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Collection: Speechwriting, White House Office of: Research Office, 1981-1989 Folder Title: 11/18/1985 Remarks at Arrival: Geneva, Switzerland - Peter/Ro (1) Box: 242

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WITHDRAWAL SHEET Ronald Reagan Library

DOCUMENT NO. AND TYPE SUBJECT /TITLE DATE RESTRICTION bio sketch of President Kurt Furgler of Switzerland 6/11/85 Pl

COLLECTION: SPEECHWRITING, WHITE HOUSE OFFICE OF: Research Office Records kdb

FILE FOLDER: Remarks at Arrival: Geneva, Swi~erland-18 November 1985-Peter/Ro [I of 2] OA 17929 8/16/95

RESTRICTION CODES

Prelldendol Record• Act • 144 U.S.C. 2204(011 Freedom of Information Act - 16 U.S .C . 662(bll P-1 Nadonal tecurlty cluolfied information 1(01(11 of th• PRAI. f-1 Nntional security clanified information l(b)(1 I of the FOIAI. P-2 Reladng to appointment to Federal office l(al(2l of the PRA). f-2 Releese could disclose internal personnel rules end practices of nn agency ((bl{21 of the P-3 Reio ... would violate a Federal statute l(o)(3) of the PRA). FOIAl. P-4 fwl .... would dlecloae trade 1ecret• or confidential commercial or financial F-3 R~lease would violate II FederaJ statute l(b)(3) of the FOIAI. lnformadon l(al(4) of the PRA). F-4 Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential commercial or financial information P-6 Relene would diaclose confidential advice between the President end his advisors, or l(bH41 of the FOIA). between ouch advisoro l(al(6 l of the PRA. F-6 Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted Invasion of personal privacy 1(B1(61 of P-8 Rel•••• would constitute a clearly unwarranted invnsion of personal privacy l(n)(6) of the FOIAl the PRA). F-7 Release would disclose information compiled for law enforcement purposes l(bl{71 of the FOIAI. C. Cloted in accordance with restrictions conteined in donor's deed of gift. F-8 Releose would disclose information concerning the regulation of financial institutions l(bl(S) of the FOIA). F-9 Release would disclose geological or geophysical information concerning wells l(bl(9) of the FOIAI. (ROBINSON) NOVEMBER 18, 1985

ARRIVAL CEREMONY GENEVA, SWITZERLAND

PRESIDENT [FOORG-LER], I WOULD LIKE TO EXTEND TO YOU AND TO THE MY APPRECIATION FOR HELPING TO MAKE POSSIBLE THE COMING MEETINGS BETWEEN REPRESENTATIVES OF THE AND THE SOVIET UNION. NANCY AND I ARE DELIGHTED TO BE IN THIS MAGNIFICENT CITY ON THE SHORES OF LAKE GENEVA. ON BEHALF OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE, THANK YOU FOR YOUR WARM AND FRIENDLY WELCOME. MR. PRESIDENT, IT IS FITTING THAT THE MEETINGS OF THE NEXT FEW DAYS SHOULD TAKE PLACE ON SWISS SOIL, FOR SWITZERLAND HAS LONG BEEN A LEADER IN THE SEARCH FOR PEACE AND THE DEFENSE OF HUMAN FREEDOM. AGAIN AND AGAIN, YOU HAVE PROVIDED YOUR TERRITORY FOR INTERNATIONAL MEETINGS, AND YOUR GOOD OFFICES IN THE MEDIATION OF DISPUTES. - 2 - IT WAS THE SWISS WHO FOUNDED ONE OF THE GREAT HUMANITARIAN ORGANIZATIONS OF OUR TIME, THE INTERNATIONAL RED CROSS; AND IT IS SWITZERLAND THAT OFTEN REPRESENTS THE DIPLOMATIC INTERESTS OF OTHER NATIONS, INCLUDING THE UNITED STATES, IN LANDS WHERE THESE NATIONS HAVE NO FORMAL DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS OF THEIR OWN, INDEED, IN YOUR UNSHAKEABLE COMMITMENT TO INDEPENDENCE, DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT, AND HUMAN RIGHTS, THE SWISS CONFEDERATION IN ITSELF SERVES AS AN EXAMPLE TO ALL THE WORLD, THE MOTTO ON THE GREAT SEAL OF THE UNITED STATES, MR, PRESIDENT, IS "E PLURIBUS UNUM," OUT OF MANY, ONE, HERE IN SWITZERLAND -- A COUNTRY OF RICH RELIGIOUS, CULTURAL, AND LINGUISTIC VARIETY -- YOU PRACTICE JUST SUCH UNITY IN DIVERSITY, PERMIT ME TO ADD THAT OUR TWO COUNTRIES ARE BOUND TOGETHER BY FAMILY TIES. - 3 - AS EARLY AS 1562, A SWISS CITIZEN APPEARED IN , AND, IN 1670, A SWISS SETTLEMENT WAS ESTABLISHED NEAR CHARLESTON, . EVER SINCE, OF SWISS DESCENT HAVE PIONEERED AND LED THE ·: DEVELOPMENT OF OUR NATION. TODAY SWISS-AMERICANS NUMBER IN THE HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS, AND I WOULD BE REMISS IF I FAILED TO EXPRESS THEIR AFFECTION FOR YOU, THEIR SWISS COUSINS. INDEED, JUST LAST MONTH, THE GOODWILL OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE TOWARD THE SWISS WAS FORMALLY EXPRESSED IN A JOINT RESOLUTION OF THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES. RECENTLY, MR. PRESIDENT, BOSTON UNIVERSITY AWARDED YOU AN HONORARY DOCTORATE OF LAWS. IN YOUR ACCEPTANCE ADDRESS, YOU STRESSED THE OBLIGATIONS INCUMBENT UPON THE WEST TO DEFEND ITS VALUES AND WAY OF LIFE. - 4 -

#IT IS,u YOU SAID, uPART OF THE DEFINITION AND VOCATION OF THE HUMAN BEING TO BE FREE •••• u MR. PRESIDENT, EACH IN ITS OWN WAY, ;OUR TWO NATIONS STAND AT TH~ FOREFRONT OF THIS STRUGGLE FOR LIBERTY. EACH STANDS DETERMINED TO DEFEND THE FREEDOMS OF ITS OWN PEOPLE AND TO ADVANCE THE CAUSE OF FREEDOM THROUGHOUT THE WORLD. AND EACH RESTS CONFIDENT IN THE KNOWLEDGE THAT FREEDOM WILL ENDURE, AND PREVAIL. IT IS TO MAKE CERTAIN THAT THIS GREAT WORK ON BEHALF OF HUMAN FREEDOM CAN GO FORWARD IN PEACE THAT I HAVE COME HERE TODAY. AS I STATED LAST MONTH BEFORE THE UNITED NATIONS, I AM CONVINCED THAT AMERICAN-SOVIET RELATIONS NEED A FRESH START -- A GENUINE GIVE-AND-TAKE ON REGIONAL CONFLICTS, ON HUMAN RIGHTS, AND ON THE REDUCTION OF ARMS. -

- 5 - AMERICAN AND SOVIET DIFFERENCES ON THESE MATTERS RUN DEEP, MR. GORBACHEV AND I CANNOT SURMOUNT THEM IN ONLY 2 DAYS, BUT I AM HERE IN THE FERVENT HOPE THAT -­ ON BEHALF OF ALL THE PEOPLE OF THE WORLD -- . .. WE CAN AT LEAST MAKE A START. PRESIDENT FURGLER, ONCE AGAIN, TO YOU AND THE PEOPLE OF SWITZERLAND, OUR FRIENDSHIP AND DEEPEST GRATITUDE,

# # # (Robinson/BE) November 14, 1985 3:45 p.m. e (L_

PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS: ARRIVAL CEREMONY GENEVA, SWITZERLAND MONDAY, NOVEMBER 18, 1985

President Furgler [FOORG-ler], I would like to extend to you and to the Swiss people my appreciation for helping to make possible the coming meetings between representatives of the United States and the Soviet Union. Nancy and I are delighted to be in this magnificent city on the shores of Lake Geneva. On behalf of the American people, thank you for your warm and friendly welcome. Mr. President, it is fitting that the meetings of the next few days should take place on Swiss soil, for Switzerland has long been a leader in the search for peace and the defense of human freedom. Again and again, you have provided your territory for international meetings, and your good offices in the mediation of disputes. It was the Swiss who founded one of the great humanitarian organizations of our time, the International Red Cross; and it is Switzerland that often represents the diplomatic interests of other nations, including the United States, in lands where these nations have no formal diplomatic relations of their own. Indeed, in your unshakeable commitment to independence, democratic government, and human rights, the Swiss Confederation in itself serves as an example to all the world. The motto on the Great Seal of the United States, Mr. President, is "E Pluribus Unum," out of many, one. Here in Switzerland -- a Page 2 country of rich religious, cultural, and linguistic variety -­ you practice just such unity in diversity. Permit me to add that our two countries are bound together by family ties. As early as 1562, a Swiss citizen appeared in Florida, and, in 1670, a Swiss settlement was established near Charleston, South Carolina. Ever since, Americans of Swiss descent have pioneered and led the development of our Nation. Today Swiss-Americans number in the hundreds of thousands, and I would be remiss if I failed to express their affection for you, their Swiss cousins. Indeed, just last month, the goodwill of the American people toward the Swiss was formally expressed in a joint resolution of the Congress of the United States. Recently, Mr. President, Boston University awarded you an honorary Doctorate of Laws. In your acceptance address, you stressed the obligations incumbent upon the West to defend its values and way of life. "It is," you said, "part of the definition and vocation of the human being to be free •••• " Mr. President, each in its own way, our two nations stand at the forefront of this struggle for liberty. Each stands determined to defend the freedoms of its own people and to advance the cause of freedom throughout the world. And each rests confident in the knowledge that freedom will endure, and prevail. It is to make certain that this great work on behalf of human freedom can go forward in peace that I have come here today. As I stated last month before the United Nations, I am • Page 3

convinced that American-Soviet relations need a fresh start -- a genuine give-and-take on regional conflicts, on human rights, and on the reduction of arms. American and Soviet differences on these matters run deep. Mr. Gorbachev and I cannot surmount them in only 2 days. But I am here in the fervent hope that -- on behalf of all the people of the world -- we can at least make a start. President Furgler, once again, to you and the people of Switzerland, our friendship and deepest gratitude. VOL. Lil, No . 2 TWICE A MONTH $1. 50 per copy $25 .00 A YEAR

The Future Kurt Furgler OUR COMMON CAUSE President of Switzerland-Page 34 Television Coverage of the Senate illiam L. Armstrong PUBLIC SCRUTINY United States Senator from Colorad~Page 37 Canada's Conservative Government Michael A. Walker A FIRST YEAR REPORT CARD Director, The Fraser Institute-Page 39 Accuracy In Academia Malcolm Lawrence IS IT A THREAT TO ACADEMIC FREEDOM? President , Accuracy In Academia, Inc.-Page 44 ~·~~ - •· ·. ::-- .. -\ >/Busiuess and the Media Ward Smith SOMETIMES PARTNERS, SOMETIMES ADVERSARIES President and Chief Operating Officer of White Consolidated Industries, Inc.-Page 49 "Humans to Mars-Why?" James M. Beggs A POSSIBLE FORCE FOR PEACE NASA Administrator- Page 51 Looking for the Action Prince E. Holliday BUILD ON THE SKILLS AND INTERESTS YOU HA VE Director, Civic Affairs. Blue Cross and Blue Shield of -Page 52 Speech writers Donald R. Nichols THE MYTH OF CORPORA TE EXCELLENCE President of Wordsmith Enterprises-Page 54 Academia and Business Wayne C. Anderson PUBLIC POLICY AND SOCIAL ISSUES Vice President Government Relations , Nabisco Brands. lnc.-Page 57 Conrail Arnold B. McKinnon RAIL SERVICE IN THE NORTHEAST Executive Vice President-Marketing. Norfolk Southern Corporation- Page 60

