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Home , Debin, Evensk, Kolyma, Kolyma (river), Kolyma Mountains, Magadan

Development. Newell,

MAGADAN 258 J. By Newell and Zhou / Sources: Ministry of Natural Resources, 2002; ESRI, 2002. Ⅲ 2004.

THE RUSSIAN FAR RUSSIAN THE Map 7.1 McKinleyville,

The 460,246 sq. km

Russian Far East Russian

SEVERO-EVENSKY

SAKHA Verkhne-Paren Far CA: SREDNEKANSKY OMSUKCHANSKY Balygychan

East: Start Daniel Oktyabrina Garmanda Gizhiga

Dukat Ozernoe SUSUMANSKY Seimchan A Galimyi Burkandya Taskan Verkhny Seimchan Topolyovka & Reference Elgen Shiroky Shturmovoi Ust-Taskan Merenga Kadykchan Myaundzha Maldyak Khatyngnakh

Daniel. Ust-Srednekan Belichan Verkhny At-Yuryakh Adygalakh ! Kupka !Yagodnoe Bolshevik Kholodny Burkhala Spornoe Nexikan Strelka !Sinegorie Orotuk YAGODNINSKY

Mariny Raskovoi Obo Myakit Vetrenyi k

466 Kulu s

Guide t Omchak KHASYNSKY o Nelkoba Ust-Omchug Atka h TEN KINSKY ! pages Takhtoyamsk k O Madaun Yablonevy f OLSKY o for Karamken a ! Palatka Yamsk e Stekolny S Sokol Uptar Conservation OLSKY Klepka Ola Tauisk Arman ! Talon P! Balagannoe MAGADAN ¯

Sheltinga km 100 KORYAKIA and Development. Newell, J. 2004. McKinleyville, The Russian about CHAPTER 7 forests were logged in the the in were logged forests of Many the basin. River of the the and of Magadan the grow around most cold.The productive regenerateslowly forests and due extreme to the The limited has forests, mainly Dahurian ( coast. the on and river valleys along concentrated region’sof the are biodiversity attendant and biomass part diversity. and to low lead main productivity which The biological of sheltered areas, of Shelting Bay.coast defi The Taui the in on and the lowlands, grow on Taigonos the of atPyagina, Peninsula, areas Large and basins. Kolyma the River via into the drain sheds 1 exceed not do Most of mountains the of Magadan. the all cover almost Range Mountain Chersky the and plateau Kolyma The coastline. the along and region Kolyma ( lar large tundra shrubs and the limits of riparian chosenia ( of of by locations stands the betraced can two the border The between ecosystems. land wood- tundra and northern includes and by covered mostly is Magadan ecology and Geography lows of winter about more – with moderate, are tures – low as as temperatures for months with eight lasts Winter west. to the of terrain continental the and east, to the of Okhotsk infl is and arctic The Climate is 460 Size Republic the of lies west Sakha. to the and , south tois the Autonomous border on north; the Koryak and Chukotsky The of shores Okhotsk. of Sea on northwestern the the lies Oblast Magadan Location marshland form the landscape in the south. Japanese stone south. Japanese the in pine ( landscape form the marshland and forests Larch sea. the and protected close to zones lakes, forest in rivers, or are areas , Populus 246 15 ° sq. km, or about six percent of the Russian . The total area of and of and cities area total Federation. The or percent sq. aboutofRussian km, the six c Far CA: in Kolyma and about and Kolyma in 62 ) forests. Open tundra is limited to scattered areas in the mountains of the , 500 , 700 m, with the highest rising to rising highest the m, with East: ha, or less than 0 than or less ha, Daniel 1970 A ning factors of this area are widespread permafrost and lack lack and permafrost widespread are area of this factors ning & s and 1980 s and Reference 8 ° Daniel. c . 00014 on the . coast. on Okhotsk the uenced by the to the north, the cold the north, to the Ocean Arctic byuenced the s. The only remaining forests are in inaccessible inaccessible in are forests remaining only s. The percent ofoblast the 2 70 , 586 466 ° c Guide mabove level.Most sea of water- the in Seimchan Gorge. Coastal tempera- Gorge. Coastal Seimchan in 47 ° pages Chosenia arbutifolia c . Summer temperatures average average temperatures . Summer Larix gmelini . for Pinus pumila Pinus Conservation ), which grow which ), ) and pop- ) and ) grows ) grows

259 and

MAGADAN Development. Newell,

MAGADAN ( ( grayling of Arctic fl chus of Pacifi species for many grounds fl Rivers Magadan. in biodiversity greatest the contains ( and the Kolyma mining area. mining Kolyma the (pop. Susuman taxes. federal exempt various from economic is zone and aspecial declared recently was which Magadan, in registered are gonus 260 of 1999summer Magadan until 1991 of part Autonomous was Chukotka The Koryakia. in Penzhinsky western 1953 In area. the in gold and mines (initially) for tin facility processing and aport as labor to serve 1933 in established was City Magadan status Political 1 of January As Population the 1933 in Founded Largest cities ( brown include snow sheep ( mammals Large . found ahomeregion, Magadansky has in chatica ( marmot population of eagles ( Steller’s lions ( sea home are to over birds. one coast, million southeastern on the Peninsula Pyagina the off Islands, Yamskie The fauna and Flora awhole than as less is oblast the in but slopes, neighboring plantproductivity 2 is vegetation The poplar, river grow valleys. along larch, willow) and (mainly forests most The valuable coast. the along and often have the main gold deposits. main have the often and diversity, of species terms productivity,in and biomass, richest the are forests river valley These zones. riparian owing north into the Kolyma basin have rich stocks stocks have rich basin into Kolyma the north owing spawning the are of Okhotsk into Sea the owing J. Esox esox oblast Ⅲ ) and migrating char ( char migrating ) and 2004. ), lenok), ( ), a species virtually extinct in other parts of the other parts in extinct virtually aspecies ), Haliaeetus pelagicus THE FAR RUSSIAN THE ’s city, about largest with ). Ursus arctos Ursus McKinleyville, Rangifer tarandus to 2 to Brachymastax lenok , 2001 The , the federal government approved Magadan City as a special economic aspecial as City government approved federal , the Magadan , the oblast , the as away point as for prisoners gold sent Kolyma fi to the Eumetopias jubatus Thymallus arcticus Thymallus . 5 , when it successfully asserted separate administrative status. In the the In status. administrative separate asserted , when it successfully times denser in river valleys than on than river valleys in denser times , the population was population, the was 18 Russian percent of productivity in the the in percent of productivity ), ), ( 3 Salvelinus was formed from the northern area of and and Krai of Khabarovsk area formednorthern from the was ) also live on the islands. A on live islands. the ) also ). The Okhotsk littoral littoral Okhotsk The ). c salmon ( c salmon ), and Northern pike pike Northern and ), 115 Alces canadensis Alces Marmota kamts- Marmota ). The interior rivers ) and Steller’s) and sea ), whitefi , Ovis nivicola Ovis as part of the “ archipelago” and was builtby was and archipelago” of “gulag the part as 000 Far CA: people. Two-thirds of all the the of all people. Two-thirds 227 Oncorhyn- sh ( , 200 East: Daniel Core- . ), ), 16 4

, 800

A ) is the administrative center for administrative the ) is & Reference Daniel. pleted in Magadan in June 2000. inJune inMagadan pleted com- were shelf Magadan the at hydrocarbons produce and explore to atender for Preparations Offshore oil 278–81). pp. (see reserves and gold vast miningofthe expand to Magadan into millions sinking are Bank World Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) and the for Bank European the as such banks opment region. producing gold leading ’s far by is Magadan investmentinForeign mining standard of living. the and quality environmental to challenge amajor presents crisis energy endemic The crisis energy persistent The Key andprojects issues offi of amount the times three upto are of salmon catches illegal assessments, expert to According fi Illegal ca uts(e p 7 –76). 275 pp. (see quotas cial elds, Magadan is elds, Magadan 1 Multinational corporations and devel- and corporations Multinational oblast shing and export and shing ’s enterprises 466 Guide pages for 2

Conservation and Development. Newell, J. odpouto nMgdnOls,1993–2000 Oblast, Magadan in production Gold 7.2 Figure 1999 Oblast, Magadan in production Industrial 7.1 Figure Source: tons Metric Source: 2004. 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 on Zhurnal, Gorny okmtt 2000. Goskomstat, Nonferrous metallurgy 9319 9519 9719 992000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 McKinleyville, 72% The 2001. Russian Electrical energy 18% Far CA: production Food 6% East: Daniel Other Machinery 2% 2% A & Reference Daniel. ness in Magadan.” in ness to do busi- contracts have signed companies trading twenty-seven ... [and] enter market the companies annual capacity of 30 goldlargest refi Gold Refi facilities. The total reported fi reported total The facilities. Okhotsk and some has limited seafood processing of on Sea the focuses that salmon) and herring, at estimated are up to 4 contain in the 1970 precipitously 1990 since declining have of been Okhotsk Sea the in pollock as such cies Taui of and Ola, spe- Stocks Rivers. Arman, the in overfi and secondHabitatthe most important. destruction Magadan has a small fi asmall has Magadan estimated reserves of Vetrennoe) and with Natalka, Shkolnoe, Lunnoe, gold (including lodes unappraised and appraised to tender several plans administration Magadan The undeveloped. most of are which cious metals, of economic the resource greatest The resources Natural ( rubles million 11 additional brought an in zone has zone. “The fi fi (see industry of mining the needs the oriented are sectors to supporting other leading and to more than amounting economy, the dominates mining silver Gold and Main industries reducing federal taxes and customs duties. customs and taxes federal reducing by manufacturing and resources ment of natural fi for next the and Khasynsky . In June In Raions. Khasynsky and Srednekansky, of Omsukchansky, parts and Raions, Yagodninsky, Tenkinsky and Susumansky, in located 66 increase from 1995 aboutproduction 30 totaled deposits and the remainder from placers. from remainder the deposits and g. g. , 700 7 . shing are reducing salmon stocks, particularly particularly stocks, salmon reducing are shing 2 ). Of this total about total Ofthis ). tons, about half of which was processed. of was tons, which about half nery was completed; it seventh- completed; the is was nery 466 s confi Guide fteen years, aims to stimulate develop- to stimulate aims years, fteen nery plant in Russia and has an an has and Russia plantin nery u.s.$400 . Magadan Oblast Ⅲ Oblast Magadan 5 1 million tons of oil. Gas resources resources tons of Gas oil. million rmed that the shelf has oil and may and oil has shelf the that rmed , pages 170 when the total was 22 was when total the 5 The law, which will be in effect effect bein law, The will which 900 tons. billion cu. m. cu. billion , for 000 tons. shing fl shing 70 8

tons in 2000 in tons percent of total output, percent of total 17 sh catch for sh catch ) in registration fees as as fees registration ) in tons come from ore 6 Conservation Marine resources are are resources Marine 1998 eet eet (pollock, . Seismic tests done tests . Seismic , the Kolyma Kolyma , the is pre- oblast g. g. 7 . 34 Mines are are Mines , a large , alarge 7 1999 . 1 tons (see (see tons ). Gold was was

261 and

MAGADAN Development. Newell,

MAGADAN news of incoming fl of incoming news for emergencies and nearby contact with radio on two-way rely Verkhne-Paren) (e.g., villages butphone most remote the service, tele- have towns Most Magadan. of the most remote (e.g., areas Severo-Evensky Raion). Internet access is limited to the city serve transport air and melt.roads winter spring Only the during impassable nearly are paved, however, are highways . many of Few and neighboring these than system amuch more has developed road industry, Magadan mining ofextensive the Because 1970 the were in built most of cranes the Port equipment docks. outdated; is operating two only leaving facilities, close underused to plans port The service. regular introduced have recently U.S. and vessels South in opened vessels to foreign The Magadan seaport, with an annual capacity to serve to serve capacity annual an with seaport, Magadan The to Kamchatka. Magadan the in by operated from ships companies mostly it handles, cargoes The help of . the with open year-round remains and December from May till way. ice-free is port The a along by truck hauled is cargo to which Sakha, tonomous and Okrug tion, even by Russian standards, and since 1998, since and standards, tion, by even Russian of rfe the rest the with poorly is integrated summer. Magadan the in rely on helicopter transport 262 major foodexporters also are States United the and , Korea, former Union, but South the and of Russia other areas from Food imported primarily is from . imported are cars Used fuel. and materials, building vehicles, food,clothing, imported: is else everything silver. Nearly goldvolume are and value and of terms in exports greatest The trade Foreign fl biweekly even are there and cities, other Russian and to , , available is St. Petersburg, Khabarovsk, service or renovation. air of need repair in Direct are services and facilities airport all Almost sia. of Rus- other parts in are they more than are expensive tickets airline other costs, and fl passengers of all half almost serves which Mavial, is City, largest the Magadan in operating aviation companies local seven Ofthe transportation. on air heavily relies Magadan geographically, isolated Relatively Infrastructure biplanes (built in the 1960 the in biplanes (built has an airstrip, as have most small villages, which are served by an aging fl aging by an served are which villages, have most small as airstrip, an has J. rfe Ⅲ 2004. , mainly consist of , ore concentrates, ore concentrates, of coal, consist , mainly THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE . For example, the main highway to the Republic of Sakha is in poor in condi- is Republic to the highway of Sakha . For main the example, McKinleyville, The ights. Russian s) and an and s) 1995 . The port serves Magadan as well as the Chukotka Au- Chukotka the as well as Magadan serves port . The ights to Anchorage, . Each of the Each Alaska. to Anchorage, ights ying in and out of Magadan. Because of higher fuel fuel of higher Because out and in of Magadan. ying - 28 of Russia. rest the and Magadan between route overland only the is Highway Kolyma dilapidated The twin-prop planes. Remote mines such as Kubaka Kubaka as such Remote mines planes. twin-prop Far CA: s. East: there have been no direct fl no have been direct there Daniel 20 -foot containers, and food products. foodproducts. and containers, -foot A 3 . 5 & Reference million tons of cargo, was tons was of million cargo, Daniel. 1 , 500 eet of ights from raion -km high- 466 an Guide centers centers - 2 pages for Conservation

