mr MAHDJOUB Tewfik (maitre de conférence-Université de Tlemcen). A tous les gens qui nous ont fournis de l’aide. Qu’il nous soit permis de leur témoigner l’expression de notre plus profonde reconnaissance. Je dédié ce travail à mes chères parents pour leur soutien infini, et a toute ma famille et mes amis, sans oublié ma fiancé. Sommaire ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ,Résumé, Abstract Remercîment Sommaire Liste des figures Liste des tableaux Liste des abréviations utilisées Introduction générale …………………………………………………………………..…1 Chapitre 1 : Etude bibliographique 1.1. La famille «Xanthorrhoeaceae»………………………………………………………2 1.1.1. Classification ………………………………………….……………………………2 1.1.2. Généralité……………………………………………………………………...……2 1.1.3. Systématique…………………………………………………………………..……3 1.2. Le genre « Asphodelus »………………………………………………………………5 1.2.1. Introduction………………………………………………………………...………5 1.2.2. Origine du genre………………………………………………………..……….…6 1.2.3. Caractères généraux ………………………………………………………………6 1.2.4. Spectre écologique…………………………………………………………….……7 1.3. Asphodelus microcarpus …………………………………………………..….………9 1.3.1. Introduction ……………………………………………………………….………9 1.3.2. Nomenclature ……………………………………………………………...………9 1.3.3. Caractéristiques et descriptions de la plante ………………….……….……… 10 1.3.4. Structure et morphologie ……………………………………..………….………11 1.3.5. Origine et distribution…………………………………………………….………20 1.3.6. Résistance aux incendies………………………………………….………………21 1.3.7. Nombre chromosomique…………………………………………………….……21 1.3.8. Utilisations comestibles……………………………………………….….………22 1.3.9. Utilisation médicinale ……………………………………………………………23 Chapitre 2 : Etude du milieu 2.1. Milieu physique :……………………………………………………….…….………24 2.1.1. Situation géographique ………………………………………….….……………24 2.1.2. Données géologiques ……………………………………………….………….….25 -2.1.2.1. Le littoral……………………………………………………….…………..….26 -2.1.2.2. Les plaines telliennes………………………………………………………….26 -2.1.2.3.Les Monts de Tlemcen…………………………………………...……………26 2.1.3. Géomorphologie ………………………………………………………….……….27 -2.1.3.1.Les Traras………………………………………………………………...……28 -2.1.3.2.Les bassins intérieurs et les plateaux…………………………………………28 -2.1.3.3.Les monts de Tlemcen et de Sebdou…………………………………….……28 -2.1.3.4.Les hautes plaines d'El Aricha……………………………………………..…28 2.1.4. Hydrographie …………………………………………………………………..…29 2.1.4.1. Les monts des Traras …………………………………………………………30 2.1.4.2. Les monts de Sebaâ Chioukh …………………………………………...……30 2.1.4.3. Le bassin de Tlemcen …………………………………………………………30 2.1.4.4. Les monts de Tlemcen ………………………………………………...………30 2.1.4.5. La zone steppique ………………………………………………………..……30 2.2. Aperçu pédologique …………………………………………………………………31 2.2.1. Sols minéraux bruts………………………………………………………………32 2.2.2. Régosols……………………………………………………………………...……32 2.2.3. Sol brun calcaire et /ou calcique………………………………...………………32 2.2.4. Sols gris subdésertiques …………………………………………………………32 2.2.5. Terra rossa……………………………………………………………………..…32 2.2.6. Terra fusca………………………………………………………………..………33 2.2.7. Sols fersialitiques rouges ou brun rouges……………………….………………33 2.2.8. Sols noirs sur basaltes en dépression (Tirs) ……………………………………33 2.2.9. Sol marron à croûte calcaire…………………………………….………………33 2.2.10. Sols calcimagnésiques………………………………………….......……………34 2.2.11. Sols bruns de type rendziniforme …………………………………..…………34 2.2.12. Sols gréso-marneux non différenciés en dépressions…………………………34 2.3. Analyse bioclimatique………………………………………………………..………36 2.3.1. Introduction ………………………………………………………………………36 2.3.2. Choix des données et des stations météorologiques………..……………………38 2.3.3. Analyse de certains paramètres climatiques. ……………..……………………39 2.3.3.1. Pluviosité………………………………………………………………….……39 2.3.3.2. Températures……………………………………………………..……………41 Les températures moyennes mensuelles…………………………………………………41 Les températures moyennes des maxima du mois le plus chaud (M)…….……………43 Les températures moyennes des minima du mois le plus froid (m) …………...………44 2.3.4Synthèse climatique ……………………………………………………………..…45 2.3.4.1. Le quotient pluviothermique d’EMBERGER……………………….………45 2.3.5. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………47 2.4. Milieu humain………………………………………………………………...………48 2.5. Incendies………………………………………………………………………………50 Chapitre 3 : Etude de la végétation de la région 3.1. Généralités : ……………………………………………………………………….…53 3.1.1. Classification biologique………………………………………….………………53 3.1.2. Types biologiques…………………………………………………………………53 3.1.3. Spectre biologique………………………………………………………...………55 3.1.4. Caractéristiques morphologiques……………………………..…………………55 3.1.5. Caractères analytiques……………………………………………………………56 3.1.5.1. Abondance-dominance………………………………………...………………56 3.1.5.2. Sociabilité………………………………………………………………………57 3.2.Dynamique de la végétation méditerranéenne………………………………………58U 3.2.1. Introduction………………………………………………………………….……58 3.2.2. Caractéristiques et définitions……………………………………………………58 3.2.3. Les étages de végétations…………………………………………………………61 -3.2.3.1.L'étage méso-méditerranéen …………………………………………………61 -3.2.3.2.L’étage thermo-méditerranéen…………………………………….…………62 -3.2.3.3.L’étage supra méditerranéen …………………………………………..……62 3.3. Description de la couverture végétale de la région de Tlemcen……….…..………62 3.3.1. Le cortège floristique………………………………………………………...……64 Chapitre 4: Matériels et méthodes 4.1. Choix des stations …………………………………………………………………65 4.2. Analyse du sol…………………………………………………………………...…67 4.2.1. Méthodes d’analyses ……………………………………………..……………67 4.3. Données climatiques……………………………………………………….………68 Chapitre 5: Résultats et discussions 5.1. Résultats et interprétations ………………………………………….……………69 5.1.1. Tableaux des données ………………………………………………..…………69 5.1.2. Spectres écologiques .. ………………………………………………….………70 5.2. discussion des résultats ...…………………………………………………………74 5.3. Conclusion …...……………………………………………………………….……75 SOURCES ET REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUES………………………………76 Liste des figures Figure 1: Les optimums écologiques du genre Asphodelus Figure 2: Situation géographique et la délimitation administrative de la wilaya de Tlemcen Figure 3 : Découpage territorial par commune et par unités d’analyse Figure 4 : Carte géologique de la wilaya de Tlemcen Figure 5 : Carte des bassins et sous bassins versants de la wilaya de Tlemcen Figure
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