IMPARTIAL • CONSTRUCTIVE • AUTHENTIC

THE BEST THOUGHT OF THE BEST MINDS ON CURRENT NATIONAL QUESTIONS Vital Speeches of the Day

RE.O. U.S. PAT. OFF. VOL. LIi NOVEMBER 1, 1985 NO. 2

The Future OUR COMMON CAUSE By KURT FURGLER, President of Switzerland Delivered to the World Leaders Forum, Boston University, Brookline, Massachusetts, October 4, 1985

WISH to thank you respectfully and warmly for the high I deeply respect the accomplishment - unique in history - tribute you are paying me. By awarding me this honorary that millions of people achieved by settling and industrializing I degree of Doctor of Laws, you have not only honored my the immense expanses stretching from New England to Califor­ work as Member of Parliament and member of our national nia without losing either liberty or order. Unequalled flexibility government. You are conferring a particular honor upon my and creativity has enabled your community of free men and country, Switzerland, as well. Your magnanimous gesture women to come to grips with enonnous societal, economic, and touches me. technological changes - changes that you have carried over to I am proud to be connected, from now on, with Boston the rest of the world. The USA: stronghold of liberty, innova­ University, a place of research, teaching, and exchange of ideas tion and hope for the world. that has given, and will certainly continue to give, much to your From the ideas of Christian ethics, the European Enlighten­ nation and to the world. For its accomplishments, you deserve ment, and Anglo-Saxon tradition, America's pragmatic genius both praise and recognition. created in its Constitution a well-balanced work that has proved I feel fortunate to be among you. The names "Boston," astonishingly vital and that has had an influence on the forma­ "Massachusetts," and "New England" have a particular ring in tion of numerous political systems, among them, the Swiss. Europe. They remind us of that part of America whose thinking Whoever in the course of only two hundred years achieves stands closest to ours. We hope that this region will continue to this kind of importance, whoever in so short a time has been carry its leadership into the world. Faneuil Hall, the "Cradle of able to bring liberalism to a fruitful tradition, and whoever has Liberty," and the "Freedom Trail" are not only spiritual and made of the melting pot of ideas the true recipe for economic historical witnesses of the American past. They are also a start­ success has no ground for considering faint-hearted protection­ ing point of decisive stimuli for the political configuration of ist ideas. your country and all countries of the world that were fortunate European-American relations are of a special nature because, enough to take advantage of the political and economic oppor­ from the beginning, the United States was not only the country tunities of liberty. Perhaps nowhere more clearly than here in of immigration of European ideas., but also the country of emi­ Boston were innovative powers recognized, powers evidenced gration ofliberal convictions. This is still the case today. Allow by liberalism. We may recall Lowell, the first factory town e to refer to the example of Swiss-American relations. founded in 1840, the merchant fleet of the three-masted Yankee Swiss were involved in the settlement of North America from Clippers that were built here, the research centers and the tre­ the outset. In 1562, a Diebolz from Erlach surfaced in Florida. · mendous development of hi-tech industries in Massachusetts. In 1607, Bernese natives participated in the foundation of

POLICY OF VITAL SPEECHES The publishers of Vital Speeches believe that the important addresses of the recognized leaders of public opinion constitute the best expression of contemporary thought in America, and that it is extremely important for the welfare of the nation that these speeches be permanently recorded and disseminated. The publishe~ have no axe to grind. Vital Speeches will be found authentic and constructive. It is the policy of the publishe~ lo cover both sides of public questions and to print all speeches in full. Where ii is necessary lo condense a speech for reasons of unusual length or the use of extraneous matter, it will be so stated when printing. They feel that it is only in the unedited and unexpurgated speech that the reader can best obtain the views of the speaker. This material gives the reader the best thoughts of the best minds on current l}ational problems. II also offers the student of public speaking examples uf the effective speech of today of those who have attained lcade~hip in the fields of economics, politics. education. sociology. government. criminology. finance. business, taxation, health, law. labor. etc. Thus the student of public speaking obtains the finest text book material with a sound knowledge of public questions. Subscribe~ are urged to call the Editor's attention to any speeches which have impressed them a~ outstanding so that copies may be secured for review. VITAL SPEECHES OF THE DAY is published twice a month by the CITY NEWS PUBLISHING CO., (Inc. 1911), Box 606. Southold. N. Y. 11971. Telephone 516-765-2890. Genevieve T. Daly, President, Joyce Fox, Vice-Preside~Thomas F. Daly, Ill, Secretary-Treasurer. VITAL SPEECHES (ISSN 0042-742X) ~ Subscription Rates: $25.00 a year. Canadian one year: SJ0.00. Single copies U .50. Back issues, if available, within two yea~ SI. 70 a copy, beyond two yea~ S2.05 each, prior to 19S9 SJ.60 each. Microfilm editions $10.00 per volume plus postage. On order under SJ0.00, remittance must accompany order. Vital Speeches is Indexed in The Reader's Guide to Periodical Literature. An annual index is printed each November and distributed lo all subscribers. Cumulative Index. Volumes 1-25, Sl5.00 per copy plus postage. Volume Binder for Vital Speeches S7 .SO plus postage. Vital Speeches will be found on file in thousands of public;, college and hil!h school libraries throughout the United States. Second Class postage paid at Southold, N. Y. and additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to: City News Publishing Co., Box 606. Southold, N.Y. 11971. KURT FURGLER 35

I have just spoken of Switzerland as a meeting ground. It is in the Swiss tradition to offer hospitality to international organiza­ tions and conferences. Acting as intermediary and searching for non-vielent solutions to international conflicts is not only part of our political philosophy, but is also deeply rooted in the historical' experience of our Confederation. I am deeply gratified to have the honor of welcoming Presi­ dent Reagan and Secretary General Gorbachev to their summit in Geneva in the middle of November. This historical meeting represents an encouraging step towards hope for a lessening of tensions. l'lib ::Iii! I... g 13d ts uf thr 5 p 112 tr l 'i Pre~ident Kennedy spoke about this in his famous address on the Fourth of July, 1962. From a western point of view, this partnership should be firmly based on two pillars: the United States and an integrated Europe. It does not surprise me that you Americans sometimes devel­ op a certain impatience with the sluggishness of European prog­ ress or a certain irritation with the quarrels of the old continent. Nevertheless I ask for your understanding of the fact that the historically developed diversity of Europe could not grow into unity in the same way as did this vast country of immigrants. Europe, an individualistic and idealistic conglomerate of for­ mer world powers and small states can only reach the desired combination of strength if the particular character of the indi­ vidual countries that have developed over the centuries is re­ spected. I am aware of existing weaknesses in Europe. It is nevertheless apparent that the old continent, precisely because of its diversity and in spite of all the guilt and destruction, still radiates singular energy. This energy stems from a common source that determines our present as well as our future; it will guide us in the future provided we do not ignore the lessons of history. At the core of this energy stands the person as a unique individual. From Plato and Aristotle to Augustine and Thomas Aquinas and up to more recent times, the liberty of the thinking human being has been a central theme for thought. The individual determines the rela­ tionship with the supernatural, with the state, the community, .· the environment, the economy. The more we endeavor to plumb the inner depths of our souls, the more we thus experi­ ence their non-rational basis, the more urgently we resent the need of a fixed point of reference. Where do we find such a point? Augustine, like the sages of India before him, and Des­ cartes twelve hundred years after him, finds it within each of us, that is, in what is inchoate and unformed, in uncertainty and doubt. Ifl can question everything, yet not question that I am in doubt, that means that I think, and that I am a thinking human being. And so for Augustine, as for Descartes, the assurance of thinking becomes the unshakeable starting point. Whoever is anchored in such a philosophy will never be able to accept the collectivization of the individual. Nonetheless humans are social beings. In the further devel­ opme!- of Augustinian ideas, Thomas Aquinas has thought throuth the basic principles of human coexistence in a way still valid today. Political order is necessary. If it is natural for a human being to live in a community, then there must also be • something in the individual through which a plurality of indi­ viduals can be governed without loss of freedom. Given so large a number of humans and given also the striving of in­ dividuals for their private interests, human society would come apart at the seams if there were no one whose duty it was to look • 36 VITAL SPEECHES OF THE DAY after the public welfare of society. trade and the open multilateral trading system, the international "The duty of the wise is to order." The work of Thomas debt crisis and the challenge of the technological revolution. Aquinas comes under this motto. To order, to differentiate, to At a time of reemergence of protectionism, President Reagan classify - to order dissimilarities according to anticipated or has proposed a comprehensive new round of world trade talks. inherent values: Herein lies the greatness and significance of his The main purpose of these negotiations will be to rejuvenate the work, which guided the intellectual evolution after him. I do not contractual world trading system and to adapt it to a changed need to speak about the great philosophers of the Enlightenment economic world. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, who influenced was created in 1948. Since then, the realities of the world the political thinking of the American nation. You certainly economy have changed fundamentally. know them well. This changed economic environment has made trade liberal­ The essence of the world is humanity, and world history is ization more difficult but all the more urgent. We need to find a not only the advancement of liberty, but also the realization of way out of the kind of sectoral and bilateral protectionism that this liberty. It is part of the definition and vocation of the human was generated by this new environment and not a way back to being to be free, to safeguard his basic rights, and to develop an old system that has become obsolete. talents as an individual, within the family circle, the economy The achievement of this goal requires American leadership. and the arts, as well as within the political community. Like President Reagan's recently reaffirmed aggressive free trade the individual, a nation is also called to liberty and longs for a policy - and this in a climate of protectionist pressures not life of peace in freedom. Regrettably, only part of them have seen since the thirties - gives me hope that America will been granted the experience of this happy condition. Yet, ulti­ assume this leadership. It is vital to the survival of a free world mately, liberty can neither be given nor taken away from a trade and economic system. person, for each person has liberty within him. Herein lies our We need growth in order to create jobs - you Americans confidence. have created many more than we did in Europe - we have to This confidence and the trust in human genius should be a say ye~ to new technologies, we have to use technological means for us to come to grips with the enormous political, progress as a vehicle for structural adjustment which is key to social and economic changes of the present time. growth. The Silicon Valley and Route 128 are living examples I have alluded to the radiating power of Europe. It is the task of that recipe. Thanks to your extraordinary human resources, of all Europeans to make use of this power. Our common legacy your state has become an important center for high technology and congenial understanding have been the foundation of the manufacturing. The 122 universities and colleges in the Boston partnership between our democracies, of the friendship be­ area have helped to create hundreds of new companies and to tween Switzerland and the United States, between the U.S.A. train thousands of managers, engineers, scientists and entrepre­ and Europe. neurs. The partnership of democracies must be based on common Innovation is the way out of protectionism. Protectionism is responsibility. An evolving partnership can withstand conflicts; also a symptom of an increasing indebtedness and fragility of it may even grow through them. Europe perfectly illustrates this our national and international financial structures. We have to assertion. help the developing countries to find ways out of debt, poverty What a long way, ladies and gentlemen, from the treaties of and stagnation. Helping them is not only a human duty. It is Rome to the present day, from the six to the twelve members of also the only cure for world economic problems. in other the European Community, but also from the Stockholm Con­ words, to our problems, yours and mine. The family of nations vention establishing the European Free-Trade Association to cannot afford to have outsiders. the first meeting of the EC and EFTA-ministers in Luxemburg Ladies and Gentlemen, our countries, we ourselves, on na­ in the spring of 1984. Not ministers alone, but 18 governments tional and international levels, have to work for a system of representing 350 million free people are willing to work closer international relations capable of ensuring human survival and together. Yes, there is progress in European cooperation. the existence of a free society, without resorting to violence. Europe has ambitions. A European vision of peace with Five billion people want to live - and that, in the face of this freedom and justice is called for: that should be the European rapid social change, this constrained economic growth, and this contribution to the new millenium. quick succession of technological innovations. We need to look Freedom and independence, the creativity and perserverant at science and technology as the source of hope, not fear. We energy of our people, has put Switzerland into a remarkable want to be competitive in the next century. economic position: twelfth trading nation, fourth financial cen­ It is important that we manage the great potential for conflict ter, a small state, but highly advanced in industry and technol­ and solve these challenging, elusive problems within the con­ ogy. The lack of raw materials has at all times compelled us to text of carefully considered democratic rules. These are tasks be imaginative and inventive, to focus on the efficiency and demanding leadership. They do affect us all, and we cannot innovative capacity of man. withdraw from them. They are of concern to governments, Switzerland earns more than half of its Gross National Prod­ parl-'1nents, international organizations, entrepreneurs. em­ uct abroad. The world is the sphere of the Swiss economy. plofers and employees, universities, yes, to each free citizen on Without the international market we would never reach a yearly every continent of the world. I count on our youth, on you, dear per capita income of more than 16,000 dollars. We trade with students. just about every country in the world, supplying not only high­ We need a deepened and new understanding of realities, and quality products and technology, but also know-how. Switzer­ we should not fear thinking in new ways. Our education must land is among the leading investors, and Swiss companies pro­ be geared to new developments. We also need to encourage the vide about a million jobs abroad. A significant part of world intellectual curiosity of our youth, who arc "homesick for the investment capital flows through our financial system. future." There are further challenges at stake. Let me just name world The poet Saint Exupery once said: "If you want to build a 37 7 I WILLIAM L. ARMSTRONG