Vladimir Dinets and Development. Newell, J. The city of Magadan, typical Soviet construction. construction. Soviet typical ofMagadan, city The 2004. McKinleyville, The Russian exporting fi States ( States exported abroad, u.s.$20 totaling Corporation ( Finance International from the Foreign by investors, loans backed standards. quality Environment ( for the Center Magadan the as such organizations environmental mind, in this With reserves. mineral further establish undoubtedly will to beexploited, discoveries new and remain explored Many deposits of precious Magadan’s metals. economy basis The mining is outlook General production. for now about Federation and accounts Russian the in largest the is industry Magadan’s year. gold of investment foreign mining every of dollars millions attracts industry, Magadan mining established and wealth its incredible mineral Through RFE the in importance Economic fi to investment other projects.gold Foreign in international investors and project leading are profi of steady reports as change will but deposits, richest this complicated investment conditions, development of these reserves is still limited to the Given may beopened low up the to gold price of basin gold extraction. and River Kolyma upper the in river valleys remaining Some of last the mining. executed poorly and planned by hit hard been industry, has center ofmining the the basin, River Kolyma entire The –81 project, pp. 280 however,agencies, silver complicate some Dukat ofdevelopment the see the projects; government Russian and partners foreign Tensionsand capital. foreign Russian between with gold from projects operating is yield annual the of all half more than industry; the tion ( Private Investment Corpora- Overseas agency—the insurance risk U.S. the political and nancial institutions maintain that their participation is actually reducing environmental reducing actually is participation their that maintain institutions nancial opic 42 Far percent), with only only percent), with CA: )—have effectively taken over control of ofmajority taken gold the production by effectively )—have sh, and ifc East: ), the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development and ( for Reconstruction Bank European the ), Daniel 17 . , mace 000 tons products of( seafood A ) focus on regulating practices and enforcing environmental environmental enforcing and practices on regulating ) focus 1 & percent being sent to South Korea. sent percent Korea. being to South Reference million, mainly to Japan ( to Japan mainly million, Daniel. 466 Guide 54 Magadan Oblast Ⅲ Oblast Magadan percent more than in in percent more than pages eight enterprises wereinvolved in enterprises eight 1999 In of city Magadan. the in double are are or triple they what villages in Prices Korea. South and comeity) mostfrom often of lowest the qual- (typically goods other dry ment. and Clothing equip- construction and mining and diesel), and tion coal, fuel, (avia- fuel foodmarket), local the products (supplying 60 (supplying products food mainly exported companies u.s.$35 at (valued fortions U.S. exports fi ranked 2000 In Magadan. to 57 ts from the huge Kubaka huge Kubaka from the ts 25 percent) and the United percent) the and for , 710, rst among destina- percent of Russia’s total 000 Conservation ) to the rfe) to the 1998 , Magadan , Magadan ebrd percent of ) were . U.S. ),

263 , and

MAGADAN Development. Newell,

MAGADAN 264 Federation. worst) Russian seventh the in one to as of live (ranked tenworst the places Magadan of region’s the percentage January population. In benefi unfortunately, has, produced industry by the wealth great The not are general in “consistent practices.” goodinternational with mining operations mine the that and dam tailings apoorly designed industry,help has the green would that touted amodel mine was as which mine, however, Kubaka the counter that equipment. and technologies Critics, benign more in ecologically by bringing impact illegal fi have one Bays Taui or the more in Gizhiga run and salmon of portions every Estuarine measures. for ecological funds releasing and ventures mining of costs energy projects, reducing energy hydroelectric and wind to develop small-scale beused can valleys River villages. of many source home in heating main the becomes ingly fi contribute as more trees, more people cutting pollution, are local and electricity and for heating diesel and coal supply. energy clean Low-grade vironmentally the mostin regions Like my was built by the Stalinist gulag system of prison labor. system the In gulag by built Stalinist my the was econo- The transient. population ofregion is the the because suffers Magadan’s ecology program. it afederal making program, lease gas and oil offshore approved Magadan the taken care of it. care taken have few therefore, and, home. land have residents to not the tied many Historically, been returned then and wages for high to years work for came several Russia from European the most important wintering grounds for ( moose, grounds ermine wintering most important the fl causes and rivers clogs This of hillsides. to layers soil the slipfrom entire melts, causing permafrost the logging, summer,clear-cut the following in Often grounds. spawning salmon- destroyed and erosion, soil riverbeds, serious divided caused has regions, northern early ments the were in built exports. Over 75 in overfi developing offshore oil reserves. oil offshore developing able exploiting than marine fi profi would beless extraction oil that emphasize meanwhile, economic calculations, testing. the before it assessment began impact environmental to conduct an failed nik offi Pacifi from the Opposition successful. projects oil are the to if wait see investorssoon will as however, believe, not exploitation oil happen that Most will specialists of Okhotsk. Sea the in to ecosystems threat future greatest bethe might extraction exploration Oil and ( for oil in the by Magadan. mace by Magadan. of Okhotsk Sea for the in oil company, to testing conduct seismic offshore aSakhalin-based East-Sea-Oil-Geophysics], of Trest license the suspended Dalmorneftegeofi Resources of Natural istry ooding in river basins. In winter, In fl these river basins. in ooding J. Lagopus — Alexander King, Josh Newell, Mikhail Krechmar Mikhail Josh Newell, King, — Alexander Ⅲ 2004. cials, and, in particular, particular, in and, cials, shing operations. Joint operations. fi shing shing and illegal fi illegal and shing Bonasa bonasia (Bonasa hazel and ), THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE 9

McKinleyville, c Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography ( of Oceanography c Institute Fisheries and The percent ofregion’s the fi the since logged have been forests Russian sh exports to Japan, which imports most toof Japan,imports Magadan’s which sh exports fi rfe sh resources. Other offi Other sh resources. 1930 , Magadan has been unable to unable developen- been astable and has , Magadan mace 10 shing ventures registered as scientifi as registered ventures shing In November 2000 s. Heavy logging along river valleys, particularly in the the in particularly river valleys, along logging s. Heavy has held back the developments. held the back In has Far CA: ooded areas become vast ice fi ice become vast ooded areas ). East: Daniel charged that Trest that Dalmorneftegeofi charged 2000 cials, however, remain dedicated to however, dedicated cials, remain , the Ministry of Natural Resources Resources of Natural Ministry , the , a report in in , areport A tinro Mustela erminea Mustela & Reference ), Magadansky Zapoved- ), Magadansky Daniel. 1970 Vremya c research are involved are c research s and 1980 s and rewood rewood increas- elds, destroying elds, destroying ted only a small asmall only ted 1999 zika [Trust Far zika rst major settle- (Interfax) rated rated (Interfax) ), ptarmigans ), ptarmigans , the Min- , the 466 s, workers Guide tinro sh t- zika zika pages ’s ’s for Conservation and Development. Newell, J. which serve as a food base for large numbers of snow sheep numbers for large base afood as serve which vegetation, meadow with covered depressions with alternate ravines These landscape. much of this dominate cliffs and outcrops of rocky stretches Long sea. tothe adjacent tains steep coastline rises directly to small (upto tosmall directly rises coastline steep cover. The ground agrassy above shrubs with populated is understory rich Afairly them. below stone birch with slopes, climatic infl direct the within communities plant main The of goltsi patches and lichens and mosses with tundra mountainous is there this ( dwarf stone and pine, Japanese birches, rfemuch of the redkolesie as known Formations formations. riparian local in cover ground thick providing shrubs, of various understory suavolens ( poplar Aromatic zone. taiga northern ment the in develop- greatest their reach and tundra, mountain and shrub into the deep penetrate forests chosenia and poplar Intrazonal riparian species. forest adominant is larch Dahurian Bay. of Shelting coast on the and lowlands, Taui the in atPyagina, Taigonos on the Peninsula, tundra signifi are There coastline. Okhotsk the along tundra of southern strips in and region Kolyma of the tains ests. Open tundra is limited to scattered areas in the moun- for- poplar and chosenia of intrazonal of strips distribution locations of stands of large tundra shrubs and the limits of by the traced be can two the woodland border between The tundra and ecosystems. taiga northern contains Magadan coast. Okhotsk on the ( of stone birch stands occasional where coast, on the except redkolesie larch Dahurian with latitude. forested in are elevations tochanges Lower analogous are altitude in Changes 18 than less here is low. is productivity bioproductivity Plant and here, species few relatively are There of Magadan. area forested oftion the Kolyma are between 12 between are Kolyma above – staying temperatures winter with much more moderate, are temperatures Coastal Gorge. Seimchan atthe recorded months of the year, and temperatures of – temperatures and year, ofmonths the eight occupies period frozen The continental. extremely are conditions wherethe basin, Kolyma of the regions internal the in are severe most The west. tothe of Sakha terrain continental the and east, tothe of Okhotsk Sea cold infl is climate subarctic and arctic The highlands. and ridges of small of asystem largely consists terrain mountainous The Mikhail Krechmar Ecology 2004. Betula ermanii uence of the coast are thickets of Japanese stone pine on of Japanese thickets are coast of the uence uenced by the northern Arctic Ocean to the north, the the north, tothe Ocean Arctic northern by the uenced 47 ) and chosenia are the canopy species here with an an here with species canopy the are chosenia ) and ° McKinleyville, c . Average summer temperatures in continental continental in temperatures summer . Average The ) exist. The second belt consists of shrub of shrub consists belt second The ) exist. . Larch redkolesie . Larch percent of that in the riparian zones. riparian the in of that percent uplands. Russian ° and 18 ° and ° c , and between 6 between , and occupies asignifi occupies , or sparse forest, occupy occupy forest, , or sparse Far CA: 70 600 ° c cant areas of areas cant East: have been Alnus m)moun- Daniel ° and 10 ° and cant por- Populus Populus ). Above Above ). ° c A

, & Reference trated along river valleys and on the coast. on the and valleys river along trated concen- are biodiversity attendant and region of the biomass of the part main The completelyabsent. almost are forests Group diversity. I and productivity to low biological lead which of areas, sheltered alack and permafrost widespread lenok whitefi grayling, Arctic are species main The activities. subsistence tolocal important however, critically are, They fi have and basin, Kolyma fl of Magadan interiorrivers The char ( char Varden Dolly ( char: ( gorbuscha of Pacifi species for many fl ers between reaches littoral of the Magadan. Tides vary between between vary Tides in biodiversity Magadan. greatest the contains littoral Okhotsk The that. stone pineabove of abelt Japanese and by stone birch, levels upper atthe encircled are depressions The bear. brown and ring within their own borders. own their within ring the fi do not have reserves of the many For ones. example, proposed alone let areas, protected for existing of funding toalack led fi Krai, between the slow fl the between Krai, border of Khabarovsk the near southwest the in Located suffi zapovednik tothe some funds provides ministry The territories. protected of the toall located trally Magadansky. . (ibpn North (Island) Talan. monument, Ostrov natural onemonuments, federal and zakaznik between wereestablished Magadan in areas protected ofMost the area systemProtected the of administration the oversees Resources of Natural Ministry Magadan world. The the in productive biologically most and one cleanest of the of Okhotsk, Sea tothe linked closely is richness biological reserve’s The Seimchan. Yamsky, and Olsky, Kava-Chelomdzhinsky, sections: separate of four rfe the in largest third the Raions, Srednekansky the Daniel. nancial nancial diffi O. tschawytscha cient. mace zapovednik oblast owing into the Sea of Okhotsk are the spawning grounds grounds spawning the are of Okhotsk Sea intothe owing nancial resources tofi resources nancial , and northern pike. The defi The pike. northern , and S. leucomaenisS. s listed below, there are thirty regional natural natural regional thirty below, are there s listed 1968 and the Institute of Biological Problems of the of Problems the of Biological Institute the and is Magadansky Zapovednik. Zapovednik. Magadansky is ), chum ( ) identifi culties associated with economic decline have have decline economic with associated culties The only federal-level protected territory in in territory protected federal-level only The and 1991 and from its offi its from cen- of Magadan, city the in ces 466 ). They are also the home for migrating river river home the for migrating also are They ). Established in 1982 in Established Guide O. keta ). ed areas that need to be protected. But protected. tobe need that areas ed Magadan Oblast Ⅲ Oblast Magadan Salvelinus malma . In addition to the tothe addition . In . Magadansky Zapovednik consists consists Zapovednik . Magadansky pages owing Kava River and the rushing, rushing, the and River Kava owing c salmon: pink ( pink c salmon: sheries of little commercial value. value. commercial of little sheries ght forest fi forest ght ), coho ( zapovednik 2 for 2 and 4 and and 6 and ning factors of this area are are area of this factors ning O. kisutch ow north into the intothe ow north in the Olsky and and Olsky the in Conservation totals 883 totals res, even those occur- those even res, km in some bays. Riv- some bays. in km ) and East Siberian Siberian East ) and . but these are far from from far are but these 5 m, while the width width the m, while Oncorhynchus zapovednik ), and chinook chinook and ), , 817 ha, the the ha, and and sh,

