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As Consequências Socioeconómicas Da COVID-19 E Sua Desigual

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As Consequências Socioeconómicas Da COVID-19 E Sua Desigual CoLABOR – Laboratório Colaborativo para o Trabalho, Emprego e Proteção Social AS CONSEQUÊNCIAS SOCIEOECONÓMICAS DA COVID-19 E A SUA DESIGUAL DISTRIBUIÇÃO COLABOR EBOOKS As consequências socioeconómicas da COVID-19 e a sua desigual distribuição José Castro Caldas, Ana Alves da Silva, Frederico Cantante ii CoLABOR – Laboratório Colaborativo para o Trabalho, Emprego e Proteção Social AS CONSEQUÊNCIAS SOCIEOECONÓMICAS DA COVID-19 E A SUA DESIGUAL DISTRIBUIÇÃO Ficha técnica Título: As consequências socioeconómicas da COVID-19 e a sua desigual distribuição Autores: José Castro Caldas Ana Alves da Silva Frederico Cantante ISBN: 978-989-330599 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3954400 Data de publicação: Julho de 2020 Cite este documento como: Caldas, J. C., Silva, A. A., e Cantante, F. (2020). As consequências socioeconómicas da COVID-19 e a sua desigual distribuição. CoLABOR. Revisor: Manuel Coelho CoLABOR Laboratório Colaborativo para o Trabalho, Emprego e Proteção Social Rua das Taipas, n.º 1, 1250-264 Lisboa iii CoLABOR – Laboratório Colaborativo para o Trabalho, Emprego e Proteção Social AS CONSEQUÊNCIAS SOCIEOECONÓMICAS DA COVID-19 E A SUA DESIGUAL DISTRIBUIÇÃO Índice Índice de figuras ..................................................................................................................................................... vi Índice de tabelas................................................................................................................................................... viii Prefácio ................................................................................................................................................................... ix Agradecimentos .................................................................................................................................................... xiv Introdução ............................................................................................................................................................... 1 Capítulo 1. A vulnerabilidade e as suas dimensões críticas .................................................................................. 8 1.1 A vulnerabilidade e as suas manifestações em escalas diversas ............................................................... 9 1.2 Das dinâmicas contraditórias do capitalismo à crise da COVID-19 ........................................................... 11 1.3 A economia política da COVID-19 .............................................................................................................. 19 1.4 Cinco linhas de fissura na estrutura determinantes das dimensões críticas da vulnerabilidade ............... 29 Capítulo 2. Vulnerabilidades à escala nacional: Portugal em comparação na União Europeia .......................... 34 2.1 Portugal na União Europeia: um retrato estilizado ..................................................................................... 34 2.2 Suscetibilidades .......................................................................................................................................... 35 2.3 Exposições .................................................................................................................................................. 41 2.4 Coberturas .................................................................................................................................................. 46 2.5 Portugal: posição relativa e evolução recente ............................................................................................ 54 Capítulo 3. Vulnerabilidades à escala setorial: setores em comparação ............................................................ 59 3.1 Um breve panorama da estrutura setorial e sua evolução recente ........................................................... 60 3.2 Suscetibilidades .......................................................................................................................................... 64 3.3 Exposições .................................................................................................................................................. 78 3.4 Coberturas .................................................................................................................................................. 81 3.5 Notas conclusivas: setores em posição relativa ......................................................................................... 93 Capítulo 4. Vulnerabilidades associadas o estatuto sociolaboral ........................................................................ 97 4.1 Suscetibilidades: a sua multidimensionalidade e os estatutos sociolaborais ............................................ 98 4.2 Coberturas face aos riscos de desemprego e perda de rendimento ....................................................... 105 4.3 A cobertura desigual do emprego e do rendimento em contexto de COVID-19...................................... 111 4.4 Em jeito de balanço: sucetibilidades e (des)proteções ............................................................................ 116 Capítulo 5. Das vulnerabilidades ao robustecimento das respostas ................................................................. 118 iv CoLABOR – Laboratório Colaborativo para o Trabalho, Emprego e Proteção Social AS CONSEQUÊNCIAS SOCIEOECONÓMICAS DA COVID-19 E A SUA DESIGUAL DISTRIBUIÇÃO 5.1 Impactos imediatos em Portugal .............................................................................................................. 118 5.2 Conter dinâmicas cumulativas de recessão ............................................................................................. 121 5.3 Portugal: vulnerabilidades e coberturas de exceção ................................................................................ 129 5.4 Robustecer as respostas para lá da emergência ..................................................................................... 133 Conclusão ........................................................................................................................................................... 140 Referências bibliográficas .................................................................................................................................. 142 Legislação e jurisprudência consultada .......................................................................................................... 150 Anexos ................................................................................................................................................................ 152 Anexo A – Medidas emergenciais .................................................................................................................. 152 Anexo B – Suscetibilidades, exposições e coberturas – Portugal em comparação ...................................... 155 Anexo C – Suscetibilidades, exposições e coberturas: setores em comparação .......................................... 157 Anexo D – Nomenclaturas de setores de atividade ....................................................................................... 158 v CoLABOR – Laboratório Colaborativo para o Trabalho, Emprego e Proteção Social AS CONSEQUÊNCIAS SOCIEOECONÓMICAS DA COVID-19 E A SUA DESIGUAL DISTRIBUIÇÃO Índice de figuras Figura 1. A sincronia económica do choque COVID-19 ...................................................................................... 20 Figura 2. PIB per capita, países da UE27 (posição em 2007 e deslocação 2007-2018) .................................... 35 Figura 3. Intensidade do PIB em trabalho (emprego, milhares/PIB, milhões de euros), países da UE27 (2018) .............................................................................................................................................................................. 37 Figura 4. Emprego em microempresas (0-9 pessoas ao serviço) em % do emprego total, países da UE27 (2017) .............................................................................................................................................................................. 38 Figura 5. Rácio dívida/excedente bruto de exploração das empresas, países da UE27 (2018) ........................ 38 Figura 6. Dívida pública em % do PIB, países da UE27 (2019) .......................................................................... 39 Figura 7. Ganho horário médio em empresas com mais de dez trabalhadores, países da UE27 (2016) .......... 39 Figura 8. Peso dos transacionáveis no emprego, países da UE27 (2018) ......................................................... 42 Figura 9. Grau de participação nas cadeias de valor globais (CVG), países da UE27 (2009) ........................... 43 Figura 10. Estrutura setorial do emprego, Portugal e distância entre Portugal e média da UE27 (2018) .......... 43 Figura 11. Estrutura setorial do VAB, Portugal e distância entre Portugal e média da UE27 (2018) ................. 44 Figura 12. Peso do turismo na estrutura de emprego, países da UE27 (2018) .................................................. 44 Figura 13. Peso dos contratos de duração limitada na população empregada por conta de outrem, países da UE27 (2018) ......................................................................................................................................................... 48 Figura 14. Redução do risco de pobreza após transferências sociais (excluindo pensões), países da UE27 (2017) .............................................................................................................................................................................
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