ship, don't gather men to provide wood, to make tools and to human potential, then we can also make progress politically, assign the different tasks; no, just kindle the yearning for the socially, and ecologically. People after all have to champion the wide-open, endless sea!" cause of humanity. That is, the development of the economy, Within each man and woman lies a not fully developed, yet science and technology must serve people. This is the greatest infinitely valuable potential for understanding, imagination, potential challenge to humanity. creativity, innovation, tolerance and a sense of solidarity with Let us take this challenge and run with it, with united effort, others. If we understand, if we support and unleash this great beyond all frontiers. The future is our common cause! Television Coverage of the Senate PUBLIC SCRUTINY By WILLIAM L. ARMSTRONG, United States Senator from Delivered before the Senate Commillee on Rules and Administration, , D.C. , September 17, 1985

R. CHAIRMAN, it is an honor today to address the best the men and women of our country - those who pay the Rules Committee and the distinguished Chainnan on bills of the government over which the Senate presides - may Mthe need to televise the proceedings of the Senate, an freely know and discuss the issues so critical in their own day­ issue the Chainnan has been so influential in bringing before the to-day lives. Senate. For us to deny, as we now do, the people we serve the Mr. Chainnan, the irony of the situation today is inescap­ tremendous advantage of televising Senate proceedings, in my able. Here I sit before several television cameras pleading opinion, is a great national disservice. the case about why the full Senate should televise its debates. To correct this disservice, I introduced this session S .Res.81, Yet, television coverage is prohibited if I were just a few steps that now has 17 co-sponsors, to provide gavel-to-gavel televi­ away in the United States Senate. However, if I were at the sion and radio coverage of our U.S. Senate. This, I might add, other end of the corridor in the Capitol, in the U.S . House of is identical to legislation sponsored by the prior majority leader, Representatives, television cameras would record all my re­ Howard Baker, and reported out favorably by this Committee. I marks, as well as the comments of those who agree and disagree believe this legislation is long overdue. The Senate has been with me. studying some fonn of legislation to broadcast Senate proceed­ Mr. Chainnan, in my judgement, it is a shame that the ings by radio or television since 1922. Three years ago Senate television cameras are not yet able to cover Senate proceed­ Resolution 20 was passed, which approved gavel-to-gavel radio ings. As the Chainnan well knows , all our debates are impor­ and television coverage, but was contingent on legislation to tant to someone, no matter how small the number of people clarify the implementation procedure. That legislation has been affected. studied extensively by the Committee and what I have, in fact, But, it is particularly in those times when the Senate is introduced is the product of the Committee's previous work. debating something of great historical significance, an issue The Senate, however, since passage of S.Res. 20 has failed to that affects everyone and the future of his country, that one pass the implementation legislation and, in fact, has only de­ becomes most alarmed at the limited role the average citizen is bated the matter once, briefly, last fall. allowed in the debate. The occasions that come to mind even Mr. Chainnan, I understand that the Sergeant-at-Arms does since the advent of television is long: the Civil Rights Act in not undertake to count every visitor to the Senate galleries. but 1957 and 1964; the Voting Rights Act in 1965; the debates on let us speculate for a moment. There are 6 I I seats in the Senate the Vietnam War from I 969 to 197 I ; the Panama Canal T rea­ galleries, and several of these are usually reserved for staff and ties; or more recently the debates on taxes. the budget, the MX friends of Members of Congress. But let us suppose that all 611 missile, the nuclear freeze, El Salvador, or Nicaragua. seats were continually occupied during Senate sessions - on It is in the Senate that the views on these issues have been average 7 hours a day and 157 days a year - and people were articulated most effectively and extensively. The Senate is ca­ rotated out every 15 minutes. then at most 2. 7 million people pable of disseminating information and divergent viewpoints would be able to see the Senate in session in one year. In other unlike any other institution in the world. Its functional bril­ words, even if that many people could find the time and money liance can be credited to our Founding Fathers and it is truly a to come to Washington. D. C. , still 99 percent of the population national treasure, yet its benefit is essentially confined to I 00 could not catch even a brief 15 minute glimpse of the Senate in Senators. session during a typical year. While television cameras are still prohibited in the Senate By contrast, it is estimated that 50 million people will watch Chamber, nearly all of our state legislatures have opened their the net.,.work news programs every night. If the television net­ chambers to the television camera. Neither is this a uniquely works~nd the independent stations and the burgeoning satellite American innovation. National legislatures are televised in TV network industry had access to the highlights of action in England, France, West Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, this Chamber, more people would be able to see Senate debates Sweden, Austria, Denmark, Switzerland, Italy, Spain. Israel, of major legislation in I day than would be possible in half a Australia, Japan, and Canada. Even the United Nations General century, if we limit the access to this Chamber just to the Assembly and Security Council is covered on a gavel-to-gavel physical gallery, as we do now. basis by television cameras. The advent of television in the last half century has changed At issue in the effort to televise Senate proceedings is how the way Americans communicate and learn, and in some re- 134 FROM THE OTHER SIDE •• .• TO THE PROMISED LAND EVERYONE Who's Spanish? Music: Carlos Montoya (1903- ), fla- a Bolivian immigrant of Castilian extrac­ ,.ii;.•.~n,,,wu1~111. menco guitarist. . ~ tion; Imogene Coca's father was a musi­ ' ""'"''-' ef ..,,. CNd . I Government: Elwood Quesada l'904- cian of Spanish descent; Xavier Cugat ,_ ... ,.,,._ .. ,,,,,,,_,,.,. •.., .... , •jul 4ft•.• y ,,..,,•• r,;9 ~1•' J,. ), first head of the Federal Aviation ( 1900- ), the "Rhumba King" was ~,,u • .,u,.- ti~"•'-''",,. ..,, ..... , .~ ,,,:,,-w,1,• ., I£,. .fa-~, Agency, and former vice-president of born in Barcelona. i,-• .,,,.& .,,,,.. I ., .,. /f'q-• f ,..,.... ,,_, - ;_,,._,I ,(""-:,.1.,J' Lockheed Aircraft Corporation. Sports: Rosemary Casals (1948- ), ~N,. F.,,. tA, :.JF.Ju,.• f ~,_,..,,_, •• ,,,,,. ' ''" ""#' "'' :,f,.r,-1/,r,., ,, Letters: Truman Capote (1924- ), top tennis player, is the grandniece of uJ ~.,.J-" .. .,,,.,,....•l•rr,j '"'"-"'If,., .,,,/J,i.,,~ , .• born in New Orleans of Spanish descent; cellist Pablo Casals. _,. ,j #IJI f'tj/, •Nllf th,-_,.,PM Science: Severo Ochoa (1905- ), bio- .'--',ti 1:.-. a. .A, ,,,,, ..., ....,.,.,,"" Anais N"in ( 1903-1977), the diarist, was .lanui ~ ~ .-.-,••.,. :., h" • , ...... llf.6 ,. ,.,.,,,..,, - · .. .., ""'"' ' of Spanish-French descent. chemist. .,.,-~•t- ·- ,. ... ,., ,, ••• ,,,e11 Entertainment: Martin Sheen (1940- Politics: Joseph Montoya (1915-1978), -'/_,_.,,1w••utt .. ,_,,_.,,t1,, -~, ,,,.._,"" -iJ ;, ), of Spanish and Irish parents; U.S. Senator from New Mexico whose -• ~.,, '-JNNn!VII. _4,,_.., l,,w/-, Ill~ ""-"'.,,,,vM "'·' ,.,,,, parents were descended from eighteenth­ ,,,.~.,~- "'ltf?!"IJ..•flit,.,,r,J Raquel Welch ( 1940- ), whose real ,,,...,.,.,.,,, / W,/ .-M utftl£:91~,. name was Raquel Tejada-her father was century Spanish immigrants. ;,,,.,.-. 'lct1iu,,r1,.:r,'"'..il,,l,,4. ,,-,f,J,J ,!,, , w,../J I''" .I.ti ,1._ at the r:::.;.. ;:J.. ~,//2,,",::,,;,, :' ic, ,,y,~w-u ,,.,n r~M H,-j,nl 197 5. The Swiss are one of America's smal­ behest of William Penn, who assured them ,,,,,.. -"' :...k.n ,,.,,. -,...,.f ..,, 14 ler foreign-stock groups: according to the of religious freedom. It has been estimated ;7:A~, ~-;'/l .Z~?w:', t!, ~-'::J/t.~:."..::i.: 1970 census they comprised 0.7% of our that almost 25,000 Swiss came to America _,,, bf, ~r/,uw.t 'f~.,,..,.J '-' ....," .,....A __..,ol Wa, foreign-stock population. in the 1700s, during which period they es­ .,,,,-. ... , ...... _,..,.... lu.,M ,,_,.. ~-""" ti+-,, Despite their rather small numbers, the tablished colonies at Germanna, Virginia; Hi-qtA,~.t.w;1;_JI" ".tl. Swiss have managed to make their mark on Purysburg, South Carolina; and New Bern, "..,;_.='.;:~ -:,~rzt~~ .,,N.i.ld,,~,.,,IUl,.•Y tlll""""" America in many different fields of en­ Dakota, a settlement founded by Chris­ M.:, ..-r t_~/,,,J "1.IM 1r•i11 11,..,.. ...,,. -.r•••. l11.u-tJ I 1A:,,,... u deavor. From the other side, the Swiss gave topher de Graffenried ( 1661-17 43) in 1710. .,... tin .a 1•.J ti-.,J,, ,,d, us: Swiss chard, a leafy green vegetable that According to the 1970 census, there were '""Zt!J:,1:r:~: :w~~ 4't41 la#lll'i., II' .,.'.f # ,,,,,,J 1-'1#, was first cultivated here in 1806; dotted over 49,000 Swiss-born residents and al­ .,.,,,,.,.,,,..,: i-A.I , ..,,... ~ ;,-uJ nJI Ill ,._.,. ••, d, 1M UIIP# Swiss fabric, for curtains and party dresses; most 169,000 children of Swiss immigrants I Swiss cheese; and the Brown Swiss cow, living in the United States. first brought to New England in 1869 as a dairy breed. r. _,,, ~•· The Swiss immigrants and their descen­ • • • dants in America gave us: Hershey's milk t ~ I I D I 7i2 - ·.· ~ . chocolate; Sutter's mill; the Chevrolet; 1%5) was the hero of Fort Pitt, and a mili­ ,.,,.(',.~,.r••~.-~ •. • Waldorf salad; Lobster Newburg; the Lin­ tary genius during the French and Indian . ~:· ~·~ coln Tunnel; and an assortment of Nobel War. ">•·-- ,• ... . Prize winners, diplomats, pioneers and mili­ ii f ii · I served as ... tary men. There were even two U.S. pres­ Iecretary • of the Treasury under both J effer- idents of Swiss-German extraction - son and Madison, and enjoyed a full career ..... Hoover and Eisenhower. as a diplomat, senator, U.S. Representative The first Swiss citizen in America was and, later, banker. He also founded the Diebold von Erlach, a mercenary soldier in American Ethnological Society and New the service of Spain who fought and died in York University. John Sutter's Florida in 1562. But despite the early ar­ .,_i · H r (1770- York Historic rival of a (, ~ed . wiss citizens, it . 1843) was the first Superintendent of the • -n&A,J.~(l_tha the nrst SwisNettle- U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey. meric M e9 , ga ·z (IIO"Z 181.JJ 136 FROM THE OTHER SIDE " • • TO THE PROMISED LAND EV ERYONE C and his son, Alexander, came to America in his livestock and squatted on his land, Facts About~ plunging Sutter to the depths of poverty. · 1848. While the father taught natural his­ Immigration tot tory at Harvard University, the son studied • Henry Clay Frick ( 1849-1919), the in­ there, and together they contributed much of dustrialist who was influential in the 1901 Peak Decade , our basic knowledge about the natural sci­ merger that formed the United States Steel 1970 Census ences, by studying animals, fossils and geo- Corporation, left his home and art collec­ Foreign-born S\\ logical structures. . tion to City as a after Native-born, 2m The senior Agassiz established the Mu­ his death. Total Foreign-st seum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard • James William Good ( 1866-1929) was and, after his death, his son was appointed Secretary of War under Hoover's adminis- curator. tration. · Main Ethnic Ep • The Swiss brothers Peter and John Del­ • Ernest Bloch (1880-1959), a Swiss Jew . Monico, founded their famous restaurant, from Geneva, came to the United States in Delmonico's, in 1827 in the financial dis­ 1916 and became a naturalized citizen in New York trict of . It was here that 1924. His musical contributions include: Americans first became acquainted with el­ Macbeth, an opera first produced in Paris in New Jersey egant Continental dining, and such dishes as 191 0; Solomon (1916), music for cello and Baked Alaska, pie a la mode and Lobster orchestra; and America, a symphonic poem, Newburg. Lobster Newburg started as first performed in New York on December There are onl Lobster a la Wenberg when it was first con­ 28, 1928, for which he won a $3,000 prize. state of Mississi cocted by Charles Delmonico, a nephew of • Oscar of the W oldorf . . . Another John and Peter, in 1876. He named it after famous "inventor" of Swiss origin was his seafaring friend Ben W~nberg, who gave Oscar Tschirky, better known as "Oscar of him his inspiration for preparing lobster the Waldorf." He was maitre d'hotel at the with heavy cream, egg yolks, cognac and Waldorf Astoria in New York City from TH sherry. When Ben and Charles had a falling 1893-1943, and it was there that he first out, Delmonico changed the name on his combined apples, celery, lettuce and may­ It has been es menus to read Lobster a la Newberg, by onnaise-better known to the world as Wal­ American popt reversing the first three letters of Ben's dorf salad. tween 1.5 milli name. • Felix Bloch (1905- ), a Swiss­ The immigratio ever, since ma • John A. Sutter was a Swiss-German im­ American physicist, won the 1952 Nobel migrant who gave not only his name but his prize in physics for developing a method of who emigrated fortune to the Gold Rush of 1848. When probing atomic nuclei with radio waves. late nineteenth gold was discovered at Sutter's mill in Sac­ • Walter John Stoessel, Jr. (1920- ), turies came he ramento, California, on January 24, thou­ former United States Ambassador to Po­ Their nations w land, is a third-generation descendant of pire until 1918. sands of gold prospectors, half-crazed with The term .. , visions of dollar signs dancing in their Swiss immigrants who came to America in heads, trampled Sutler's crops, slaughtered 1860. cial or religiou: one, applying Arabic-speakin Facts About the Other Side: majority of tt Country: SWITZERLAND United States t portion of Syri Capital: Bern 1941. They be Official Name: Schweiz (in German); Suisse (in French); and Svizzera (in Italian). and Melkite R The name, Switzerland, is derived from "Schwyz," one of the three or to the Syrii cent years the founding cantons. Helvetia, the Latin name of Switzerland, is used Moslems has t on coins and stamps to avoid having to print it in three languages. jority of secom Official Languages: German, French, Italian. In addition, 1% of the population speaks Americans are Romansch, a Swiss dialect. National Anthem: .. Swiss Hymn" National Flag: A white cross on a red background; each arm of the cross is one­ sixth longer thari its width. • The first Le' National Holiday: August 1, Swiss National Day was Anthony I Major Religions: Roman Catholic (49.4%); Pr$estant (47.8%) United States EV ER Y ONE COMES FROM SOMEWHERE 137 on his Jarut, Facts About Swiss-Amerkans: of poverty. - 1919), the in­ Immigration to the U.S. (1820-1975): 346,468 tial in the 190 1 Peak Decade (1881-1890): 81,988 ited States S1ee,t /970 Census and art collec~ a museum after Foreign-born Swiss 49,732 Native-born, 2nd generation 168,976 1866-1929) was Total Foreign-stock Population 218,708 oover's adminis- Main Ethnic Epicenters: U.S. Cities with Most Swiss: 9), a Swiss Jew United States in California 44,483 New York 15,281 · ·zed citizen in New York 23,773 10,153 btJtions include: Wisconsin 14,316 9,968 uoed in Paris in New Jersey 13,219 7,207 k for cello and Ohio 12,337 Paterson, NJ. 4,729 ymp onic poem, r ' on December There are only 160 Swiss-Americans of the first and second generations Jiving in the a $3,000 prize . state of Mississippi. . . . Another wi s origin was , n as "Oscar of .itre d'hotel at the . York City from T H E SYRIANS/ LE BANESE I N AME RI CA . ere that he first "lettuce and may- . It has been estimated that the total Arab­ • The first Arabic newspaper in America tile world as Wal- American population is somewhere be­ was Kawkab Amerika (The Star of tween 1.5 million and 2 million persons. America), founded in 1892 by Ibrahim and ), a Swiss­ The immigration records are vague, how­ Najeeb Arbeely. The first daily newspaper the I 952 Nobel ever, since many Syrians and Lebanese was Al-Hoda, founded in Philadelphia in ping a method of who emigrated to the United States in the 1898 by Naoum Anthony Mokarzel., It be­ .h radio waves. late nineteenth and early twentieth cen­ came a daily in 1902 when the paper's of­ Jr. (1920- ), turies came here with Turkish passports. fices were moved to New York. nbusador to Po­ Their nations were part of the Ottoman Em­ • In 1915 the first Melkite Catholic Parish, m descendant of pire until 1918. St. George's, was established in New me to America in The tenn "Arab-American" is not a ra­ York. By 1931 there were also 34 Maro­ cial or religious designation, but a cultural nite-rite churches, with · more than 9,000 one, applying to anyone who is from an members. Arabic-speaking country. However, the • In 1919, there were an estimated 400,000 majdrity of the Arab-Americans in the Syrians and Lebanese Jiving in America. United States today are Christians from the One of the largest colonies was centered on portion of Syria which became Lebanon in Washington Street in New York, and en­ -1941 . They belong mainly to the Maronite compassed almost seven city blocks of zzcra (in Italian). and Melkite Rites of the , lower Manhattan. When the financial dis­ " one of the three or to the Syrian Orthodox religion. In re­ trict began to expand the Arabs were forced 'itzerland. is used cent years the number of Arabic-speaking to move, and many journeyed across the three languages. Moslems has been on the rise, but the ma­ Brooklyn Bridge to Atlantic Avenue. This jority of second- and third-generation Arab­ ,opulation speaks is still one of the largest Arab communities Americans are Lebanese Christians. in the United States. • When immigration quotas were imposed • • • in 1921, the quota alloted for Syrians and the cross is one- Lebanese was 925 per year, three percent • The first Lebanese immigrant to America of the Arabic population enumerated in the was Anthony Bishallany, who arrived in the 1910 census. The Immigration Act of 1924 United States in 1854. iyered the quota to 2% of the 1890 census, J ;/ , - _.! ··.•