265 and

MAGADAN Development. Newell,

MAGADAN

Vladimir Dinets the 20 area of 51 Yapon Chyorny, Cape toCape from an Peninsula Pyagina nephrolepis fi Siberian of east stands relict have which River, Yama fl on the Yamsk from upstream km lies largest The parts. unconnected of three consists ha) of Steller’s eagles. sea numbers large of and Steller’s lions Russia’s sea largest ( section Yamsky the southwest, the in Situated river’s the fl regulates which Station, Hydroelectric Kolymskaya the lies Upstream valleys. fl River the Kolyma ofprotects the ecosystems and oodplains Situated in the north, the Seimchan section ( section Seimchan the north, the in Situated eagle. Steller’s and sea region), the in extinct nearly once species (a marmot snow of bear, Kamchatka sheep, brown populations ecosystems, elementscoastal include Protected climate. the affects greatly of Okhotsk Sea nearby The valleys. and cliffs with an average altitude of altitude average an with included in the Olsky section ( section Olsky the area in the included Peninsula, of Koni half western the Occupying ridges. on grow mountain plants tundra Alpine forests. willow and poplar riparian and territory), covers (larch taiga dominated of larch- expanses large have territories inland The grounds. spawning and for stops waterbirds migration and nesting the thus, and, mountains and plains of both ecosystems plain section ( Kava-Chelomdzhinsky the River, Chelomdzha mountainous 266 clothing. tomake used down, its for primarily hunted, widely still is it but decades, recent in dramatically decreased have numbers Its eiders. PacifiThe molissima (Somateria c eider J. km offshore of Pyagina Peninsula, which are home to are which Peninsula, of Pyagina offshore km rfe Ⅲ 2004. ’s largest seabird colony. The islands are also home to also are colony. seabird ’s islands The largest 624,456 sq. km. The third includes the Yamskie Islands, Islands, Yamskie the includes third The sq. km. THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE ). The second section includes the coast of the of the coast the includes section second The ). McKinleyville, ha) protects the typical boreal and fl and boreal typical the protects ha) The Russian 1 ows. The climate is continental. is climate The ows. , 000 52 103 percent of the zapovednik of the percent m, and has picturesque picturesque has m, and , 425 var. ha) is mountainous mountainous is ha) nigrum) oodplains oodplains of the Far CA: 117 is the most abundant of four RFE RFE offour abundant most the is 38 , East: ha) ha) 839 ood- Daniel , 096 r ( 25 Abies Abies

A murrelet ( murrelet long-billed and eagle, sea white-tailed Goldeneagle, pairs). falcon ( haliaetus the in nesting species about are there archipelago, of the island largest the on Matykil, ( fulmar ern North- and cormorant, pelagic kittiwake, black-legged gull, puffi horned and tufted guillemot, black ( auklets least and thick-billed murres ( in northern largest the Pacifi are Islands Yamskie on the bird Marine well. as here puffi of tufted colonies large Three ( ( and slaty-backed gulls (L. schistisagus gulls slaty-backed and (Larus tridactylus kittiwakes black-legged are species mary pri- The section. Olsky the in seashore Okhotsk the along cliffs the among living colonies single-species and mixed forty-eight being attention, there special deserve colonies zapovednik the in found be can species, nesting One hundred seventy-three bird species, including including species, bird seventy-three One hundred shore. Okhotsk on the remaining ones natural largest the are Rivers Yama and Chelomdzha the in grounds spawning salmon The Kava). and Yama, (Chelomdzha, rivers large in found be can char Siberian East and grayling, Arctic Varden, Dolly occasionally. spotted are salmon sockeye and anadromous fi & Cepphus carbo Reference Daniel. 7 million birds. Most numerous are least auklets. Rare Rare auklets. least are numerous Most birds. million Falco peregrinus Falco ), Blackiston’s fi Brachyramphus perdix Fulmarus glacialis sh are chum, coho, and pink salmon. Chinook Chinook salmon. pink coho, and chum, are sh ), and hornedpuffi and ), Aethya cristatella Phalacrocorax pelagicus 466 Uria aale Uria zapovednik Guide the in grow plant vascular of rare species Eighty-three region. Yamsky the in Ola magadania ( magadania Ola lakes and rivers. The most numerous numerous most The rivers. and lakes of fi species Thirty-two and Siberian frog ( mander ( mander sala- Siberian of amphibian: species two also are There area. the in occur ( quillwort Asian and ( 34 occupies pine zapovednik covers species, forest common most the larch, Dahurian only has section Seimchan species-poor the tions; sec- Kava-Chelomdzhinsky and Olsky, Yamsky, the in grow plant Magadan: southern of the typical communities zapovednik The ), and Steller’s sea eagle (forty-eight (forty-eight Steller’s eagle and ), sea sh-owl ( sh-owl Picea ajanensis Picea c. They include common and and common include They c. zapovednik pages U. lomvia , U. ). According to bird counts counts tobird According ). ) are occasionally spotted in in spotted occasionally ) are Salamandrella keyserlingii Salamandrella include osprey ( osprey include Ketupa blakistoni n ( 638 n ( ’s total area. Japanese stone Japanese ’s area. total A. psittacula , A. for Fratercula cornuta ). Nesting birds include include birds Nesting ). species of vascular of vascular species F. cirrhata . Two rare plant species, . Two species, plant rare ), a relict species, grows grows species, arelict ), percent. Ayan spruce spruce Ayan percent. types of plant. of plant. types 236 ns, slaty-backed ns, slaty-backed Magadania olaensis Magadania ), crested, parakeet, ), parakeet, crested, Rana amurensis includes fl Conservation ), black guillemot guillemot black ), 62 Isoetes asiatica sh inhabit the the inhabit sh percent of the of the percent . Marine bird bird . Marine , A. pusilla ) are located located ) are Pandion Pandion ), peregrine peregrine ), ora ora 150 ).

). ) ) ), ), ) and Development. Newell, J. peoplewildlife. hunt the spring, and fall each of staff, toabsence Due larch. with valleys and tundra windswept are Zakazniks. lynx sibiricatela ( chipmunk Siberian voles, Microtus ing the in live of mammals species Forty spring. the in shoreline Peninsula Koni the near nest reportedly geese Brant region. forestry swan ( loon ( Yellow-billed region. this cirques. and cliffs many until zakaznik this populations, sheep bighorn one by only ranger. patrolled stone is pine, Japanese and taiga by mountainous characterized area, the waterfowl,

eleven the life of this zakaznik 1993 In for pelts. allow this waterfowl, migratory and ecosystems tect area. the patrolling no rangers are There no access. is there because hunters from free remains region the routes, port 2021 until status tected-area zakaznik this animals, of this [ spotted [ (bearded of seals species Three zibethica ( lemming include species rare Other found. is marmot Kamchatkan where places only the are sections Yamsky and Olsky of the ( ( squirrel Eurasian are species ( timidus ( pika northern 1973 znik –70. on pp. 269 ( phocaena ( porpoise Harbor Islands. Yamskie and Pyagina zapovednik [ orca [ whale (killer of whales species three lion, and sea 2004. Pteromys volans Phoca fasciata Eschrichtus robustus Mustela vison Mustela Taigonos Khinike Solnechny Atkinsky Odyan TundraMalkachansky ValleyKavinsky ], beluga whale [ whale beluga ], of mountainous tundra and coastal bluffs was created in in created was bluffs coastal and tundra of mountainous to protect snow sheep. Its status will be discussed again again discussed be will snow status sheep. toprotect Its ) is spotted in all parts of the of the parts all in spotted ) is zakaznik 2002 Cygnus bewickii zakaznik ), , , sable, ermine, mink American ermine, fox, red sable, bear, brown ), ), and wild reindeer. wild and ), Phoca largha ), Dall porpoise ( porpoise Dall ), ( McKinleyville, The Magadan Hunting Service manages the the manages Service Hunting Magadan The . Prevailing landscapes are treeless mountains with with mountains treeless are landscapes . Prevailing 72 , that is, the seashore of Koni Peninsula and and Peninsula of Koni seashore the is, , that ( ), and ( wolverine and ), 370 ( The ( 123 6 –70. on pp. 269 , 350 700 ( ), and moose. Common but less abundant abundant but Common less moose. and ), ) are also occasionally found in these waters. these in found occasionally also ) are 3 Ochotona hyperborea , s, all of which have have of which all s, , , ), Clethrionomys voles, ( weasel Siberian voles, Clethrionomys ), 000 700 , 000 Lemmus amurensis 000 ha). There is a description of this zakaznik of this adescription is There ha). ( 320 ha). Created in in Created ha). ]) are found in the marine part of the of the part marine the in found are ]) ha). Created in in Created ha). Delphinapterus leucas Russian ha). Established in 1982 in Established ha). ha; initially 400 initially ha; ], and ringed [ ringed and ], ) migrate from the Kava-Chelomdzha Kava-Chelomdzha the from ) migrate until 2003 until , 000 ( of mountains and valleys has pro- has valleys and of mountains 45 Phocaenoides dalli . Located far enough from trans- from enough far . Located ha). There is a description of adescription is There ha). , Gulo gulo 000 Sciurus vulgaris , regional authorities extended extended authorities , regional Gavia adamsii ha). Created in in Created ha). zapovednik . The prevailing landscapes landscapes prevailing . The Erignathus barbatus oblast ), muskrat ( muskrat ), ), variable hare ( Ph. hispida 1975 1986 , ). Eurasian lynx ( lynx Eurasian ). Far 000 CA: Tamias sibiricus Tamias zapovednik to protect migratory migratory toprotect had protected status status protected had to protect a variety avariety toprotect -level status. -level ], and gray whale whale gray and ], ha). This ), and ribbon seal . The shorelines shorelines . The ), fl to protect toprotect ) and Bewick’s Bewick’s ) and zakaznik East: ]), Steller’s]), Ondatra ying squirrel Daniel Phocaena Phocaena 1967 Orcinus , includ- Lepus zaka- topro- ], does does ), Felis Mus- A

& Reference colony. There is no administration or staff. colony. no administration is There ( ment fl fl in rich is which valley, River riod in 1993 populations, zakaznik this posed development of a coal fi development of acoal posed pro- the include threats Other region. Kolyma the in lations fi destroyed virtually has Mining grounds. spawning the near hatcheries toconstruct lobbying are Somecompanies rivers. large the in stocks salmon out natural constructed fi newly the is threat Another change. will communities natural in succession the and increase will areas permafrost Barren changed. completely be will vegetation forest the years eighty fi within that predict scientists altered; completely been have construction) under still latter (the hydropower plants Ust-Srednekanskaya and Kolymskaya the near located Chukotka. neighboring zakaznik of the One-third area. the patrols One ranger stone pine. Japanese and forests larch thin including taiga ous mountain- of fragments and wetlands some with lowlands are 1980 in Threats. 67 pp.See 265– marine) and forest, (wetland, Zapovednik 1. Magadansky Biodiversity hotspots Natural monuments. of Topolyovka. village nearby the in living peoples digenous zakaznik the fauna. One ranger is employed is here. One ranger fauna. of fl diversity arich has which basin, Kolyma the is portion productive biologically most The mink. American area. the patrol rangers fl and fauna with ecosystems valley and Mountain of . village of the about Rivers, Khivach and Gizhiga the between zakaznik this years, Daniel. oodplains and mountainous larch taiga. There are no staff. are There taiga. larch mountainous and oodplains 2004 Sugoi Kubaka Omolonsky Burgali zakaznik to protect moose and sable. The prevailing landscapes landscapes prevailing The sable. and moose toprotect 32 . Two rangers patrol the area. In 1995 In area. . Two the patrol rangers The hydrological regimes of the Seimchan section section Seimchan of the regimes hydrological The ( ha) in the Taui Bay is an island with a huge seabird seabird ahuge with Taui island the an in is Bay ha) was reduced by 50 reduced was 152 ( ( 104 . The highlight of the area is the colorful Burgali Burgali colorful the is area of the highlight . The 280 protects sable, river otter ( otter river sable, protects sh farms, which have almost completely wiped wiped completely almost have which farms, sh , 700 ( 466 , for a description of the reserve. of the for adescription 500 159 , ora typical of Magadan defi of Magadan typical ora 000 Guide ha). Created in in Created ha). , 700 ha). Created to increase game animal animal game toincrease Created ha). protects game animals and is located located is and animals game protects Talan Island Federal Natural Monu- Natural Federal Island Talan Magadan Oblast Ⅲ Oblast Magadan ha). Created in in Created ha). ha). This pages was established for a ten-year pe- for aten-year established was , 000 eld on the Burgagylkan River, River, Burgagylkan oneld the ora and fauna, and has large large has and fauna, and ora for ha to give more land toin- more land togive ha zakaznik 1995 1994 Conservation for a ten-year period, period, for aten-year Lutra lutra Lutra for a period of forten aperiod was created in in created was ne the area. Two area. ne the , the size of the of the size , the zapovednik 80 ora and ora and ), and and ), km north north km sh popu- fty to

lies in ’s ’s 267 and

MAGADAN Development. Newell,

MAGADAN mer ecological school are part of this program. of this part are school mer ecological sum- the and eagle sea white-tailed on the Research program. Forests toimplement joint Sister the Alaska in Service Forest zapovednik fl the describing and salmon, toring moni- of mammals, dynamics the researching (Magadan), The fi on research include studies Other of funds. for lack cancelled been have activities program but of the most Chronicle, Nature program of the apart as monitoring ecosystem term scientifi primary The assistant. research one laboratory and researchers three with staffed department zapovednik The studied. not fully are lichens and fungi and landscapes, soils, studied; well is territory the islands along the shores of the bay. This is one of the most one bay. most ofis of the shores the the This along islands nearby on found the are region of the plants rare of the percent Thirty region. tothe or migrate inhabit permanently northeast Russian for the list species endangered and rare the 84 Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ in 268 Forty-fi Magadan. of the biodiversity the a. kondratev wetland) and (marine Taui Bay 2. Recommendations. measures. protection Existing percent between by dropped population bear Magadan the that estimate with Specialists populations. about data biological little very is There lucrative. is pelts, and gallbladders mostly parts, bear in China) and Korea South with (especially trade and industry sport-hunting international The conservation. bear for brown support public little is There continues. sheep snow and bear of brown hunting Illegal Raions. Yamsky and Kava-Chelomdzhinsky in grounds spawning salmon natural nik of zone the protective the within halibut and crab fi Olsky. Illegal and Yamsky in habitats marine ens threat- Poaching fuel. and transport marine lack they sea shore and the because toprotect unable are staff Zapovednik region. Olsky the near developed being is that gold mine zapovednik intothe feeds which sh-eating birds and on marine and terrestrial mammals. mammals. terrestrial and on marine and birds sh-eating J. Continue long-term studies of zapovednik studies long-term Continue of hydroelectric impact the toassess methods Develop mobile communica- and transportation with staff Provide Eliminate poaching throughout the zapovednik percent of all birds, and and birds, of all percent 1982 proposed in research programs. research in proposed changes and ways to deal with them. them. with todeal ways and changes on zapovednik plants power tion equipment. continues unabated. Uncontrolled fi unabated. continues Ⅲ 2004. on practically pristine ecosystems. The zoology of zoology The ecosystems. pristine on practically zapovednik THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE has collaborated with the Chugach National National Chugach the with collaborated has —Taui Bay has an immense role in preserving rolepreserving in immense an has Bay —Taui McKinleyville, 1990 The actively collaborates with the the with collaborates actively The following actions should be taken: be should actions following The and 1996 and Russian 75 The zapovednik The percent of all mammals from from mammals of all percent ecosystems to fi . ’s Chelomdzha River, and a ’s and River, Chelomdzha ora. Since Since ora. c activity is long- is c activity shing threatens the the threatens shing ve percent of all fi of all ve percent Far CA: has a science ascience has ecosystems as was created created was 1994 nd real nd real ibpn shing for shing zapoved- . , the , the East: Daniel