; / / _, . ,, :. THE ETHNIC ALMANAC

by Stephanie ~ernardo

Dolphin Books Doubleday & Company, Inc. Garden City, New York 1 9 8 I (Robinson/BE) November 13, 1985

5:30 p.m. l ") f- (-

PRESIDENTIAL REMARKS: ARRIVAL CEREMONY GENEVA, SWITZERLAND MONDAY, NOVEMBER 18, 1985

President Furgler [FOORG-ler], I would like to extend to you and to the Swiss people my appreciation for helping to make possible the coming meetings between representatives of the

United States and the Soviet Union.

Nancy and I are delighted to be in this magnificent city on the shores of Lake Geneva to see and greet all of you,linolYdin~ ou~ ~eod f1iesd, Arobassador' EaitbV Whi-ttr~~~and"· J to sayL on behalf of the American people, thank you for your warm and friendly welcome.

Mr. President, it is fitting that the meetings of the next few days should take place on Swiss soil, for Switzerland has long been a leader in the search for peace and the defense of human freedom. Again and again, you have provided your territory for international meetings, and your good offices in the mediation of disputes. It was the Swiss who founded one of the great humanitarian organizations of our time, the International

Red Cross; and it is Switzerland that often represents the diplomatic interests of other nations, including the United

States, in lands where these nations have no formal diplomatic relations of their own.

Indeed, in your unshakeable commitment to independence, democratic government, and human rights, the Swiss Confederation in itself serves as an example to all the world. The motto on the Great Seal of the United States, Mr. President, is Page 2

"E Pluribus Unum," out of many, one. Here in Switzerland -- a country of rich religious, cultural, and linguistic variety -­ you practice just such unity in diversity.

Permit me to add that our two countries are bound together by family ties. As early as 1562, a Swiss citizen appeared in

Florida, and, in 1670, a Swiss settlement was established near

Charleston, South Carolina. Ever since, Americans of Swiss descent have pioneered and led the development of our Nation.

Today Swiss-Americans number in the hundreds of thousands, and I would be remiss if I failed to express their affection for you, their Swiss cousins.

Indeed, just last month, the goodwill of the American people toward the Swiss was formally expressed in a joint resolution of the Congress of the United States.

Recently, Mr. President, Boston University awarded you an honorary Doctorate of Laws. In your acceptance address, you stressed the obligations incumbent upon the West to defend its values and way of life. "It is," you said, "part of the definition and vocation of the human being to be free •••• "

Mr. President, each in its own way, our two nations stand at the forefront of this struggle for liberty. Each stands determined to defend the freedoms of its own people and to advance the cause of freedom throughout the world. And each rests confident in the knowledge that freedom will endure, and prevail.

It is to make certain that this great work on behalf of human freedom can go forward in peace that I have come here Page 3

today. As I stated last month before the United Nations, I am

convinced that American-Soviet relations need a fresh start a genuine give-and-take on regional conflicts "1.ike the war rn y -ltfghanistan, on human rights, and on the reduction of arms. American and Soviet differences on these matters run deep. Mr. Gorbachev and I cannot surmount them in only 2 days. But I am here in the fervent hope that -- on behalf of all the people of the world -- we can at least make a start. President Furgler, once again, to you and the people of Switzerland, our friendship and deepest gratitude. NA TJONAL SECURITY COUNCIL WASHNGTON, O.C. 20506

9180 November 14, 1985

MEMORANDUM TO DAVID CHEW C FROM: -tc>---WILLIAM F. ~RT~ SUBJECT: President's Arrival Remarks in Geneva

The NSC staff approves the attached remarks as amended.

ATTACHMENT TAB A President's Arrival Remarks in Geneva 9180 Document No. ------

WHITE HOUSE STAFFING MEMORANDUMLJRGENT

DATE: 11-14-85 ACTIONICONCUUENCE/COMMENT DUE IY: 1 : 0 0 p. m. TODAY

SUIJECT: PRESIDENT'S ARRIVAL REMARKS IN GENEVA

ACTION FYI ACTIONFYI VICE PRESIDENT • • OGLESBY • • REGAN • • MIWR • • RYAN • • BUCHANAN • • SPEAKES • • CHAVEZ • . • SPRINKEL • • CHEW oP ass SVAHN • • DANIELS • • THOMAS • • FIELDING • • TUTILE • • HENKEL • • • • HICKS • • • • KINGON • • • • LACY • • McFARLANE ..,,, ,.~~,~ • •

REMARKS: I need your approval on the attached remarks by 1:00 today. Thank you.

RESPONSE:

DavidLChew Staff Secretary Ext.2702 (Robinson/BE) November 13, 1985 5:30 p.m. i?ccclved s 3 ARRIVAL CEREMONY GENEVA, SWITZERLAND MONDAY, NOVEMBER 18, 1985

President Furgler [FOORG-ler), I would like to extend to you and to the Swiss people my appreciation for helping to make possible the coming meetings between representatives of the United States and the Soviet Onion. Nancy and I are delighted to be in this magnificent city on the shores of Lake Geneva to see and greet all of your~ludi~ - eur geed friend, Ambassador Baie!l Wh:i~tl••9Band to say on behalf of the American people, thank you for your warm and. friendly welcome. Mr. President, it is fitting that the meetings of the next few days should take place on Swiss soil, for Switzerland has long been a leader in the search for peace and the defense of human freedom. Again and again, you have provided your territory for international meetings, and your good offices in the mediation of disputes. It was the Swiss who founded one of the great humanitarian organizations of our time, the International Red Cross~ and it is Switzerland that often represents the diplomatic interests of other nations, including the United States, in lands where these nations have no formal diplomatic relations of their own. Indeed, in your unshakeable commitment to independence, democratic government, and human rights, the Swiss Confederation in itself serves as an example to all the world. The motto on the Great Seal of the United States, Mr. President, is ~age 2

•E Pluribus Unum,• out of many, one. Here in Switzerland -- a country of rich religious, cultural, and linguistic variety -­ you practice just such unity in diversity. Permit me to add that 011r tllO countries are bound together by family ties. As early as 1562, a Swiss citizen appeared in Florida, and, in 1670, a Swiss settlement was established near Charleston, South Carolina. Ever since, Americans of Swiss - descent have pioneered and led the development of our Nation. Today Swiss-Americans number in the hundreds of thousands, and I would be remiss if I failed to express their affection for you, their Swiss cousins. Indeed, just last month, the goodwill of the American people toward the Swiss was formally expressed in a joint resolution of the Congress of the United States. Recently, Mr. President, Boston University awarded you an honorary Doctorate of Laws. In your acceptance address, you stressed the obligatio~s incumbent upon the West to defend its . values and way of life. •It is,• you said, •part of the definition and vocation of the human being to be free •••• " Mr. President, each in its own way, our two nations stand at the forefront of this struggle for liberty. Each stands determined to defend the freedoms of its own people and to advance the cause of freedom throughout the world. And each rests confident in the knowledge that freedom will endure, and prevail. It is to make certain that this great work. on behalf of human freedom can go forward in peace that I have come here PPge 3 today. As I stated last month before the United Nations, I am convinced that American-Soviet relations need• fresh start -- a genuine give-and-take on regional conflicta~ikc the. Y~i~,---= Ai9bani•' on human rights, and on the reduction of arms. American and Soviet differences on these matters run deep. Mr. Gorbachev and I cannot surmount them in only 2 days. But I am here in the fervent hope that -- on behalf of all the people of the world -- we .. can at least make a start. President Furgler, once again, to you and the people of Switzerland, our friendship and deepest gratitude.

, .~ ..~ - .• ::; ... l

a./

[f OORGi - luJ

Indeed, in your unshakeable commitment to f.l,depen~ce,

{)fficial Name democratic government, and human rights, the swV'-Js Con v eratiR,n •1 Switz~kmd L m ~. ~re(ij -S?4v ~c::v:.1· in its:)f se7xs asf:{1 exaD)'fe to f.½l t~wo~~- ~·ttiot=~ inott-o J•~ZO the Uni\;;J,d stl.'.t!es, ~- Pres'-tlient, "1 "E \.l.rthds un\,;I, • &ii &A V-~. t:l"'f /rm . 'I

. Page 2

l'l \J r~, () y 1 7 0ac~J ll rlinivv , Ge. He~•itlwitQ~nd --~ cou;/.ry ~ r!e1 ib11g10til, d . . . . Notes p· 3 c ura,1 an 1 guistic v r ty you practice just such unity in diversity.

Mr. President, each in its own way, our two nations stand at the forefront of this struggle for liberty. Each stands \U,etni~ed to f¥llnd the M,_e;doms 1llf ,its n v..ee and to ~ ~ah6e the ca~ of fre~';;;: thro:;{b';;ut t~rld. And each ~ JfJ~ests confident in the knowledge that freedom will endure, and ;~~revail. ~ It is to make certain that this great work on behalf of human f reffof). ca~go Rrwar~in ir!fce at I have c~ here ~ 5 ~ v A3S fllr'I ~,N 1 f.c;:/ today. Ai.;; PstaVed 1w't. mo't2h bWore e ui\ited Na ons, I ,, .y. 11f 85 I\ ,

Page 3

Grmalwtdru,;ne~an an~ ~vi":) differ~cesrj 1\ese~at~r~un deep. it\ccl-iri~ ._. ijorbAdiev a~ f?lcal.'2ot surml,';J,t ~,..Ll o\Jy (;,Id~. But I 111 1 • ~ ~ / ~\ere in the fervent hope that -- on behalf of all the people Mc,n,{t of the world -- we can at least make a start. President Furgler, once again, to you and the people of Switzerland, our friendship and deepest gratitude. THE WHITE HOUSE

WASHINGTON

\ 11/4/85 MEM)RANDUM

TO: ROBERT MCFARLANE F'Rad: FREDERICK J. RYAN, JR.~ SUBJECT: ·APPROVED_,___ PRESIDENTIAL--- ACTIVITY Time reserved for Pre-Geneva events: MEETING: 11/7/85 - 12:00 m - 60 min - Lunch - Cabinet Room 11/14/85 - 1:00 pm - 30 min - Meeting - Cab~net Room DATE: 11/16/85 - approx. 8:20 am - 10 min - Departure Eveot - East Room Time TBD - Arrival Event - Geneva TIME:

DURATION:

LOCATION:

REMARKS REQUIRED: Yes, for departure and arrival events

MEDIA OOVERAGE: Coordinate with Press Office

FIRST LADY PARTICIPATION: Yes, in departure and arrival events

NOTE: PROJECT OFFICER, SEE ATl'ACHED CHECKLIST

cc: K. Barun J. Hooley P. Buchanan A. Kingon D. Chew J. Kuhn E. Crispen C. McCain M. Daniels B. Oglesby T. Dawson J. Rosebush B. Elliott R. Scouten J. Erkenbeck R. Shaddick L. Faulkner B. Shaddix M. Friedersdorf L. Speakes C. Full er WHCA Audio/Visual w. Henkel WHCA Operations E. Hickey N. Yates C. Hicks w. Martin Administration of Ronald Reagon. 1985 • tive Conference of the United States for a Nominations-Continued term of 3 years. Tius is a reappointment. Submitted April 23-Continued April 24 new position created by P.L 98-353, ap­ proved July 10. 1984. The President met at the White House with members of the White House staff. Gary L. Bauer. In the monung. the President greeted of Virginia. to be Under Secretary of Educa­ participants in the First LadieF Conference tion. vice Gary L. Jones, resigned. on Drug Abuse in the Blut> Room ln the afternoon. the President participat­ Douglas A. Riggs. ed in the swearing-m ceremony in the Oval of Alaska, to be General Cpunsel of the De­ Office for Faith Ryan Whittlesey as U.S. partment of Commerce, vice lrving P. Mar­ Ambassador to Switzerland. gulies, resigned. ln the evening, the President attended a dinner given by Senator Paul Laxalt of Submitted April 24 Nevada at the Georgetown Club. April 25 John Arthur Ferch. The President met at the White House of Omo. a career member of the Senior with Foreign Service. Class of Minister-Counsel­ -members of the White House staff. or. to be Ambassador Extraordinary and -the Cabinet and members of the White Plenipotentiary of the United States of House staff. for lunch to discuss the up­ Arnenca to the Republic of Hondur& coming economic summit: -Anne Christa Cordrey, the 1985 Poster Submitted April 25 Kid for the Allergy and Asthma F oun­ dation of America Abraham D. Sofaer, A of New York, to be Legal Adviser of the • ~ April 26 Department of State, vice DaVJS Rowland The President met at the White House Robinson, resigned. with members of the White House staff. Withdrawn April 25

John D. Ward, of Colorado, to be Director of the Office of Nominations Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforce­ Submitted to the Senate ment, vice James R. Harris, to which posi­ tion he was appointed during the last reces~ The following list does not include promo­ of the Senate, which was sent to the Senatf tions of memben of the Uniformed ~. on January 3, 1985. nominations to the Seroice Academies. or nominahons of Foreign Seroice officers. Submitted April 26 D. Lowell Jensen, . Submitted April 22 of Virginia, to be Deputy Attorney General. vice Carol E. Dinkins, resigned. Margaret DeBardeleben Tutwiler, of Alabama. to be an Assistant Secretary of the Treasury (new position-P.L. 9S-549 of William Bradford Reynolds. October 30, 1984). of Maryland, to be Associate Attorney Gen· eral, vice D. Lowell Jensen. Submitted April 23 Francis S. Blake, J. Frederick Motz, of Maryland, to be an Assistant Administra­ of Maryland, to be United States District tor of the Environmental Protechon Judge for the District of Maryland, vice a Agency, vice A. James Barnes.