ibpn 20 sh,

A the bay and fi bayand the of inspections conduct patrols marine special and committee conservation monitored. The are dynamics atmosphere and ibpn the and (Okhotskrybvod), of Glavrybvod branch located on the shores of shores Taui on the located Bay, more than and fl are Magadan in settlements bay. largest ow into this The fi ly valuable for commercial- of Okhotsk Sea of the all in areas productive upon the area’s ecological vitality. vitality. area’s the upon ecological depends survival cultural and physical their and Ola, and of Tauisk, Arman, settlements the in primarily shores, these along live peoples Indigenous here. lives population of the Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ includes the following: bay. the toprotect This program conservation disciplinary of of division Magadan by the studied well fairly been has tential po- resource marine The Taui in sporadic. are Bay efforts planned. is reserves ment of these develop- future because mentioned, be also bayshould of the fi gas and Oil harmful. become have waters the that proper, polluted so is environment the City Magadan within are which Bays, Gertnera and Nagaeva In bay’s on the impact ecosystems. an had have resources biological of the exploitation heavy and routes, transport Existing protection measures. protection Existing Threats. Recommendations. & Reference Establish an ecological safety and biodiversity preserva- biodiversity and safety ecological an Establish high with areas and areas, mining Monitor bays, polluted well as points observation of stationary anetwork Develop programs. monitoring implement and ecological Develop corridors, migratory and zones disturbance-free Create region. for each plans restoration Make develop and use land of traditional regions Determine zones. disaster ecological map and Identify and rare and species game abundant with habitats Map and diversity region’s the biological overall Estimate tinro decrease industrial anddomestic industrial pollution.decrease to and shorelines and bays in danger ecological the reduce to aplan todevelop it possible make will information This bottoms. and bayshores of of the pollution types and levels of the maps and populations, animal and plant of health of the assessment an areas, polluted and sources identifi the include should program this Bay; Nagaeva especially bays, Magadan’s in program tion rivers). of spawning mouths (e.g., productivity biological routes. observation water and land as fi and hunting regulate strictly and economy. and culture indigenous the torestore measures species. protected potential. resource Daniel. The relatively high population density, intensive population high relatively The (Mag sh, mollusks, and crabs. Many spawning rivers rivers spawning Many crabs. and mollusks, sh, ght marine pollution. inro The fi The 466 ), the administration of the Magadan Magadan of the administration the ), Guide rst priority is to develop amulti- todevelop is priority rst pages Environmental conservation elds under the shallow waters waters shallow the under elds for shing. Conservation cation of pollution of pollution cation 50 percent percent . Water and Development. Newell, J. Ⅲ Ⅲ and is a tributary of Khasyn River. of Khasyn atributary is and mine Karamken the near is Tumanny which the River, along groundwater and water of surface testing to summertime limited is monitoring Present removed. was River Khasyn the the early 1990 in suspended was research of funds, For lack studied. poorly been have activity of industrial limits upper the and basin the from active was gold mine Karamken the basin, of the part upper the In established. well are breeding and cattle agriculture conditions, climatic favorable the In facilities. oil-storage large several and petroleum, carry that pipelines two airport, aregional also is There place. taken have hunting and logging and mined, been fi ash volcanic and highway. Coal and arailroad is wherethere basin of the part upper and middle the in occurs resources make this a productive area for commercial fi for commercial area a productive this make resources marine other and crab, salmon, of herring, populations huge of Okhotsk; Sea of the parts diverse and productive cally a. kondratev marine) and (wetland Bay Gizhiga 4. Recommendations. measures. protection Existing Threats. development of Magadan. industrial the in began territory on the impact Anthropogenic territory. this inhabit also species Valuable animal salmon. for Pacifi grounds spawning are basin Khasyn the in Rivers Pacifi Asian of the part northeastern the in no parallel with community economic and natural aunique represents and m. zamosch (wetland) basin River Khasyn 3. Ⅲ lages in the basin, only two have proper sewage facilities. facilities. proper sewage have two only basin, the in lages vil- and towns seven the Of reserves. coal todevelop plans refi metal of aprecious construction the With cesspools. in stored remains waste Cyanide-laden 2004. Develop a permanent monitoring and environmental environmental and monitoring apermanent Develop ecologi- current of the research multidisciplinary Conduct Determine the carrying capacity of these ecosystems for ecosystems of these capacity carrying the Determine industrial equipment. the retrofi and projects industrial new for all assessments impact environmental include should that program protection development. due toindustrial biodiversity on impacts of the assessment an including situation, cal creation of public parks in Taui in Bay. parks of public creation the includes that plan arecreation develop and tourism Most of the industrial pressure on the ecosystems ecosystems on the pressure industrial of Most the McKinleyville, The tting or dismantling of ecologically destructive destructive of ecologically or dismantling tting —Khasyn River basin occupies 3000 occupies basin River —Khasyn s, and the hydrological observation station on station observation hydrological the and s, —Gizhiga Bay is onebiologi- most is of Bay the —Gizhiga The following actions should be taken: be should actions following The Russian The present ecological health of health ecological present The nery complete, there are are there complete, nery Far CA: East: Daniel 1978 1930 elds have sq. km sq. km to1995 s with s with shing. shing. A c. c . & Reference keet auklet, and black guillemot. In this bird colony, bird are this In there guillemot. black and auklet, keet puffi tufted kittiwake, black-legged gull, slaty-backed cormorant, pelagic including Island, on Umara nest species bird Nine falcons. peregrine and preys, os- for Steller’s eagles, sea grounds nesting and otters river groves. In addition to the brown bear, the the bear, brown tothe addition In groves. fi one can valleys River Yama and Zakaznik Odyan in Only fi fi are rivers stone The pine. Japanese with covered hills sloping and ows mead- grassy tall, are landscapes prevailing The bear. brown of densities higher have Alaska southwestern and Kamchatka Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ to the lack of funding. of funding. lack to the due reality in more than on paper exists territory tected pro- shore, but this bay’s on the lies northeastern Zakaznik Taigonos shores. nearby its bayand the toprotect place in here. located are settlements Orochi and Traditional Magadan. in communities for indigenous region important most the is Bay Gizhiga peoples; indigenous of local needs the with fi Commercial waters. Recommendations. measures. protection Existing Threats. the refuge ( refuge the of boundaries the within live one hundred More than in dissolved but be in may bear, created was Zakaznik Odyan birds. stop for migrating resting important an is Valley Kavinsky fl diverse boasts Odyan system. area protected These zoological zakaznik wetland) and (forest Zakazniks Valley Kavinsky and Odyan 5. Daniel. sh resources are the keys to sustaining the bear population. population. bear the tosustaining keys the are resources sh nd unique, species-rich tall-grass meadows and stone birch stone birch and meadows tall-grass species-rich nd unique, Take measures to protect the fl the toprotect Take measures will that program land-use sensitive ecologically Adopt an breed- of economy forms (reindeer traditional Rejuvenate falcon, and gyrfalcon ( gyrfalcon and falcon, peregrine Steller’s eagle, sea also are There Zakaznik. nos Taigo- in marmot, Kamchatka and snowinclude sheep unique marine bird colonies, whale populations, and so on). so and populations, whale colonies, bird marine unique springs, Tavatum of the mineral ecosystems the (including Bay of Gizhiga biodiversity of the for preservation allow peoples. native of the rights the limiting commercial fi refl should program use land any ties; ing, hunting, and fi n, horned puffi horned n, A coal mine on the bay shore pollutes nearby nearby bayshore onpollutes the mine Acoal lled with salmon. This landscape mix and rich rich and mix landscape This salmon. with lled 2 . 5 individuals per 10 per individuals 466 Guide The following actions should be taken: be should actions following The n, common and thick-billed murre, para- murre, thick-billed and n, common Magadan Oblast Ⅲ Oblast Magadan shing and hunting often confl often hunting and shing shing) for the indigenous communi- indigenous for the shing) pages shing and hunting, but by ensuring but by ensuring hunting, and shing Falco rusticolus Falco s are the linchpins of Magadan’s of Magadan’s linchpins the s are No specifi No 2003 for sq. km). Only southeastern southeastern Only sq.km). ora and fauna, which which fauna, and ora if it is not legally renewed. renewed. it not is legally if 1993 Conservation c measures are now are c measures to protect brown brown toprotect ect this, not by this, ect ) nests in the area. area. the in ) nests zakaznik ora and fauna; ora fauna; and protects ict ict

269 and

MAGADAN Development. Newell,

MAGADAN rangers regularly patrol the area. the patrol regularly rangers Two lowland. Valley Kavinsky on the herd lives reindeer taiga Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ impact assessment or consultation with indigenous peoples, peoples, indigenous with or consultation assessment impact environmental done any without been has which mining, Overfi economic results. and cultural, psychological, disastrous with torelocate forced been therefore have peoples Some indigenous not restored. be gists, toecolo- development. According industrial designed poorly of aresult as degraded been has but land much ofbasin, their one ranger patrols Odyan. patrols one ranger Only Ola. and of Magadan cities the from by boat accessible is area the as spring, the in hunting bear unregulated also is There enterprise. Goldtrap by the Odyan in prospecting gold is threat apotential and however, allowed, is hunting, Fur exploitation. resource large-scale from spared been date 270 Threats. Ⅲ species: game following the has basin River Ola the Service, Hunting Magadan tothe According salmon. coho and chum, by pink, frequented grounds salmon natural protect that forests larch rich has City, basin Ola the of Magadan east Just (forest) basin River Ola 6. Recommendations. Threats. zakaznik of center the the in located all Lakes, anka Bezymy- and Chukcha, Lesser Chukcha, the in rest birds ing Migrat- Steller’s eagle. and sea white-tailed and , frons ( swan whooper of the grounds nesting It protects Range. Chutkavarsky of the cliffs coastal and cirques, mountainous redkolesie larch with wetlands are landscapes prevailing The of Okhotsk. Sea of the shores the along living species mal mam- threatened most marmot—the Kamchatka and bear, snow brown sheep, contains which Range, Chutkavarsky the 1961 in 1993 created in was newed Zakaznik Valley Kavinsky bay. but shallow, rich of this health of the indicator natural a as colony The serves birds. thousand fourteen estimated an Ⅲ J. Cygnus cygnus Sable, Brown Brown bear, Snow sheep, River otter, Upgrade Upgrade the Conduct monitoring and scientifi and monitoring Conduct harvesting. resource illegal and poaching Control Moose, Moose, , Ⅲ ), and bean goose ( goose bean and ), 2004. 60 Indigenous peoples still hunt and fi hunt and still peoples Indigenous to have Zakazniks Valley Kavinsky and Odyan The percent of the pastures in the Khasynsky region can- region Khasynsky the in pastures of the percent shing has depleted salmon runs, and industrial industrial and runs, salmon depleted has shing THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE 800 100 – until 2003 ), greater white-fronted goose ( goose white-fronted greater ), – McKinleyville, 20 100 40 40 zakaznik 120 The – individuals. – individuals. The following actions should be taken: be should actions following The 30 individuals. 50 individuals. individuals. 4 A. fabalis , with expanded borders to include toinclude borders expanded with s to federal-level status. s tofederal-level 000 Russian – 5 , 000 ), as well as the osprey, the as well as ), c research of the region. of the c research individuals. sh in the Ola Ola the in sh Far CA: Anser albi- Anser and re- and East: . A small . Asmall Daniel , A coast of the Okhotsk via the village of Ola. In In of Ola. village the via Okhotsk of the coast tothe of Kolyma areas central route the from awinding only Until construction. road and forestry, gold processing, in labor for intensive used were primarily ( of existence its course the during Magadan weresent to prisoners million two More than archipelago.” “gulag infamous of the section Eastern of Stalin’s Far tion organiza- commercial the was which for Dalstroi, operations of base the was Magadan Magadan. site ofthe present-day Bay, on Nogaev labor prison with operations began 1932 in Dalstroi earnest in development began Industrial combine”). “enrichment mining by wereexploited several that resources main werethe coal extent, toalesser silver, Gold, forefront. atits and, industry in form totake began region of the structure industrial contemporary The organization. industry fi to the Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ cally absent. Economy Recommendations. measures. protection Existing ground. asalmon-spawning River, Lankovaya on the located is which gold mine, Julietta new the is practice ligent neg- of this One example basin. of the portions destroyed has at the end of the 1920 end of the at the oblast upthe now making area of the population revolution, the than oftion fewer were fi there development, industrial of active inception the Until Mikhail Krechmar ), and to a much lesser extent, sea hunting. sea extent, toamuch lesser and trade), fur the and (for subsistence hunting herding, reindeer of rivers, fi in mostly occupied and & Reference Enforce nature protection measures in the basin. the in measures protection nature Enforce of all reviews ecological multidisciplinary Conduct all represent will that committee ecological Form an Reduce fi industrial development projects. industrial interested parties. area. the in living people indigenous of the needs to favorthe The beginnings of modern resource development occurred development occurred resource of modern beginnings The 11 Daniel. and parts of adjoining territories was between between was territories of adjoining parts and ve main settlements in the area, with a total popula- atotal with area, the in settlements ve main , 000 rst expeditions of Soyuzzoloto, the national gold national the of Soyuzzoloto, expeditions rst kombinati 1931 people, consisting mainly of indigenous people people of indigenous mainly consisting people, shing in the Ola basin and reorient the industry industry the reorient and basin Ola the in shing there were no roads in Magadan. There was was There Magadan. in wereno roads there (Gornoobogatitelny kombinat— (Gornoobogatitelny 4 The following actions should be taken: taken: be should actions following The 466 , shing in the estuaries and lower reaches lower reaches and estuaries the in shing 000 s and early early s and Guide people. At the time of the Soviet Soviet of the time the At people. pages Current measures are practi- are measures Current 1930 for 1935 s, and were related wererelated and s, , with the mining mining the , with Conservation 1932 1938, – 1957 when prison la- prison gok 8 , 000 ) and ) and :