534 . -~. RED BADGE OF COURAGE-RED CROSS 303 4~A--~t~~ -.Jaebievable past is symbolized by the "red" RED CLOUD ( 1822-1909), chief of the Oglala THE . die: title, while the "black" symbolizes the Sioux and a leader of Indian resistance to white RECTUM ~th~ which Julien decides to join, since, in encroachment in the Wyoming region. He was _.of peace, it is only through the church ~t born near North Platte, Nebr., in 1822. As ' u.'CIJf realize his immense ambitions. ~ chieftain of the Oglala he attracted notice among , • .'l)e figure of Julien, attractive and repulsive the Sioux for his feats of courage, and began to ~mrus occupies the book's central position. gather independent followers among the Sioux M •~Y less fascinating are the portraits of and Cheyenne. In June 1866, he attended a ~women he loves: Mme. de Renal, a ten­ meeting at Fort Laramie where federal agents _,,11111temal creature, and Mathilde de La Mole, announced that the U. S. government would open tomac:h diil daughter of Julien's aristocratic employer and the Bozeman Trail and construct three forts to 'f I ardent. romantic, and highly unconventional defend it. A branch of the Trail, it led I :t,_ The book ends with Julien's execution for from Nebraska and Colorado throu~ Wyoming /,,, it,;attempted murder of Mme. de Renal, who Territory to the Montana goldfielcfs. The trail ;. ._.tried to stop his marriage to Mathilde. The crossed a favorite Sioux hunting ground east of wa5 partly suggested to Stendhal by the the Bighorn Mountains, and Red Cloud protested ':-« Antoine Berthet, a theological student that it would destroy the buffalo and the liveli­ ~ in 1828 for a somewhat similar crime. hood of the Sioux. He left the council at Fort ~ol~f . . . F. W. J. HEMML"lGS Laramie, determined to KO on the warpath. . --:-,: ~, of "Stendhal: A Study of ms Novels" Red Cloud, with other Sioux and Cheyenne followers, mounted a campaign of harassment • ~,,,,._. COloft \ .~~ ...- .._: l ·! lio BADGE OF COURAGE, a novel by the Amer- against the Bozeman Trail and its forts for two 1 ! Descenc11 11,1J11.-writer Stephen Crane, published in 1895. years. He attacked work partie.~, led the assault : ' COion f a,,, 11,d Badge of Courage is the story of a against Lt. Col. William Fettennan's unit near )! ., l[nlon recruit's first ordeal in battle in Fort Phil Kearny in December 1866, and made · ,W.CMI War: war, always and everywhere, as other assaults in 1867. He so harassed opera­ · ~ by the man in the ranks. tions that the government signed a treaty in Redl,lt Heniy Fleming, still in his teens, has spent 1868, abandoning the Bozeman Trail and the At1111 tf1t winter in training camp. Neither he nor three forts. t ,at re&lment, the "304th New York," has ever After that time Red Cloud advocated peace, \rt of thl· !.,-er .,._ letfon. Fleming is worried that when bat­ but following a quarrel with an Indian agent in digestive wa,1, f. ,. camel he may be afraid. His efforts to find 1881, he was ousted as chief of the Oglala. His ut of the I••!\ f .-tf his tentmates Wilson ( "the loud soldier" ) tribe later was moved to the Pine River in South ! llllll Conklin ( "the tall soldier" ) share his qualms Dakota, where he died on Dec. 10, 1909. confor111int1 1, ,_.. with evasion or denial. ;occyx, tlw 1,.-. f • 0.- the battlefield Fleming's regiment with­ RED CROSS, an international movement that en­ it rests. A t.l­ .,_ -the first Confederate attack, but when it · deavors to prevent and alleviate hi.tman suffering. :m) Joni(. ii n a, IWnlWed, Fleming panics. His flight brings The movement functions through the Interna­ the anu\. l!ir • among the walking wounded, who include tional Committee of the Red Cross, the League >oth musdt· •od i:..tJit and all except Fleming bear a wound, of Red Cross Societies, the International Confer­ Its upper,_.. "Wtelibadge of courage." He panics again, lest ence of the Red Cross, and national societies. eritoneum. Tl-· · •'6n discover his cowardice. 1hen, ironi­ Except in Muslim countries, which use the red bulges to f,.,. ' •'- receives his badge-a blow on the head crescent, its symbol is a red cross on a white ,ee in lhl' prh • -.-.m. with another runaway. Fleming finds background, the reverse of the Swiss national . '--lfl1 back to his regiment, where his absence emblem. Iran uses a red lion and sun. are pa.N•tl I'! wfMt been noticed. On the second day of bat­ The International Committee of the Red Cross 1en a pt·r,un • Ill liia· tghts brilliantly: "He had been to touch is composed of up to 25 Swiss citizens. It serves he vol1111IJ1J! ~ '1llt death, and found that, after all, it was as a neutral intermediary in time of conflict to ;e feces il"" '"' death. He was a man." protect victims of war in accordance with the ---~tnarrative technique is naturalistic. four Geneva Copventions. The League of Red !,t ~= Is told from Fleming's point of view: 1919. .ed di!(ital\y. Cross Societies was founded in Its primary ,f light-l'<(llll~ ~ ~s about the. battle-Chancellorsville­ role is to promote cooperation among its member noidoscop•·• ..,. • .._lelds and a tract of woodland where the societies and to coordinate healtli and relief unination i, :.+ ~~ ~rred. Crane had never seen a bat­ efforts, particularly in meeting the needs of refu­ -.-~ PD imagination served him well. gees and victims of natural disasters. Meeting : ~ D1LANcEY FERGUSON, Brooklyn College every four years, the International Conference ve plants f•'t of the Red Cross is the highest deliberative body sing tlw Ill.•. · ~~ nickname of Baron von Richtofen, and includes representatives of governments ). Red :1h:at ~ • • ~~\lo~~~ld War I ace. See R1cHTOFEN, signatory to the Geneva Conventions. h color. w\u• ~,l,it:1 · . AMERICAN RED CROSS 1t. Sec :\I'-"° i ' ~, , . The American Red Cross is a private, volun­ :-:~~ CELL. or erythrocyte, a tiny, round tary service organization financed mostly by vol­ l by the f:~ r- -· that forms the major part of the untary contributions from the American public. 30. Tlw . lkd...... , . t> fa~ , the' common name for two species vices help people avoid, prepare for, and cope i, IS ..,- r;~JI · 1uniperus): J. virgfniana, a tall, coni- with emergencies when they occur. . )~ck no~,a~ t , ·eastern United States; and J. scopu­ To accomplish its aims the Red Cross provides sant lik~ 1; t . ~led western or Rocky Mountain volunteer blood services, conducts community 111 ,,h valor ,.•· . l;, CEDAR; JVNIPER. services, and serves as an independent medium of 304 RED DEER-RED JACKET

voluntary relief and communication between the RED DEER, a city in Red Deer county Alberti, American people and their armed forces. It main­ Canada. Situated midway between c;.fgary and tains a system of local, national, and internation­ Edmonton, it is about 90 miles ( 145 km) froni al disaster preparedness and relief and assists each city. Red Deer is at the center of a PrO\. the government of the United States to meet hu­ perous dairy, fanning, and petroleum area. In. 1! ii' manitarian treaty commitmen~ dustries include oilfield service firms and manu The governing body is a v~nteer 50-member facturers of mobile homes, fire and ambulant· ! I;. -; board of governors-eight appointed by the pres­ equipment, drill bits, transformers, and fOO!h ,. . : 1· ident of the United States, 12 elected by the and beverages. board itself, and 30 elected by the chapters at a The explorer Anthony Henday was the 61\t ~t national convention. Administration and super­ European to visit the area, in· 1754, but th, j, \ vision are provided by a national headquarters first settlement was not made until 1883. T014 ~ ' ·l I ' in Washington, D. C., four field offices, and 60 status was attained in 1894, and the communit· 1 divisions. Red Cross services are carried out by was incorporated as a city in 1913. Red Deer 1~ over 3,100 local chapters. governed by a mayor and aldermen. Populatior, 46,393. · ORIGINS OF THE RED CROSS MOVEMENT In June· 1859, Henri Dunant, a young Swiss, RED DEER, a large deer, Cert)us elaphus, foun,l .: '~ j arrived in northern Italy the day after the Bat­ in many parts of England, Scotland, contin«·nt,.) , Ii. tle of Solferino was fought. Dunant, horrified by Europe, Asia, and northern Africa. Also known ' ' the suffering of the thousands of wounded on ~Y many other n~mes, includinf ~e Barbary ~law J . both sides, established a temporary hospital in a m northern Afnca, the mara m the Caspian {: church. Dunant returned to his native Geneva region, and the shou in Tibet, it is very clOSe!, and wrote about his experiences in A Memory of relate<1 to the American elk, or wapiti. · Solferino, published in 1862. He proposed the The numerous subspecies and races of th, idea of permanent, neutral, volunteer societies red deer differ in size, coloring, and antler dr. in all countries for the care of sick and wounded velopment. The European race is reddish br011n soldiers in time of war. in summer and brownish gray in winter. .\r. A committee of five Swiss, including Dunant, adult male, or stag, stands about 4.5 feet ( I.I called an international conference that met in meters) at the shoulder and may weigh -HJ! Geneva in October 1863. The International Com­ pounds (180 kg). mittee of the Red Cross was established at this conference, and at a second conference in August RED GIANT, a giant star whose red color n-sulb 1864 the first Geneva Convention for the protec­ from its relatively low temperature. Red iiiant tion of the sick and wounded of armies during hood is a late stage in the evolution of star; ,c wartime was signed by 12 governments. Revisions average size, such as the sun, during which 11., of this convention and others protecting victims star expands greatly and becomes much m111• of sea warfare ( 1906) and prisoners of war luminous. See STAR-Stellar Life Cycles ( Old ( 1929), as well as a new convention protecting Stars). civilians, were si~ed in 1949. Virtually every nation in the world is now a party to these four RED GUM, the common name for Euca/y pt,. Geneva Conventions and has a national society. rostrata, a tall ornamental tree often cultivatr' in California. The name also is applied to tli, ORIGINS OF THE AMERICAN RED CROSS sweet_ gum tree ( L,quldambar styracifl.ua ). S.• Although U.S. observers attended the 1864 also EUCALYPTUS; SWEET GuM. conference in Geneva, the United States did not sign the Geneva Convention at that time. It RED HOT POKER. See PoKER PLANT. remained for a determined woman named Clara Barton to accomplish this. On her own initiative RED JACKET (c.1758-1830), American lml1~ '. she went to the aid of the wounded in the Civil chief of the Seneca tribe, known for his sl:!J War and became known as "The Angel of the as a politician and orator. He was born :: Batt1e6eld." Leaming of the Red Cross while in Seneca county, N. Y., about 1758. Though ~• • Europe during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, Indian name was Sagoyewatha, he received thr Miss Barton returned to the United States to En__glish name Red Jacket because he won· ' urge the government to sign the Geneva Con­ red coat given him by British troops durin~ t~ vention. Not until 1882 did President Arthur American Revolution. He took the British s~~ sign and the Senate ratify the treaty. in that conflict but later made peace with &• Clara Barton and a few friends founded the United States. American Association of the Red Cross in 1881, In 1792 he visited George Washington. 11h , and she was president until 1904. Miss Barton honored him and presented him with a stlu• · introduced the idea of disaster relief in peace­ medal. Red Jacket later supported the l'mt~· · time and took supplies to Cuba for soldiers and St:'-tes in the War of 1812. He clashed frequ,•n :~ 1 civilians during the Spanish-American War in · with the government, however because of 1" 1898. Both types of service became Red Cross opposition to the introduction ol foreign cusli', . obligations when the first Congressional Charter among his people. He also opposea the ,~ was granted in 1900. . croachment of white civilization and the salr ·! RUDOLF A. CLEMEN, JR. Indian land, After 1815 he advocated drivin~" The American National Red Cross whites from Indian land, particularly white fll'' Further ReadinJ: Barton, Clara, The Red CroH In sionaries. Indian opposition to his policie~ ,t Peace and War (American Hbtorical Press 1899); well as his own heavy drinking led to :~ Davison Henry P., The American Red Crou In the removal in 1827 as chief of the Seneca. i. Great War (Macmillan, N. Y., 1919); Dulles, Foster Rhea, The American Red Cron, A HistOMJ (Harper later regained his position in a general Ir~j~ 1950); Dunan!,_ Henri, A Memory of Sol/erino (The council. Red Jacket died in Seneca \ 11 .1;· American Red cross 1959 ). · N. Y., on Jan. 30, 1830. 520 e-EAGLE

e, in mathematics, is an irrational number EADS, edz, James Buchanan . ( 18 .t.ik s•~~-ke ( 2.718281828459 ... ) with important appli­ American ·engineer, who designed the 1,t,1\'lh-~~,­ cations in science. It is also called Euler's portant steel bridge in the United States: ,,~•w theiri 1 number for Leonhard Euler who introduced it in was born in Lawrenceburg, Ind., on 'ti. . \lost eag his llltroductio in analysi11 infinitorum ( 17 48). 1820. He left school at age 13 1D _. 'i'''·it-~ \\'ate Many processes in nature have the follow­ Mississippi River steamboats, and in ·· -18Jt'% ,.. ,!in!! ter ing characteristic: the rate of change of a organized a company to salvage • 11.m: miles quantity de_pends on the amount of the quantity vessels. This venture was a great wreclc~••fina~~ r:.,, range ! present. The quantity may be the number of cess and displayed his genius for hydrauJii'.:i ,II, tlive at hacteria on a dish, an amount of radioactive mechanics. An interlude in the glass-~. ,,..! n•ly on , ,.,.,1 or ag. 't I material, or the strength of an electric current. turing business brought him heavy ~ ,,1., t, hrntes, :; l I' In· each case the basic equation describing the losses, however, and he returned to rive'{-_: -. . · ,,.. 1101 abov situation is dy/dt ky, where k is the "rate During the Civil War, Eads designei,IIDd l I = ",,.,11~· capt j I constant" describing how fast the quantity built river gunboats for the Union. ·Aftt!f e. l changes. This equation has only one solution: war he guided a company that was fo~ j ,-,,11 ,·arry it y = Ae", where A is a constant depending on build a bridge across the Mississippi at ·st.:~ · · l Reproduct initial conditions. Such behavior is called ex­ Congress required spans so high and wide 11.t 1 , "·acoasts 11••: I ponential growth ( k positive) or exponential most engineers considered the proje<;t l •,II tw,·s or ho. ,trndnre of but Eads' ingenuity _prevailed. The bri:dge,-. I' decay ( k negative). The exponential function I et• occurs in nearly all fields of physics and pleted in 1874, is still in use. ·, .~ · •· ,,,. Eaglt chemistry. Thus tables of powers of e, and In 1875, Eads undertook a project~­ u ·,1r,. :uldin; also logarithms to the base e ( called natural the mouth of the Mississippi, which bad· · 1thi11 was us I to111 ( 0.9 rr. II logarithms), are in wide use. choked with mud and silt. He de J l.JI'I Euler's number may be defined by the ex­ system of jetties that concentrated the· ilo.· t: t·:aizles la pression e = limit ( 1 + 1/n)" as n beromes make the river current itself remove the ,-.! 'i"'lt,·d and indefinitely large. Alternatively, e l + 1/1! and silt. The project was completed .inJB?l ! "" ul,atc the = 'J ~• l!l clays + 1/2! + . . . . Comr.Iex numbers may be His last interest, a railway to carry ships ~ written in -the form re IJ where e'IJ cos the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Mexico, never mmi 1 1.. ,1 tlw dov =. I ,~11111).! as 1~ IJ + i sin IJ. Euler was the first to relate the to fruition. Eads died in Nassau, Bahama 1 numbers e, 71', and i through the rather simple Islands, on March 8, 1887. "'r - · 1. .id,· ~pecie a l..,t 111ore tJ equation, p AUL B. TMICOT'I ei" + l = 0. ·. .. , •, ling ma .. DAVID TEAL, Tougawo College Miami University, Or/ord,,:0,., f J. ••·.,r. Althm ~ UNUM, 6 pldb~~.. }m 1flt3m, Latin EAGLE, any of a diverse group of about 55 ,pt­ ~ '•,rtin• age, phi:iili@ 1 ·• "from tJ-.e n~ ~' used as cies of flesh-eating diurnal birds of prey tbA1 a on the Ci• Seal= d tw United States, oc.-cur on all rontinents except Antarctica. referring to the Union o! the states. It has Large, spectacular eagles (especially .the _,. Eagles d, been traced to Vergil's poem Moretum. It eagles, harpies, and large booted eagles) "1 ! da,sificat: appeared on the design for the United States becoming rare. They are killed by fannen pc! i:t,·,. l,awks, seal prepared by Philadelphia artist Pierre gamekeepers, who shoot them or put out JIii• ,,,. family Eugene du Simitiere in 1776. The . Continental soned carrion as bait. They are also iD dealllld , '"'1J11•s. Eag Congress did not approve this design. The by falconers ( see FALCONRY ) , zoos, and trorl•\ ,1 fi,h ea1 Great Seal of the United States adopted on collectors. In addition, the reproductive IIJ(lN't.' d,·, (sub June 20, 1782, and designed mainly by William of eagles may be impaired by pesticide" J)Oboil ••h·d (or ti Barton, retained the motto on a scroll held ing. These artificial pressures, plus natural IIWlf Seo and I in the eagle's beak. The motto appears on the tality and the eagles' low reproduction rate, P*~ "' n·rv larl seals of the President, the Senate, the Supreme many species in serious danger of extinction, : .1,I w,iters · ·,., ..,. 111assiv€ Court,_ and the State and Treasurx departments; DeKrlption and Behovior. Eagles vary iJ?_~ on U.~. coins and the dollar bill; on the flag Ayres' eagle ( Hieraetus dubius) is IBK ~ "' •,,I, in most of North Dakota, and on the seals of Michigan ( 42 cm) long, while the harpy (Harpia - •! fi,h near and Wisconsin. pyja), the monkey-eating eagle ( Pith~ 1111111als, bi ;efjeryl), and Steller's sea eagle (H~~ •·arrion. EA, ii'a, was a Babylonian god the father of pelagicus) are 36 to 40 inches (go..:.100 -~ l:ru-rican ba \1arduk, and was identified with the earth, whose long-among the largest of flying birds.ills _., Sumerian name was Enki. Ea first appears about Eagles have long, massive, hooked b IIJP-' 2200 B.c. as the patron god of the city of powerful toes with long, curved clawsd. ~ Eridu, one of the most ancient towns in the eyes, although located laterally, are ~- irec~l'ff'il valley of the Euphrates, but later he became a forward, thus allowing good binoculu . universal deity niling the waters surrounding perception. Their wings are broad, and ¢ the world. He became the patron deity of breast muscles are powerfully develo~bla. / r, t healers and magicians and of arts and crafts. species are various shades of brown, , 1h, Ea was worshiped under the symbol of a gray, but some are white or streaked OS: _J monster, half fish and half goat. Many stories underside or have light marking~ on the _..,. -! werc told about his feats and how through shoulders, wings, or tail. •_,d cleverness or eYen deceit he was able to ac- The relative length of an eagle's wiDI' .sl :.OLDEN EAC i cmnplish great. deeds, In the Akkadian creation tail and the covering of its legs ~ ~,od in man) epic, Ea appears, together with Anu and Enlilf the habitat and· food habits of the ~ ­ • ,, North Am, as one of a triad ruling the cosmos. He is als · Species that inhabit forests generally hav~ •••••ininoted t mentioned in a stele of Nabonidus, a ruler o tively short wings and long tails that , ~ "'•a•. includi, Babylon in the 6th century B.c·. Afterward, Ea them to maneuver among the trees. ()pe'! ~ shared the fate of other Babylonian deities and try eagles, on the other hand, have ~ ,l is remembered only in oracles and incantations. long wings enabling them to soar incl s ~ RICHARD N. FRYE prey. Species that feed mostly on bir s ~ ~ ). Author of "The Herttoge of Persta" mals have feathered tarsi (lower parts of the . ,·· } ~~':;)~. ,~· I • • • • Sw~tzerland United States Department of State January 1985 Bureau of Public Affairs - Geograph~· Eeonomy Area: 41.288 •q. km. '15.941 •q. mi.): abou: GDP (1984 est.): S93.7 billion. Annual twice the size of New Jeniey. Cities: ll'Owth rate: -0.1% m real terms. Per Capital-Bem (pop. 145,000; metropolitar: apita inco-: $14,408. A•g. inflation nu area pop .. 286,000). Otlier eitieti-Zuricr. (1984): 3.0%. (375,000: metro area. 707.000). Base Natural reeoarce•: Waterpower. timber. (183.000: metro area. 365,000). Genevo salt (157,000: metro area. 336.000). Lausannf A«riea)tue (4% of GNP): Protivctlr­ (128,000; metro area. 227 .000). T~rnm dairy products, livestock, grains. fruit anci Plat.eau. hills, mountains (Switzerland strac vegetables, potatoes, wine. Arabu dles the central ranges of the Alps). Climate: laftd--45% Temperate, varying with altitude and seasor. lnda•try (40% of GNP): Types­ machinery, precision instrument.s, watchef, • Govenment drugs, chemicals, textile,·tourism, ~ ­ insurance. Type: Federal st.ate. lndepetldenee: The first Tnde (1984): EZJ)Mt8-S25.6 billior. Offlclal Name: Swiss confederation was founded in Au,nis! power equipment and electric appliances. ir,­ 1291 as a defensive alliance among three can­ •truments. watches, chemicals and dyestuff~ Swiss Confedera Ion tons. Coutitation: 1848; extensively amend­ drugs. industrial machinery, yam and tex · ed in 1874. tiles. foodstuffs. Major marksts-FRG. Branche•: E2'flCKtiw-Federal Council. France, Italy, US, UK. lt11ports-S29.6 collegiate of seven members, one of whom i& billion: crude oil and petroleum products, in­ elected president for a 1-yr. tenn. Lf!{li,­ dustrial machinery. iron and steel, foodstuffi.. lative-Federal Allsembly (bicameral: Council grains, tobacco, motor vehicles. MaJQT w.1- of States, 46 members; National Council, 2()(1 PROFILE pliers-FRG, France, Italy, US, UK. members). Jvdicial-Federal Tribunal. Belgium, Netherlands. Austria. Admini1trative •abdivi• ion•: 23 canton.• Official exchange rate (avg. for 1984 People (st.ates) with considerable autonomy (20 full IMF): 2.29 Swiss FrancsE US$1. and 6 half cantons). Fiacal year: Calend!D" year. - Nationality: NOKn and ,u(~tiw-Swiss Politieal partie•: Radical Democrau. (sing. and pl.). Population (1984 est.): 6.5 (conservative), Social Democrats, Christian million. AnnaaJ ,rowth rate: 0.1%. Ethnir Democrat.s (conservative), Volkapartei Membenhip in International IJ'OUps: Mixed European stock. Relicion1: (Peasants' Pany), and six •mailer partie~ Organizations Roman Catholic 49%, Prot.estant 48%, Jewisn representing views from extreme left to ex­ General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. 0.3%. I..nguage11: Gennan 65%, French treme right. Saffnre: In federal matten;. Council of Europe, European Free Trade 18%, lt.alian 12%, Romansch 1 %, other 4% . universal over age 20. Agreement, Bank for lntemational Set· Education: YeaTB com~-9. Attend­ Central government badret (19841. tlements, Organization for Economic aflll-100%. Literacy-100%. Health: l• SlO.l billion. Deficit-$626 million. Development and Cooperation. International Jam mortality ra.te-911,000. Life ezpecta11- Defen•e (1984): 2.1% of GDP Energy Agency, INTELSAT, Economic Com­ ey-men 70.3 yrs., women 76.2 yrs. Work National •oliday•: Jan. l, Jan. 2, Good mission for Europe. Though not a UN force (3.1 million): Agricaut1ire-7%. /11,­ Friday, Easter Monday, Ascension Da,- . member, Switzerland belongs to many UN d1111try and commerce-89%. Servicea-50%. Whitmonday, Aug. 1 (National Day). specialized agencies, such as the Office of the Gowrnment-4%. Christmas Day UN High Commissioner for Refugees, Inter­ Fla&': Square, white cross on red field. national Court of Justice. World Health - Organimtion, and International Atomic Energy Agency. PIOPLE Alps, stretch from the southwest to the the Hapsburg army and secured their in­ northwest and occupy about 10% of the deoendence as the Swiss Confederation. SoJMnV ~ tiavt> inflaen<'iic territorv. The remainin1 30% compnse~ During- the 14th century, the confedera­ ~that rt nrun'jiosailile u the lowiands-actualiy a plateau ~­ tion grew. adding iive more cantons, in­ • #nf- etnn,c Jn"OU~ tnert In HJW,£. refil· tween the two range~-wnert the iarge!' cluding Zurich and Berr. Qeal, ~£. t;otaW 14..9% O tn~ . cities and the industriai sectiom, of By the beginmn1 of the 16th cer,- poputat10n. N('l m~· l!'f'OUP!' exist II, Switzerland are concentrated. Tne -iury. Swtt,zeriand comprised U, the generally accepted sense of tht highest point m tne country is tnt _ autonomous cantons and several subject tern. Dufour PeaK on Mont Rose-4,63fj m communities. IJurmg this period, tht More than 75% of the people live ir. (15,217 ft. )-above sea level. The lowest Swiss gained. renown throughout Europt­ the centrai p1am. which stretches ht-­ pomt-192 m. (633 ft.J-is the shore of as excellent soldiers, not only in protect­ tween the Alps and the Jura Mountaim Lake Maggiore irl Canton Tierno ing therr own country but also a.,; and from Geneva to the Rhine River. (Tessinl. mercenary troops throughout the conti­ Switzerland's climate is temperat€ nent. but varies with altitude. During January. After the disastrous battle at the average temperature in Basel-277 Marignano in 1515, in which Swiss m. (909 ft. I-is 0°C (31.8°F): on the mercenaries fought on both sides, the Saenti!'-2.501 m. (8.202 ft.)-it is -9°C confederation abandoned mercenary 1_,J_IWM:1.1 +u,JUl~l,f._~•t.~).;__'1J;~.._- ~--l V (16°F1. In July. Basel enjoys an average soldiery and adopted neutrality. mrnon . in Canton Graudiienden. . temperature of 19°C (66°F), and the The religious struggies of the Refor­ Spoken differs substan­ Saentis, an average of 5°C (41 °F). mation. although severe in Switzerland. ! tially from regular spoken Germar.. Average annual precipitation ranges failed to sever the union, and the coun­ j varying from canton to canton and ever, from 61 centimeters (24 in.) in Canton try was spared the horrors of the Thirty l from town to town. The standardized Valais to 200 centimeters (79 in.) near Years' War. Under the Treaty of written language. High German. is used Lucerne. Bern and Zurich receive about Westphalia. in 1648, Swiss independence j in broadcastmg. on the stage. and ir. 101 centimeters (40 in.) per year. and neutrality were recognized by the 1 university lectures. French is spoken ir: other Eurooean nations. ~ Fribourg, Vaud, parts of the Vaiai5. Switzerland remained neutral until . Neuchatel. Geneva. and Jura Cantons. HISTORY 1798. when it was invaded and con­ Italian is spoken in Ticino Canton. Mam: quered by the armies of the Frencl1 Swiss speak more than one languagt. · Originally inhabited by the Helvetians. Revolution. The Treatv of Vienna and Almost all Swiss are literate. or Helvetic Celts, the territory compru­ the Second Peace of Paris in 181f, Switzerland's 10 universities had a total ing modern Switzerland was conquered reestablished Switzerland as an indt-­ enrollment of 63,900 in academic year by Julius Caesar during the Gallic wars pendent country. and the powers par­ 1981-82, including 12,400 foreign· and was made part of the Roman Em­ ticipating in the Congress of Vienna students. Two technical universities and pire. It remained a Roman province until agreed to recognize Swiss permanent many lower engineering schools provide the fourth century A.D. Under Roman neutrality. excellent training for engineers and influence, the Helvetians reached a high technicians. level of civili7.ation and enjoyed a Constitutions of 1848 and 1874 Freedom of worship is guaranteed flourishing and peaceful commerce. Im­ by the 1874 constitution. portant cities, such as Geneva, Basel, Organized as a confederation of 22 can­ and Zurich, were linked by good military tons in 1815 under the Federal Pact. roads that also served as trade arteries Switzerland adopted a federal constitu­ GEOGRAPHY between Rome and the northern tribes. tion in 1848, modeled in part on thf After the decline of the Roman Em­ U.S. Constitution. The Swiss amended In the alpine highlands of Western pire, Switzerland was repeatedly invad­ their constitution extensively in 1874. Europe, Switzerland is bounded by the ed by Germanic tribes from the north establishing federal responsibility for Federal Republic of Germany. Austria. and west. Some of these tribes, such as defense, trade, and legal matters. Sincc­ Liechtenstein, Italy, and France. Its the Alemanni in central and north­ that time, continued political, economic, position has been described as the eastern Switzerland, and the Burgun­ and social improvement has character­ crossroads of northern and southern dians, who ruled western Switzerland, ized Swiss history. Determined to Europe. settled there. In A.D. 800, the country preserve their neutrality, the Swiss Switzerland, where many rivers became part of Charlemagne's empire. It stayed out of both World Wan.. originate, forms the great European subsequently passed under the dominion watershed. The Rhine flows to the of the German emperors in the form of North Sea; the Inn feeds the Danube; small ecclesia3tical and temporal GOVERNMENT the Rhone empties into the Mediterra­ holdings until 1291, the date marking nean; and the Ticino, which runs Swiss independence. Switzerland is a federal state composed through Lake Maggiore, is the source of of 23 cantons (20 full cantons and six so­ the River Po. Foundations of Modern Switzerland called half cantons) that retain attributes The Alps mountain chain runs of sovereignty such as fiscal autonomy roughly east and west through the In August 1291, on the shores of Lake and the right to manage internal can­ southern part of the country and con­ Lucerne, representatives of the three tonal affairs. Under the 1874 constitu- stitutes about 60% of Switzerland's area. forest cantons of Uri, Schwyz, and The Jura Mountains, an outspur of the Unterwalden signed the Eternal Alliance, which united them in the strug­ gle against foreign rule. At the Battle of - Morgarten in 1315, the Swiss defeated