and Development. Newell, J. 1970 by the harvested werequickly forests small These basins. River Chelomdzha Yana and the in forests on the ic pressure of anthropogen- increase tothe led atVerkhne-Yansk workers of forestry village of the subsequent growth and Leskhoz of system ern industrial In to exist. ceased subsequently and no longer maintained was network of this part alarge of Dalstroi, closure the With region. the of degradation environmental the increasing thereby River, Kolyma of the basin upper entire the almost encompassing World roads built During labor Warprisoners. prison II, lagpunkts lagpunkts camps, of prison by aconcentration united mines, primitive of on anetwork based was gold industry the Initially, establishment of Magadan as a city) to acity) as of Magadan establishment 1939 from wereestablished towns and Cities signifi creased de- has population reindeer overall of the size the reasons, For several hands. intoprivate returned have herds reindeer of Today numbers herds. by reindeer large crisscrossed was region, mining Upper the Kolyma including Magadan, the solidifi and developed 1930 the in beginning tion reorganiza- and collectivization toSoviet subjected it was before for along time locally existed had husbandry reindeer to reduce dependency Domestic on imported foodstuffs. weredeveloped Raion, Srednekansky in region Seimchan the in cabbage) and potatoes (primarily agriculture as well as south, the in region Ola-Taui The agricultural production. Since the ceased. also have activities These regions. Korkodon and Balygychan the in and area Sredneakansky wereinsignifi There ed. wereliquidat- Village Verkhne-Yansk the and Leskhoz Yansk In Krai. Khabarovsk of northern forests on the fi and thirty between is which growth, asecond with covered are areas and within 4 of 40 aradius within forests larch the all road, Kolyma the and of Magadan city of the of construction fi the In value. commercial any tohave enough were large tracts forest Few chaotically. proceeded Logging in 1991 Magadan in completed was highway main The Kolyma. central bor with har- Nagaev tolink highway agraveled tobuild used bor was borders, period in grew this from 50 current its within of Magadan, population permanent The cities). as weredesignated Yagodnoe and of Susuman lages other regions in the . Much of this population does does population Much of this country. the in regions other of this growth ( 2004. 1958 s and 1980 s and 1968 , when it was connected with the highway. Aldan the with connected , whenit was in the upper Kolyma watershed, housing housing watershed, Kolyma upper the in 1944 In “camp-points”). (lit. McKinleyville, the mines were consolidated into amore mod- wereconsolidated mines the fty years old. The creation in in creation old. The years fty The or 5 or 1930 cantly. s. In its last years, the Yansk Leskhoz survived survived Leskhoz Yansk the years, last its In s. 56 km from the road were cut. Today, werecut. road the from km these ; since then several have become bankrupt. become have several then ; since s there have been attempts at agricultural atagricultural attempts been have s there percent) was from immigration from from immigration from was percent) Russian ed in the mid- the in ed cant attempts to harvest forests in the the in forests toharvest attempts cant gok s. The sovkhoz The s. s. There were seven gok wereseven There s. , 1940 000 Far , there were 312 , there 1974 CA: km from the city city the from km collective system to250 s. A large part of part Alarge s. 1963 (when the vil- (when the of the Yansk Yansk of the East: (with the the (with 1996 , Daniel 000 650 rst years rst years , the , the . Most . Most s in s in

, 000 A

& Reference Raions. This is a region of traditional natural resource use use resource natural of traditional aregion is This Raions. Khasynsky and of Srednekansky portions southeast and Raion, of Olsky part eastern the Raion, all includes of Severo-Evensky which region, northeast the is area third The lands. agricultural contain Raion of Srednekansky parts western The facilities. has region This Raions. Khasynsky and Srednekansky, of Omsukchansky, parts and Raions, Tenkinsky and Yagodninsky, Susumansky, the includes and region mining Kolyma upper the is area second The oblast the in center processing fi equipment. Today mining largest it and the is for boats facilities repair tohave it used and terminal, port and center transport the is Magadan carrots. and cabbages, potatoes, principally Taui and Rivers, Arman, Ola, of the valleys the here in possible are of agriculture forms Limited Raions. sky Khasyn- and of Olsky parts and of Magadan city ofzone the green the includes and area Ola-Taui industrial/agricultural fi The areas. intothree divided be development can Source: ouaingot o aaa iy 1939–1997 City, Magadan for growth Population 7.3 Figure Industrial development. Industrial tween be- population in by emigration, mainly decrease, The in the oblast the in Figure Raion. Olsky adjacent the in and of Magadan cities the in concentrated was population of the majority The some point. at toleave plans home its tobe and Magadan not consider Daniel. 120,000 150,000 30,000 60,000 90,000 0 1986 7 Krechmar, . 3 shows population growth for the capital. for the growth population shows 9915 901986 1970 1959 1939 and 1997 , and is probably a long-term tendency. probably along-term is , and 466 2000. Guide Magadan Oblast Ⅲ Oblast Magadan is related to the overall economic decline decline economic overall tothe related is Overall, Magadan and its industrial industrial its and Magadan Overall, pages . for 80 Conservation percent of Magadan’s of Magadan’s percent rst is the the is rst 1997

sh- 271 and

MAGADAN Development. Newell,

MAGADAN view Magadan as a place for permanent residence. residence. for permanent aplace as Magadan view not does population current of the part alarge that fact the by more likely made is This people. thousand eighty be will in population not, the will they that tobelieve no reason estimated at 75 is reindeer of domestic reduction The but liquidated. all fi and mining for the facilities nance 1986 since people thousand thirty by declined has population The opportunities. of economic loss and of living cost high tothe attributed be largely can awhole. Signifi as Russia in between average 272 settlements. Valley Kolyma most near seen be still can camps labor Stalin-era Abandoned and coal, for dent on imports The of supplies. imports itself on regular depends Magadan and development of industry further The administration control. tovillage of lands transfer the and boundaries settlement in of changes aresult was increase The settlements. of many 1992 is territories of populated area total The icebreakers. heavy without impossible is entry that winter, over in so completelyfreezes port, only its Evensk, bayat The Magadan. in routes toother by road connected not is area The project. site Kubaka of the the become has and companies gold mining of of foreign attention object the become it has times recent In herding. reindeer and ing, fi populations: immigrant and native for both J. Ⅲ to1997 2004. THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE 100 this area grew by 7 grew area this percent of its oil and gas. Foodstuffs cost on cost Foodstuffs gas. and of oil its percent percent. If these trends continue, and there is is there and continue, trends these If percent. McKinleyville, 30 The and 70 and 95 percent of its food, of food, its percent Russian percent more in Magadan than than Magadan more percent in cant emigration to central Russia Russia tocentral emigration cant , 800 . The service and mainte- and service . The shing sectors have been been have sectors shing ha, despite the closure closure despite the ha, 87 Far 62 CA: percent of its percent oblast shing, hunt- shing, , 700 is depen- ha. From ha. East: Daniel 2015

A thousand people were offi

percent). only only nominally 1998 since increase atwofold represents This wage. subsistence minimum the than less earns oblast of the population of the one-half that back pay( back owe fi organizations and enterprises pay 14 (averaging Environmental impact. average monthly incomes increased by only by only increased incomes monthly average There are 74 Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ by: caused being is areas lated 51 percent of the total for Magadan). total ofpercent the Almost half ( is done very slowly, without proper seasonal timing, and and timing, slowly, doneis very proper seasonal without Restoration rehabilitation. awaiting or are recultivated been & Reference The air-particulate pollution between and October October and March between pollution air-particulate The landfi and dumps of waste condition inadequate The not equipped are that plants of heating number Excessive million rubles in back wages as of January 1, 2000 of January as wages back in rubles million Nezavisimaya gazeta-regiony Nezavisimaya that is caused by dust from dirt roads. dirt from by dust caused is that sewage. and waste municipal solid containing fi dust and gas with Daniel. 1 , 695 11 During 1999 During rubles per month. In November 1999 In month. per rubles 15 3 , , 700 , 006 42 611 . 7 ha of degraded lands, of which of which lands, of degraded ha people), and the government sector owes owes sector government the and people), rubles, but in real terms, the average was was average the terms, but real in rubles, percent) of the workforce was owed back back owed was workforce of percent) the , 100 . In 1999. In 466 rubles each) in 1999 in each) rubles Environmental degradation of popu- degradation Environmental ltering ltering devices. Guide , prices increased by 37 increased , prices cially registered unemployedcially as ( the average monthly salary was was salary monthly average the pages (January 25, 2000 13 ve or more months of of months more or ve for . One-third of all of all . One-third Conservation 2 . 7 .2 percent. percent while while percent , eighteen , eighteen 16 ) reported ) reported , 128 ( 89 have lls 12

3 . 9

and Development. Newell, J. (see fi 1940 in year) users in the the in users of the Today, one-third about methods. panning using primarily dredged, extensively profi total gravel,permafrost which consumes up to of melting cost high of the because primarily Magadan in not muchused was method but the by dredging, worked were deposits end of World the At War some alluvial II, to rising World during region War Upper II, Kolyma the in peaked Gold extraction formed. was agency Severovostokzoloto the reconfi was department sovnarkhoz called tobe began then ects kgb the as restructured was 1957 in closed was Dalstroi the then and gpu of control the the under was on November of Dalstroi establishment the fi people. by used being no are longer that sites other and farms, collective of villages, closure of the aresult decreasing, than rather ing increas- are debris with covered areas and lands of polluted area production, the industrial in drop Despite the Magadan. in and basin Kolyma the in pollution of air source main the is vegetation, kills which dust, road This by automobiles. up kicked dust nor road is index, pollution air into the lated not tabu- are plants gold extraction with associated reservoirs waste liquid and heaps slag from emissions Gas pollution. of sources main the are boilerhouses heating centralized and about is pollution air Annual of Okhotsk. Sea the into untreated, discharged, is waste urban of Magadan’s all Almost polluted. are River) Balakhapchan (including sources water drinking Many outdated. is facility water-treatment every Nearly streams. and intorivers discharged is waste this of percent Ninety cities. and towns from and industries other 40 about and gold mining, from the expedition led by Yuri Bilibin in 1928 in by Yuri led Bilibin expedition the with River Kolyma upper on the for gold began exploration Active highways. its and development of Magadan the behind force basic the was industry silver gold and The Mining Over collapse. and bankruptcy in results ally occasion- solvency, and which stability economic enterprises’ of the vagaries tothe subject work is Restoration recovery). facilitate could that cover shrub with (sites out recultivation 4 In levels. at inadequate rst deposits, named Utinoe, on the Srednekan River, led to led River, Srednekan on the Utinoe, named deposits, rst 2004. , 421 g. ha were returned to the state by local enterprises with- enterprises by local state tothe werereturned ha 7 75 80 . t from the deposit. Smaller placer deposits were deposits placer Smaller deposit. the t from 4 McKinleyville, million tons of liquid waste is generated annually annually generated is waste of tons liquid million ). tons (the largest quantity ever mined in a single asingle in mined ever quantity largest (the tons oblast The . The decline became precipitous in the 1990 precipitous the in became decline . The are gold prospecting cooperatives. Since Since cooperatives. gold prospecting are (the predecessor of the of the predecessor (the Russian gured into the Susuman Susuman intothe gured 1997 at the same time that the nkvd the that time same atthe . The territory’s gold mining proj- territory’s gold mining . The , 697 million tons of waste from from of tons waste million (State Political Service) Service) Political (State ha were recultivated, and and wererecultivated, ha 122 268 , 000 registered mineral mineral registered Far es. In 1967 CA: tons. Air transport transport Air tons. . Discovery of the of the . Discovery 30 kgb 11, 1931 percent of the of the percent East: ) of the ussr ) of the Daniel gok the mining mining the . Dalstroi . Dalstroi , and , and s A

. & Reference kg, Expeditsionnaya, 320 1 respectively, produced, Berelyokh and Susuman and Yagodnoe gok fi Kubaka the operates and owns Company, which Omolon Mining the Gold cern, gold con- largest by Magadan’s provided is production 17 and mining produced gold in 2000 Magadan in companies Mining pp. ore deposit (see Kubaka the is enterprises fi 1997 odetato rmteUprKlm,1934–1998 Kolyma, Upper the from extraction Gold 7.4 Figure Environmental impact. only 1999 in held steady production metal nonferrous Krivbass produced 510 Zhurnal, Gorny Source: tons Metric due to mining grows by grows due tomining destroyed of land area the year, Every gold mining. during 250 year Every ecosystems. of these destruction tothe leads mining gold in used presently grow. technology forests The valuable remaining of Magadan’s wheremost valleys, river rich the the land available for agriculture by for agriculture available land the increase could Magadan mines, exhausted from land ing in the Kolyma River basin exceed exceed basin River Kolyma the in mines Exhausted reclaimed. is land disturbed of the percent Daniel. nanced with foreign capital and the most signifi most the and capital foreign with nanced . 6 tons of gold. Among the the of Among tons gold. 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 more than half of the annual gold production has been been has gold production annual of the half more than 3 percent from 1998 from percent million cu. m of sediment are produced, most of it most produced, are mof sediment cu. million 1934 . Of this total, about about total, this . Of tons from ore deposits. Almost half of total of total half Almost ore deposits. from tons 466 9014 931944 1943 1942 1940 Guide s are the biggest placer gold producers. gold producers. placer biggest the s are 2000. Magadan Oblast Ⅲ Oblast Magadan Gold deposits are often found in in found often are Gold deposits kg, Kurchatov, kg, pages 2 levels. kg, and Vympel, 300 and kg, , eld. The Susuman, Berelyokh, Berelyokh, Susuman, The eld. 000 artels to4 for 15 , or brigades of prospectors, prospectors, of brigades or , 12 12 , 000 50 tons come from placer placer from come tons , 600 Conservation percent. In the far far the In percent. 360 ha. Less than six six than Less ha. ha. By reclaim- ha. 9519 971998 1997 1996 1995 kg, Maiskaya, 345 Maiskaya, kg, 7 80 – 278 30 kg. tons of tons , dropping dropping , 1 cant of these of these cant . 7 14 tons and and tons Overall, ).

273

and

MAGADAN Development. Newell,

MAGADAN centers of Lankov, Taigonos, and Omolon. Taigonos, of Lankov, and centers of 360 reserves estimated pit has open Tas-Yuryakh the region, this In reserves. in tons million to make plans to mine deposits that are very close to the tothe close very are that deposits tomine plans to make Srednekansky) and Severo-Evensky, (Olsky, raion led has administrations sector energy regional of the weakness The substances. a with “G” “D” categories, of and the is deposits these in fi of 850 reserves estimated with shafts, mine two also are There reserves. total deposits which coal Arkagala, Lower At miners have extracted over 18 which provides 80 region, industrial central of the middle the in lies deposits), Verkhny (Upper) and Arkagala (Lower) (Nizhny deposits fi coal separate of two Arkagalin consisting eld, The deposits. 274 Naturally activity. mining increased and neglect through degradation toenvironmental contributed actually have tion the of decline The it effectively. touse capacity plants’ the and nitrogen toretain soil’s capacity the exceeding far amounts in wereused for potatoes fertilizers nitric past, the In tive. unproduc- is land cultivated Much of the rivers. and soils the damaged has fertilizers of chemical cover,tion overuse and vegeta- and soil destroyed development has Agricultural ed. or irrigat- drained, ploughed, been already have valleys river Over polluters. river greatest the are pesticides and fertilizers agricultural gold mining, After Agriculture Coal. communities. of water structure biological the change completely could this to sulfate; content turning is carbonate water’sThe natural agriculture. degree, toalesser and, by gold mining caused been have basin River Kolyma the in changes geochemical classifi be should valley— River Omchak the in plant Matrosova e.g., the plants, gold-extraction the concentrated—around is water waste- wherethis places The annually. waste toxic of liquid with todeal has problem. Magadan particular a poses plants Toxic gold extraction from waste liquid program. recultivation land acomprehensive todevelop Institute Hydrological Eastern ibpn the of Agriculture, Institute Zonal by the undertaken being currently is research 28 about only are There pasture. for reindeer recultivated be can land north, percent sulfur content, and content, and sulfur percent content, 9 moisture percent gures are are gures J. sovkhoz Ⅲ Magadan contains nine thoroughly explored coal coal explored thoroughly nine contains Magadan 2004. 42 million are accessible and and accessible are million THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE 325 (state farm) system and the declining popula- declining the and system farm) (state , million tons, with 30 with tons, million , 000 McKinleyville, 000 ed as ecological problem zones. Massive Massive problem zones. ecological as ed The percent of the oblast of the percent ha of land suitable for agriculture. Joint for agriculture. suitable of ha land tons. At Upper Arkagala, comparable comparable Upper At Arkagala, tons. , and the Magadan branch of the Far Far of the branch Magadan the , and Russian 33 – million tons of coal. of tons coal. million 15 – percent ash content, ash percent 41 , 40 000 percent yield of volatile of volatile yield percent percent of Magadan’s of Magadan’s percent million accessible and and accessible million 86 tons. The coal found found coal The tons. million are estimated estimated are million ’s coal. Over the years, years, the ’s Over coal. 222 Far CA: million tons, of tons, million 75 million tons tons million East: 0 Daniel . 3 – raion 0 20 . 20 4

A timber density of between of between density timber a with on hills, and valleys in sites on waterlogged forests an area of 7 on species—larch—grows main The nonexistent. almost are zapovednik 24 comprise of Magadan lands forested The Timber by decreased 1992 since that, showed agriculture January In in. set erosion processes and increases, acidity soil waterlogged, become lands agricultural measures, productivity and conservation soil special Without low. fl is Annually, lands occupiedagricultural 22 of January As husbandry. animal and herding, of reindeer farming, consists Magadan in Agriculture fl or for gold mining used been has land agricultural productive with a timber density of density larch, atimber with of low-productivity consist tracts forested Most 1970 redkolesie larch in covered rivers, of mountain valleys smaller and Hollows pasture. summer as used are plateaus and valleys, coastal open Kolyma, of the watershed upper The pasture. categorized as follows: Group I: Group I: follows: as categorized table (see area total of the one-third about ( above is capacity carrying its Agriculture, of Institute Zonal atthe specialists tothe According area. this Japanese stone pine occupies second place, 7 place, second occupies pine stone Japanese 280 is reserve timber equivalent to of close consists watershed The Bays. Taui the Penzhina and between hotsk, of Ok- Sea of the coast northern of the watershed upper and the occupy River Kolyma the pastures Kolyma-Okhotsk . and Evens, Orochi, Magadan: inhabiting peoples indigenous main three by the practiced use resource of natural forms one traditional is of the herding Reindeer hoz ( organizations agricultural large with associated is lands pastures by 4 pastures of of area an had lands Cultivated region. Kolyma regions central and coastal Okhotsk the in found are croplands Open ( feed crops, feed 500 onion), and cabbage (primarily vegetables ha, between between between between 400 there were 10 & 41. Reference 10 10 . ooded to create reservoirs. 57 es, stock companies, and partnerships). 77 , s and 1980 s and 000 Daniel. , 000 percent of total forest). Shrub birch covers covers birch Shrub forest). of total percent percent), and other species 468 species other and percent), poultry. 80 200 provide good pasture for the rest of the year. In the the In year. of the rest for the pasture provide good ha in the mid- the in ha lands); Group II: 92 Group II: lands); , 8 and 120 and 666 , and 260 and , 000 24 , 000 132 s, up to 140, , , 600 100 , ha. The average harvest of potatoes was was of potatoes harvest average The ha. 100 oods coveroods up to 15 head of livestock, 8 livestock, of head 46 466 metric centners/ha, and of vegetables, of vegetables, and centners/ha, metric ha, ploughed fi ploughed ha, ha ( ha. The greatest proportion of unused of unused proportion greatest The ha. million ha, of which 43 of which ha, million centners/ha. During this same period, period, same this During centners/ha. Guide 45 1970 44 cu. m per ha, and sphagnum larch larch sphagnum and ha, mper cu. 20 000 . pages 91 and 70 and s. Potatoes took up took Potatoes s. , percent of forested lands). The The lands). of forested percent 879 million cubic meters. Dwarf Dwarf meters. cubic million head of reindeer grazed in in grazed of reindeer head . 7 86 . 14 , percent. Group II forests Group forests percent. II , agricultural lands had had lands , agricultural elds by 000 for percent (not including (not percent including cu. m per ha. mper cu. , percent of the fi of the percent , 200 000 ha. Soil productivity productivity Soil ha. 1998 ha ( 200 Conservation swine, and about about and swine, 7 10 . , , an analysis of 1 096 619 ). The area is is area The ). . , , 3 200 2 000 million are are million 1 . 75 , , 1998 , 000 1 1 000 ha, and and ha, , ha, and and ha, , percent). 839 300 head. ha, or ha, elds. ha , ,

300 sovk- ha and Development. Newell, J. regulation. The regional forest service and ibpn and service forest regional The regulation. by not federal protected and (commercial) Group III are Since commercial logging in Magadan began, a total of atotal began, about Magadan in logging commercial Since with plans anyway. went government ahead Korkodon, federal but in the logging protested actively population local The basin). (Kolyma ley val- River Sugoi the in other the and basin Korkodon River lpx major two however, are there present, At dramatically. activities their decreased have ( Lespromkhoz (Central region the in ventures logging main The year. mper cu. In reclassifi forests some important get capercallie ( black and ptarmigan, ermine, for moose, grounds wintering fi ice vast become areas fl causes and rivers clogs This hillsides. the from toslip of soil layers entire causing melts, permafrost the logging clear-cut mer following sum- the in Often grounds. salmon-spawning destroyed and riverbeds, erosion, divided soil serious caused has regions, ern north- the in particularly valleys, river along logging Heavy fi the since Total and 3 about was volume of cutting largest The produced. been have Since Over Source: Aquatic Unproductive Unforested areas logging Burns, Open Closed Forested type Forest Leskhoz 7.1Table ting during the Dalstroi period in the more developed areas areas more developed the in period Dalstroi the during ting cut- intensive of the result The grade. m werecommercial 2004. . 5 Total 5,191 million cu. m annually. In the 1970 the In mannually. cu. million 500 1999. Service, Forest Magadan 1975 60 , es (Forest Service Divisions) Divisions) Service (Forest es 000 75 million cu. m of commercial-grade timber and logs logs and timber mof commercial-grade cu. million rst major settlements were built in the early 1930 early the in werebuilt settlements major rst , annual timber production was was production timber , annual McKinleyville, percent of the region’s forests have been logged region’s of logged the percent been have forests Tetrao parvirostris ooding in river basins. In winter, these fl winter, In these basins. river in ooding The cu. m were cut annually, of which 200 of which annually, mwerecut cu. , the amount has dropped to about toabout dropped has amount , the Russian elds, the destroying most important lpx ), Magadan lpx Magadan ), ). Almost all of Magadan forests forests of Magadan all Almost ). aaasy rtknk Brlksy emhnk Svr-vnk Total Severo-Evensky Seimchansky Berelekhsky Orotukansky Magadansky 00h) 00h) 00h) 00h) 00h) (000 ha) (000 ha) (000 ha) (000 ha) (000 ha) (000 ha) ,8 215 ,7 537 ,9 14,726 1,796 5,377 1,974 2,195 3,384 ,9 232 ,0 510 ,0 17,629 4,007 5,130 2,009 2,392 4,091 ,7 140 ,8 215 0 6,457 509 2,145 1,088 1,440 1,275 ,3 244 ,4 524 ,4 17,898 4,045 5,244 2,043 2,434 4,132 concessions: one in the one the in concessions: 532 532 ed. 41 Far s between 400 s between CA: 500 , and Agroprom) Agroprom) , and , East: 000 are trying to trying are Daniel 4,420 4,420 785 785 cu. m. cu. 42 300 , ooded 000 , 000 , 000 cu. cu. A

s.

& Reference 3,500 3,500 438 1,675 1,675 438 and marine animals amounted to amounted animals marine and the In economy of Magadan. the in specialization second the became consequently Fishing fi ment the posts, fi govern- and hunting fur isolated from Aside of Okhotsk. fl of rivers mouths the near concentrated Until1931 period. Neolithic on fi relied have of Magadan Inhabitants Fishing the of insignifi area werealso atotal with operations) cant, mining with associated areas in (primarily cutting of timber types 5 not exceed did insignifi was 1995 period the in Logging cant ritories. ter- protected in except complete deforestation was highway) Kolyma the along and industry, areas, inhabited cities, (near Maintenance logging was done on was logging Maintenance The mining industry also destroys massive areas of 77 About forest. areas massive Magadan destroys also industry mining The 1997 in efforts Reforestation lower categories. as weredesignated others of the all category; fi of the all Of ha. clined by one-third in 1999 in by one-third clined de- industry timber The mining. over tolong-term given in Fund) Forest (Federal Goslesfond the 1 Daniel. shing cooperatives at the Ola and the Taui River mouths. mouths. Taui the and River Ola atthe cooperatives shing , 34 34 020 3000 1960 ha were of Group I forests. There were155 There wereof Group ha Iforests. ha; 40 ha; s, this grew to grew this s, 9,197 , 466 000 114 percent of the planned timber harvest. Other Other harvest. timber planned of the percent rst economic ventures in the region were region the in ventures economic rst res, only one was designated in the worst worst the in designated one only was res, Guide cu. m of wood was extracted in this way. this in extracted was m of wood cu. Magadan Oblast Ⅲ Oblast Magadan pages 60 , , 500 000 compared to the previous year. previous tothe compared , 80 covered covered 1950 2,311 ha of state forest have been been have forest of state ha for tons, and to100 and tons, percent of the population was 8 269 38 3,436 6 20 s the catch of fi catch s the , 4 000 Conservation 2 , 508 , owing into the Sea Sea intothe owing 000 shing since the the since shing 1997 tons annually. In In annually. tons ha. ha, of which of which ha, 24,619 , covering 925 , covering , – forest fi forest 000 sh, whales, sh, whales, 2000 in the the in and and

res res in 275

and

MAGADAN Development. Newell,

MAGADAN In and sockeye. chum species— valuable commercially most of the fi salmon driftnet marine of the scale massive of the because either species not fi are quotas although different, somewhat is chum Anadyr the with situation The base. processing inadequate an and season) of the opening of the delays and fi of the is quotas of organization poor salmon result humpback the toattain failure regular The 276 operations. and facilities canning existing its toupgrade wishes also company The cies. for fi charters for fi partners U.S. seeks City. Magadanrybprom Magadan in stores several and ahotel, restaurant, included which ventures, other its expanded also company The management. new and tion privatiza- some improvement following although resulted fi serious experienced company the mid- the In plant. aprocessing and trawlers, three ing Magadanrybprom operates fi thirty 1970 problem in Magadan, as elsewhere in the the in elsewhere as problem Magadan, in fi of the rest the which in poaching, caviar of practice rapacious The brigades. onehave or more illegal Bays Taui the Gizhiga in and run salmon of every portions of offi amount estuarine the times case, any In quotas. cial fi illegal assessments, expert cal tolo- According rearranged. constantly are zones of licensing borders administrative the because boundaries marked clearly offi than 1995 in region Five fi catch. the in adrop was there which after species, of commercial population the in drop Nikkeirei and built at the end of atthe built and Nikkeirei Magadan- joint venture Russian-Japanese by the run Farm, Yamskaya is hatchery newest The harmful. ecologically are technology Japanese outdated using hatcheries salmon ibpn the and inspectorate marine tothe According scientifi and (commercial quotas catch tomanipulate opportunity quota distribution, limits, and areas of catch, as well as the fl the include possible practices abusive make that Factors gold industry. the is as agencies, regulatory numerous of attention continual not the under are Rivers, Arman and The three fi ing company in 1994 in company ing 35 is capacity projected The designs. toJapanese according tors is the leading wholesaler of fresh, frozen, and canned fi canned and frozen, of fresh, wholesaler leading the is Magadanrybprom for export. crab, including products, value fi smaller The quotas. J. million eggs a year. To for ayear. volume of ahuge eggs eggs such get million cially prohibited. Coastal fi Coastal prohibited. cially Ⅲ s. In the late late the In s. 2 2004. 1999 , c) with the help of the Magadan branch of tinro branch Magadan help of the the with c) 000 shing companies were operating in the Magadan Magadan the in wereoperating companies shing THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE , salmon fi , salmon employees, was privatized into astockhold- privatized was employees, shing pollock, salmon, cod, crab, and other spe- other and crab, cod, salmon, pollock, shing shing operations, in particular for bare-boat for bare-boat particular in operations, shing . The largest, Magadanrybprom, with more with Magadanrybprom, largest, . The sh hatcheries in Magadan, on the Taui, on the Ola, Magadan, in hatcheries sh McKinleyville, shery, which is oriented toward the capture capture the toward oriented is shery, which The 1970 shing in the rivers of Taui became of Taui rivers the became in shing and controls most of the region’s of most the controls and fi shing companies primarily catch high- catch primarily companies shing s and early early s and 17

Russian shing territories donot have territories shing shing accounts for up to three for uptothree accounts shing 1994 1980 nancial nancial diffi by American contrac- by American shing vessels, includ- shery (too many crews crews many (too shery s there was a dramatic adramatic was s there rfe a is torot, left is sh Far CA: . lled for this culties, exibility in East: Daniel , 1990 sh. sh . 16 s, A sources, such as wind or tidal electric power generators. generators. power electric or tidal wind as such sources, energy alternative todevelop community international or the government Russian by the inclination little been has there economy.Magadan’s shortfalls, Despite horrendous energy help diversify could harvest product forest nontimber the ing foxberries, currants, blueberries, and cloudberries. Expand- raspberries, especially berries, stone and pine nuts, plants, Japanese medicinal mushrooms, peoplecollect Local completion. prevented its funds of but alack administration, for the aprogram such develop to offered of Sciences Academy Russian of the Branch ern Comprehensive Scientifi 1995 In use. resource natural no offi has Magadan Mikhail Krechmar development Toward sustainable of upto loss the cause will technology outdated factory’s the toexperts, According cially. fi heavily being already is which River, Yama the from taken be will of salmon numbers hatchery, large the lated mostly by Evens and Orochi); Topolyovka, Verkhne- Orochi); by Evens and mostly lated (popu- Raion Olsky in Takhtoyamsk and Yamsk, Gadlya, Tauisk, are These villages. ethnic designated are Magadan in towns Several Raions. Severo-Evensky and Olsky of the ( Evens ( the are populous most The level. federal atthe disputed sometimes is status but their North, people of the indigenous an as people) enous indig- and settlers Cossack of early (descendants Kamchadals recognizes also Magadan Chukchi. and , Koryaks, Orochi, Evens, Magadan: populate peoples Five indigenous Mikhail Krechmar peoples Indigenous from or obtained Committee Fisheries Federal by the set quotas fi use and Magadan of the body industry) shing coordinating (the Magadanrybprom from rent vessels joint ventures These are involved in overfi Joint fi incubation period. & Reference 3 , 000 Daniel. tinro ). Most indigenous people live in the northern part part northern the in live people indigenous Most ). shing ventures registering as scientifi as registering ventures shing or Magadanrybprom. or 466 cially defi cially shing and illegal fi illegal and shing Guide c Research Institute of the Far East- Far of the Institute c Research 6 , 000 50 pages the ibpn the percent of the eggs during the the during eggs of the percent ned programs for sustainable for sustainable programs ned ), followed by the Koryaks Koryaks by followed the ), 18 for

and the Northeast Northeast the and sh exports to Japan. toJapan. exports sh Conservation shed commer- c ventures and Development. Newell, J. task in situations where harm is caused and impact needs to needs impact and caused is harm where situations in task diffi aparticularly face agencies protection Nature enterprise. of the closure the after restoration for used then is sum the and calculated, is cost the occurs, violation environmental an When account. bank aspecial in held then enterprises, from collected on afund based is latter The banking. or bonds mitigation toenvironmental taining per- of laws absence the is law of regional defect main The use. resource and protection of nature realms and the in status relations legal current the outline laws federal Sixteen development appeared. oil have and of mining forms illegal pollution), air and water destruction, forest (poaching, violation of environmental forms traditional to addition In era. post-Soviet of the activities mon illegal com- most of the part are They grown. have law mental of environ- of violations spectrum and Today scale the both Mikhail Krechmar issues Legal people. of indigenous being well cultural and spiritual the to connected are sites these resources, economic important toproviding addition In for centuries. existed have that sites fi traditional with associated are and much fewer are families. Coastal fi their and themselves to feed taking up subsistence activities are people as conditions, ization toprecollectiv- reversion de facto a been has There unknown. are routes exact today apparently and woodlands, tundra throughout spread thinly are communities oblast the in land for industry mining the with competes Today grazing reindeer disappeared. since have subsidies these herding; for reindeer sidies sub- state were employed through people native thousand two least at period, Soviet the During ing. gather- and hunting and herding, fi is Magadan contemporary in peoples native by the use nature Traditional Srednekansky Raion. Raion; and Ust-Balygychan in Severo-Evensky the in dals) Kamcha- and Koryaks, (Evens, Gizhiga and (Koryaks), Paren 2004. McKinleyville, The shing, reindeer . The herding herding . The shing areas areas shing Russian Far CA: nMgdnOblast Magadan in use land Indigenous 7.2 Map East: Daniel osa fishing Coastal ihn n hunting and Fishing herding Reindeer shing shing

cult

aR. va Ka A & Tauisk Reference ! any proposals to increase its size are resisted from the outset. outset. the from resisted are size its toincrease proposals any of this, because and structure, external an as authorities local zapovednik the and istration oblast the between confrontation of continual source the is reason very This agencies. resource-use and protection tocentral reserves over of control these turn will this son that rea- stated for the Zakazniks Valley or Kavinkskaya Odyan tothe status federal-level togive of authorities unwillingness the is example Avisible areas. of control these of local loss the to lead inevitably designations such perspective, From their ones. of existing status the or change areas protected to create (city, raion administrations Local arguments. based of ecologically guise the under control of resources, toassume agencies of attempt various the is law vironmental en- problem with Another on practice. based laws regulatory diffi more made is laws implementation of The environmental signifi the to determining unifi development of the asingle, undermining one another, thus contradict often that documents and laws of amélange produced have involved organs administrative various The clear. and practical, severe, be must damage environmental against sanctions conditions, environmental worsening In years. several after only evident become might effects the forests But in occurs. degradation environmental when only invoked is regulation environmental lands, ing or min- of forest pollution of oil cases In determined. be Daniel. cult by a wealth of declarative laws and an absence of absence an and laws of declarative by awealth cult MAGADAN SAKHA

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! O Balygychan aR. la ! Gadlya Kol ym aR. ! 466 Guide Magadan Oblast Ⅲ Oblast Magadan pages ! Yamsk ! cance or level of impact. or level cance 0100 Takhtoyamsk . The zapovednik . The yNwl n hu/ Zhou and Newell By ¯ for

km S Omo e CHUKOTKA , oblast a lon R. Conservation Evensk o Sources:

f Topolyovka O !

) are wary of plans of plans wary ) are k rcmr 00 SI 2002. ESRI, 2000; Krechmar,

is viewed by viewed is h

o Verkhne-Paren ed approach t ! s ! k Gizhiga K O

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! KIA 277 and

MAGADAN Development. Newell,

MAGADAN 278 border. western the along villages in primarily settling region, Magadan the into moved recently only have Yakuts Okhotskrybvod. physically harassed and beaten. The extent of fi extent The beaten. and harassed physically fi job, on and the drunk often are tors Inspec- homicides. suspicious several in involved been have Inspectors criminals. convicted even and agencies security from off laid been whohave people hired has and practices fi protecting in interest little has feel many which Committee, Fisheries Federal tothe subservient is However, Okhotskrybvod equipment. surveillance night and motorboats, jeeps, with equipped inspectors thirty fi high-quality marine fi of protection the in specializes which Service, Border Federal of the division organized toanewly transferred been has staff Today,organization. however, asignifi fi of control exclusive almost with and, agency nature-protection J. shing quota distribution, an economically infl economically an distribution, quota shing Ⅲ 2004. sheries. Nevertheless, Okhotskrybvod has its own own its has Okhotskrybvod Nevertheless, sheries. THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE sheries. Okhotskrybvod has irregular recruiting recruiting irregular has Okhotskrybvod sheries. sheries control department, with more than more than with department, control sheries McKinleyville, Until recently this was Magadan’s largest largest Magadan’s was this Untilrecently The Russian shermen are routinely routinely are shermen cant number of the of the number cant Far CA: sh poaching uential uential East: Daniel A both the Agricultural Division of the of the Division Agricultural the both and to the Magadan Hunting Service. Many staff members members staff Many Service. Hunting Magadan tothe and Magadan Hunting Service. Hunting Magadan Protection. Environmental on Committee Magadan responsibilities. out their carried inspectors the if impossible be would Magadan the in now occurs that nized in mental agency in the the in agency mental environ- corrupt least the was committee the Nevertheless, (thirty-fi members staff few wereso there broadand so was committee of the law, biology.responsibilities or of even the scope The protection, in environmental in background no specialized had staff of the members Many Okhotskrybvod. from staff some and engineers, on Waterity construction Protection, by offi up primarily & Reference Daniel. ve) that implementing their duties was diffi was duties their implementing that ve) 1988 , but now defunct, the committee was made made was committee the , but now defunct, Dukat and Julietta mines. the in stakes large have and mine, Kubaka region’s the gold producer,trol the biggest con- largely interests Foreign Magadan. in mining silver over control gold and and involvement in their increased steadily have protection are practically nonexistent. practically are protection for but resources or lawyers), specialists hunting (as expertise have agency of this Kubaka project was the fi the project was Kubaka City, the of Magadan northeast km 700 Kubaka. ( Corporation Investment Private Development ( and for Reconstruction Bank European the ( Corporation Finance International the as such institutions international from fi with corporations, ing early the Since Newell Josh King, Alexander Perspective the role investment. ofthe foreign to attention directing region, the in projects weprofi Below projects. Julietta and Kubaka of the effects social and environmental about the concerns raised PacifiCalifornia-based the particular in Environmentalists, cials from the Kolyma Basin Author- Basin Kolyma the from cials 466 oblast Guide Located in Severo-Evensky Raion, Raion, Severo-Evensky in Located The department is accountable to accountable is department The . pages ebrd 1990 for s, multinational min- multinational s, ), and the U.S. Overseas U.S.Overseas the and ), oblast c Environment, have have c Environment, le the major mining mining major le the nancial assistance assistance nancial rst joint venture joint venture rst Conservation administration 19

Orga- opic cult. ifc ), ), and Development. Newell, J. Gold Corporation. Kinross Canadian tothe share sold its then which Inc., Gold, Amax was partner American The deposit. for the license holds the Company fi Omolon Mining Gold Russian-American The Magadan. in gold produced the of all half 2000 in duced ( GoldCompany and Silver from Pacifi the successful; hugely been has ect proj- of the production, terms In Federation. Russian the in license deposit amineral agiven to be proval at local and federal levels. federal and atlocal proval fi international tosecure were used Pacifi designs, original these tion; pollu- topreventing critical structures other and dam tailings of the design original the of altering project operators Kubaka April in areport released person, in mine the mine’s seeing the and operators with consulting after Pacifi mine. for designed apoorly insurance opic ( Plus ( metal AO Geo- are partners Russian trols

the Severo-Evensky deposit. Severo-Evensky the afurther has mine gold Kubaka ore. The the toextract used are pressure water and Cyanide year. each and mining by open-pit at21 of silver of grade average of gold reserves estimated Kubaka, at facility mining the for constructing foundations economic which in1993 Pacifi Engineering Kilborn and opic ( Peoples North of the Indigenous of Association Russian of the tion sec- Raion Severo-Evensky the includes that oftion shareholders 2004. raipon 7 7 percent), Russian Credit Bank Bank Credit Russian percent), percent), and a local organiza- alocal and percent), Environmental impact. model— a model of a mine that could cause signifi cause could that of amodel amine model— a mine Kubaka the tocall accurate it indeed is that it believes mine, Kubaka atthe problems of the analysis on Pacifi Unfortunately, based 13 $150 and the ebrd the and and the ebrd the and 53 metric tons of tons gold pro- metric percent of Omolon. percent The ), which holds 7 holds which ), million in insurance for the project. for the insurance in million McKinleyville, c Environment’s report: 25 The . 67 was contracted to develop technological and and technological todevelop contracted was percent), Magadan Magadan percent), represent almost represent almost grams per ton. The deposit is being exploited being deposit ton.is per The grams 16 are providing fi nancing and political-risk fi providing are political-risk and nancing provided a total of $130 atotal provided . 20 08 Kinross con- Russian grams per ton and 2 ton per and grams percent. 630 Some environmental groups claim claim groups Some environmental rm 21 , 000 c, Ltd. (Vancouver, Canada), (Vancouver, Ltd. c, Canada),

22 c Environment’s initial c Environment’s initial c Environment pointed out, pointed c Environment tons of ore are extracted extracted of tons ore are Below are several excerpts excerpts several are Below nancing and Russian ap- Russian and nancing 1 . 627 Far CA: million ounces at an atan ounces million tons of16 tons gold at 1998 nMgdnOblast Magadan in use land Indigenous 7.3 Map million in loans loans in million .2 c Environment, c Environment, million ounces that accused accused that East: Daniel osa fishing Coastal ihn n hunting and Fishing herding Reindeer

cant

aR. va Ka A Tauisk & Reference ! Daniel. practices at the Kubaka mine are not yet “consistent with not “consistent yet with are mine Kubaka atthe practices the from documents despite public that— Pacifi From public. the and authorities governmental from oversight effective and regular is there unless RFE the problems in environmental signifi create can panies U.S.com- even show that and RFE the and in diffi extreme the underscore situation Kubaka the from lessons early The years. twenty last the in practices improvement mining in asignifi forced has the in oversight tal governmen- and citizens’ strong that It true is companies. mining Russian than responsible more environmentally being as promote themselves companies western Many fi for this standard apoor [sic] sets als materi- out-of-date with response the and for information requests topublic response of timely lack The operation. in already is mine the after well plans reclamation fective of ef- alack property, site and on mine tailings inactive an at cyanide-contamination impoundment, tailings at the dam critical on the settlement slope and seepage models, modifi of design disclosure poor Problems include oversight. of public lack improper implementation, and design, of poor aresult as impacts environmental long-term MAGADAN SAKHA

! P

! O Balygychan aR. la cations, poor baseline data for critical precipitation for critical data baseline poor cations, ! Gadlya Kol ym aR. c Environment’s investigation, it is clear clear it is c Environment’s investigation, ! 466 Guide culty of mining in an appropriate manner appropriate manner an in of mining culty Magadan Oblast Ⅲ Oblast Magadan pages ! Yamsk ! 0100 Takhtoyamsk cant and potentially long-term long-term potentially and cant yNwl n hu/ Zhou and Newell By ¯ for

km S Omo e a lon R. CHUKOTKA Conservation Evensk o Sources:

f Topolyovka rst effort in the the in effort rst O ! k rcmr 00 SI 2002. ESRI, 2000; Krechmar, h

o Verkhne-Paren ebrd t ! s ! k Gizhiga K O —the RYA K cant !

rfe IA 279 . and

MAGADAN Development. Newell,

MAGADAN In August u.s.$75 approximately to cost 280 gold project. Julietta spill. toavoid acatastrophic spring the during wereperformed releases gradual Thus, mine. the of life entire over the discharge” for “zero a pond designed in of operation one only year after high werecritically levels water rainfall, high and of design poor pond.Because ings tail- primary the from water mof cyanide-contaminated cu. torelease permission received and requested Mining winter late In mine. model discharge” a “zero- todevelop failed unfortunately project Kubaka The 2000 May In duties. import and taxes federal various in tions are investing in to Magadan benefi that OmGGK, like companies, registered allows This zone. economic aspecial as region Magadan the recognized that 1998 April in acquired (Vancouver,tion Canada) Gold Corpora- Bema shaft. mine atthe employee facilities dump, and atailings facility, agold extraction to construct 1995 In River. Kilgan of the tributary right the of drainage upper the and Mountains Kilgan of the part northern the in of Omsukchan of the southeast km 1989 in survey a geological New Arian Resources, secured secured Resources, Arian New London of Great Britain. London of Great Bank Standard and of Germany Vereinsbank and Hypo ische ifc the from The azao toform OmGGK joined U.S.A.) (Colorado, Limited Resources Arian New on June Raion chansky No. Proclamation by Administration issued road and building site. Preliminary agreement on the site was for a land weregranted they of which of Intent, basis on the aDeclaration OmGGKprepared year, same the site. In the of review economic and ageological conducted (OmGGK) Company Geology Mountain Omsukchansk and geologia J. problems at the Kubaka mine. Kubaka problems atthe the toaddress group working multiparty emergency convene an company and banks the that and activities fi suspending ebrd Pacifi standards. environmental strict tomeet improve performance its does mine the that ensure and problems atKubaka the tions— fi international the and company on the It incumbent practice.” is mining international good Ⅲ , to develop the ore deposit and its underground yield, yield, underground its ore and deposit the , todevelop , Bema acquired u.s.$10 acquired , Bema 2004. zao consider withholding any outstanding funds and and funds outstanding any withholding consider THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE opic has rights, thanks to a license issued on April on April issued toalicense thanks rights, has and credits totaling u.s.$25 totaling credits and . In May 1999 May . In 2000 McKinleyville, nancial backing until resolution of the above above resolution of the until backing nancial and ebrd and The c Environment suggests that that c Environment suggests , the other partner in the project, project, the in partner other , the The Julietta deposit, discovered during during discovered deposit, Julietta The 7 (closed joint-stock company). joint-stock (closed , 1994 25 Russian —backing the project to resolve toresolve project the —backing , is in Omsukchansky Raion, Raion, Omsukchansky in , is The company expects the project project the expects company The , a federal law was passed in Russia Russia in passed was law , afederal million. million in fi in million . In 1995 . In u.s.$26 23 t from substantial reduc- substantial t from 24 79 percent of OmGGK percent 1998 .2 , the foreign investor investor foreign , the million from Bayer- -million worth worth -million nancial backing backing nancial 1994 nancial nancial institu- , Omolon Gold Far CA: 149 , AO Dukat- of Omsuk- of opic East: Daniel 74 and and , 520 180 21

, A assets to force Kaskol to sell the mill at the price of price atthe mill the tosell Kaskol toforce assets of aboveground lease of the conditions to invoke cessfully unsuc- tried Silver American Pan and Dukat Serebro Kaskol. by one purchased existing the than itself mine tothe closer be profistill of spring the In Plus. Geometal company) joint-stock (open sibility study in January January in study sibility Afea- renovated. being was which building, old mill the ing includ- assets, aboveground the topurchase auction won an company, aRussian Kaskol, after suspended was mine Dukat 1999 December In assets. other and mill, the dam, tailings tothe repairs substantial required ifc the from ing On November rights. for mineral alicense declined was and activity mining Dukat the crisis, economic of the aresult as more than of silver, yielding From 1985 in pit, started atailings and factory enrichment an included gok Dukat of the phase second of the Construction of Omsukchan. town the in factory enrichment Omsukchan of 400 capacity processing and ore extraction annual an with mining open-pit started Canadian fi Canadian the are of Dukat Serebro founders The deposit. Dukat the of rights mining and bid mineral for the won acompetitive about fi the In metals. valuable of the separation and by ore, followed fi of the cyaniding and grinding, crushing, the involves facility extraction atthe ing initial fi of u.s.$93 about atacost lent annually, 3 2 covering area over an extends Dukat 34 about toproduce expected is Dukat production, full At of Omsukchan. town of the located world, is the in deposit silver known are the Central and Smely (Brave). In 1980 In Smely (Brave). and Central the are duce duce topro- expects facility gold extraction of of The gold. ounces reserves initial deposit contains Julietta The groups environmental opposition from to support expanded operations. expanded to support and create 250 by gold production Russian increase will project Dukat silver project. Guarantee Agency ( Agency Guarantee Investment Multilateral the from insurance of political-risk & Reference . 5 km north to south. The two mining zones within the area area the within zones mining two The tosouth. north km , 000 , but was left unfi left , but was Daniel. 122 1 . ounces of gold a year. The ore mineralization at ore mineralization The of gold ayear. ounces ve years of a nine-year mining life. The ore process- The life. mining of anine-year ve years 5 tons of tons gold. , 500 1980 rst quarter of 2002 rm Pan American Silver Corporation and and Corporation Silver American Pan rm table with a wholly new mill being constructed constructed being mill new awholly with table tons of ore and 113 of tons ore and to1995 jobs. 17 and began construction on the site, which site, which on the construction began and , 1997 1999 27 466 The Dukat mine, the third-largest third-largest the mine, Dukat The miga This fi nished after the initial fi initial the after nished , Dukat was Russia’s largest producer producer Russia’s largest was , Dukat Guide , the company Serebro (“silver”) Dukat Dukat (“silver”) Serebro company , the , Serebro Dukat arranged fi arranged Dukat , Serebro 2000 ), a unit of the World group, of the aunit ), Bank tons. The ore was processed at the atthe processed ore was The tons. 16 nancing was secured despite secured was nancing pages 2 . million tons of silver. In of tons silver. In million indicated that the mine would would mine the that indicated 8 , the Julietta mine produced produced mine Julietta , the million ounces of silver and and of silver ounces million , construction work on the work on the , construction , 26 000 According tomiga According for ounces of gold equiva- ounces . ltration of tailings tailings of ltration 5 an ounce, over the over the ounce, an km east to west and and towest east km Conservation , the Dukat gok Dukat , the gok 40 nancial nancial crisis. km west ceased all all ceased 4 percent percent 866 nanc- u.s.$8 , which , which , the , the , oao 000 1997 . 3

,

and Development. Newell, J. surface of the deposit are deposit are of the surface some analysts. 10 to output Au.s.$120 year. per is capability production Current investment. foreign seeking still is project this Raion, Tenkinsky in Orotukan. Natalka (Matrosov). times. or three ahalf and by two yield increase fl 1972 between explored City. deposit was The Magadan 380 and of Ust-Omchug center raion the from Vetrensky project. the in resources additional toinvest declined remaining over control holds the Silver sible for fi project control over 80 secured As of February 2002 demands. Kaskol’s in and auction the in irregularities despite clear courts, federal and local in made challenges legal all lost also has Silver American Pan million. in a joint venture for the Natalka deposit. deposit. Natalka for the ajoint venture in interest an expressed has Dome (Vancouver,Placer Canada), of asubsidiary California), Jose, (San Dome Exploration Placer joint venture. Natalka the in capital charter of the 50 than hold no less Matrosov Rudnik that proposed It deposit. was for Matrosov’s company Natalka joint-venture in the in weremined deposit of Portions the tin. and silver with in the fi the in of between need in deposit is in 1 produced complex Matrosov The tons. of show uptoatotal projections and gold reserves 250 has Natalka investment. capital anks and in the deeper horizons of the deposit with a goal to agoal deposit with of the horizons deeper the in and anks 2004. 1998 1997 1930 , and now there is a plan for geological surveys on the on the surveys for geological aplan is now there , and , slightly lower than the previous year, and and year, previous the lower than , slightly rst three quarters of , shareholders approved a plan to create an open-stock open-stock an tocreate approved aplan , shareholders s and produced 30 produced s and . This deposit is in the Tenkinsky Raion, Raion, Tenkinsky the in is deposit . This Orotukan consists of gold in quartz veins along along veins quartz of gold in consists Orotukan McKinleyville, tons of concentrated gold per year, according to according year, gold per of tons concentrated The 29 Magadan mining experts say the Natalka Natalka the say experts mining Magadan nancing and management. Pan American American Pan management. and nancing Located 390 Located -million project would increase fi increase would project -million Russian percent of the project and was respon- was and project of the percent , the Russian fi Russian , the 6 kg of gold. Average values for the for the of values Average gold. kg grams per tons; however some however tons; per grams 1998 u.s.$150 . km northeast of Magadan of Magadan northeast km 30 At a shareholder meeting meeting ashareholder At metric tons of tons proven metric and $200 and 28 . rm Polymetal had rm Polymetal 7 Far CA: 20 metric tons of gold gold of tons metric percent but has but percent has 2 East: tons of tons gold km from million in in million Daniel 1 400 1968 .22 100 nished percent percent tons tons metric metric km and and A & Reference unknown. of 2003 but as mine of the all to own Gold reserves exceed 300 veins averaging 1 Golden Kolyma. ( owner majority The Ltd. foot Resources White- company Russian the through mine the in interest 95 ing methods are planned. Geometal Plus owns the mine. the Plus owns Geometal planned. are methods ing 1 is of gold tosilver tio ra- average The deposit. epithermal an in found are silver and since since mined successfully been has which gold deposits, placer est one once world’s of the great- was what beneath just and City Shkolnoe. Rassokha. Nyavlenga. Chai Yuri. Berezovskaya (Dubach). mated to hold commercially extractable reserves of reserves extractable tohold commercially mated esti- are reserves underground and veins, dipping steeply investment to restore and develop placer gold operations. placer develop and torestore investment foreign seeking gold property, is placer this owns which deposit. Estimated gold reserves are in the region of region the in are gold reserves Estimated deposit. placer of the those as large as atleast tobe expected are posits of gold. ounces day, producing an average 51 average day, an producing of acapacity have would plant processing The tobe estimated are infrastructure surface and plant, processing mine, development underground of the tofi costs Capital completed. was 1997 December In gold. Susuman Gold owns 90 Goldowns Susuman fi Russgold X. Investment Ltd. (Cyprus). Ltd. Investment X. Russgold uptoa to acquire Daniel. rm Galaxy Online, Inc. owns owns Inc. Online, Galaxy rm sq km. Big Blackfoot Resources Ltd. holds a holds Ltd. Resources Blackfoot Big km. sq 1943 The deposit is located about located deposit is The The high-grade Shkolnoe gold mine contains contains gold mine Shkolnoe high-grade The and has produced over 200 produced has and Canadian fi Canadian 31 The project is located in the Olsky Raion. Gold Raion. Olsky the in located is project The 466 m wide grade upto grade mwide Guide 50 percent interest through its subsidiary subsidiary its through interest percent Magadan Oblast Ⅲ Oblast Magadan rm Big Blackfoot Resources Ltd., Resources Blackfoot Big rm : pages 50 , a feasibility study of the property property of the study , afeasibility The Berezovskaya property covers covers property Berezovskaya The .2 tons of gold. Geometal Plus used Plus used of Geometal tons gold. . Open-pit and underground min- underground and . Open-pit percent of the mine, and Canadian Canadian and mine, of the percent , 000 for 9 nance the construction and and construction the nance . ounces of gold annually. of gold annually. ounces 8 percent and an agreement agreement an and percent their participation is is participation their 150 Conservation tons ofOrede- tons gold. 20 grams per tons. tons. per grams km from Susuman Susuman from km 51 u.s.$20 percent) is zao 250 49 million. tons per per tons percent percent 10 3 million million , 575

kg 32 281

and

MAGADAN