3 respect!= including the right u, introduce role in direction of the legislative pr(){­ Further Information le¢siatior.. Legisiatmn ma,\· not t>t­ es~ ru: weli a~ m execution of federai vetoed t>~ the execuuvt- nor reviewed for iaw, TlleSt- titles a!'"e r,rcwided a.< an md1cat10r. <>: constituuonahty by tnt JUOK'.1an Tne Federal Counci! ha~ seven cour,­ the material r•uh1isheci on this countr. . Tn• ci1ors elected for 4-year terms by tn~ Ut>partmen'. of ~tal.t- Que!:- no, enOt•r~ U!· Federal Assembl_, Federal Assembi~-- Eacn year. tm· official oubncat1or" assembiv elects from among tne seven o Bon.10ur . £ .. E S Off1er. and G. F•. Potter. I: Tn~ F ecteral Assembl\ is tt1e priman presioent ano vice presioem o: - Srwrt History or Switzeriand. (Jxforc seat of oower. altnougt, m practice tnt­ Switzerland. Tne member wn<• 1~ VJCf Ctarenemocrar.:,. and tnf R.ad1cal Democrats. Ar, r =nc' oet.ermmed r,,· each of the ~r,­ are reoresented ov twc, fecieral cour,­ Mchat hennE'tr: D Suit.zer/ano'-Examr,,. (I.­ tom= .. D1recl eiections are held in all ou: cilon. · A fourtn party. the Volkspart.e, Cultural Coen.stf'nrc Lmasa,·: Tne Cam,.' three cantom. . wnere tht State Cour,­ (f'easant~· f'arty1. nas one federal cour,­ d1an institute of lnternauonal Affair~ cilors are ciesignateci cantona Jonn l.Jevell Ltd .. 196f ci10: . Meier. Heinz Karl. Friendshir1 Under Stres.­ iegislatures. Tne 20U memoers of tnt Each federal councilor heads one of Bern: Herbert Lang & C0 .. 1971 National Council are elected d1rect1, the seven federal deoartments and 1~ - Sorell. Walter. ThR Sunss. New York/ir-­ unoer a system of proportionai rep~esen­ responsibie for preparing- legislation per· d1anapohs: The Bobbs-Merrill Cu., lnc. .. tation. Members of both houses serve raining to matters under its jurisdictior,. 197:.. Thuerer. Georg. Free and Sun.ss. Lonaor. for 4 year~. The president of the Federal Council ha,. Oswald Wolff. 1970 The Federal Assemblv meet,. limited prerogatives and 1s actually oruy A vailablE" from the Superintendent o'. quan.erly and may be iegally d1ssolvec the first among- equals, presiding ove:-­ Documents. lJ .S. Government Printing (Y only after a popular vote calling for c. the Federal Council and acting on it: fice. WashinlTT-On, D.C. 2040'.:: complete constitutionai revisior. . behalf in cert.am emergencies. The pres;. U.S. Department of State. Liechtenst.etr The constitution stipulates that aL dent of the council also officiates a: Baclqrround Notes. April 198<. Swiss citizens aged 20 or older have thE­ ceremonial functions and receive~ V .S. Department of State. Switzerland Pos: right to vote unless disqualified by c. foreign representatives. The president Report. March 198(. cantonal legislature. Women wen may not be recalled or impeached. granted the franchise in 19,:.. New governmental responsibilit1eE The emphasis on the initiative and arising out of an increasingly comple>: the referendum arises out of the tradi­ societv have been handled bv the cr~­ tion. the cantons hold all powers no: tional Swiss belief that the will of thf tion of new central agencies and institu­ - specifically delegated to the federat10n. people is the final national authority. tions, rather than bv the formation of In 1978, a new, 23d canton-Jura Car,­ The constitution provides for new departments. These agencies fali ton-was created from part of Berr. under the general supervision of one of • A constitutional initiativt> exer­ Cantor, the federal departments. cised either by a group of 100.000 vote~ Switzerland's federal institutiom­ or by one of the houses of the Federa are: Assembly; Judici~ • A compulsory referendum • A bicameral legislature. the The administration of justice is primarily whereby every constitutional amend­ Federal Assembiy; a cantonal function. The only regular ment or revision is submitted to popular • A collegial executive of seven federal court, the Federal Tribunal. i~ vote; and members, the Federal Council; and limited in its jurisdiction. In recent • An optional legislative referendum • A judiciary consisting of a single. years. the tribunal's principal function under which certain types of laws, upon regular court-the Federal Tribunal-in has been hearing appeals of civil and petition by either 50,000 voters or 8 can­ Lausanne and special military and ad­ criminal cases. It has authority to minstrative courts. In addition, the tons. must be submitted to popular vou­ review cantonal court decisions involving following adoption by the Federal Federal Insurance Tribunal is an in­ federal law but does not have the power - Assembly. dependent division for social security to review legislation for ~nstitutionali­ questions. Although its seat is Hi As a limitation on the power of tv. The Federal Tribunal sits at Lucerne, it is part of the Federa: referendum. however. the Federal Lausanne and is composed of 30 Tribunal. Assembly can declare an act to be too members elected for 6-year terms by the The constitution provides for separa­ urgent to allow time for popular con­ Federal Assembly. tion of the three branches of govern­ sideratior. ment. The two houses of the legislative Local Government branch. the only national government.a: Executive element having a direct mandate from Local government is regulated by the 23 the people, have equal powers in all The top executive body is the Federal cantons. The basic unit of local govern­ Council. Although the constitution pro­ ment. that which administers a village. vides that the Federal Assembly shall town, or city, is the commune or choose and supervise the council, the lat­ ter has gradually assumed a preeminent - 4 municipality. Swiss citizenship is derived mulation of domestic IJ<>lir~· and within the cantons. In 1947. thE' cor,­ J.rom membership in a commune and can specifically emphasizes the rolE> o: federation acquired constitutional be conferred on foreigners by a corr,­ pnvatE' em.erorist- and of tht- cam.ona authority to formulate af:ricultural policy mum. government,;,. trw confederation ha.' anri smce that time nas used guaranteed The Swiss cantons are subordinau­ been compe!Jea to enlargE' its pohcymar:- prices. import quotas. and other deVIce!:­ to federal authorit)·. although they rt-­ ing powen m recem year!" to copt- witr w strengthen tiw economic position of tam a few vestiges of their former nat10nai prob1emi .. The mcreaseo s1zt- of Swiss farmers. In 196(). tile confeoera- • sovereignt:,·. T ne structure of tne car,­ feaerai subsio1e~ w educatim.. - tion took from private industry respon­ tonal government varies trom canton u, necessitated oy the inability of tilt- car,· sibility for the principal Swiss project canton. but in all of tnem the legislawn­ t.ons tc, fmam:t- moaern mstituuons. ha, for nuclear energy rieveiopment. p.1ays the predommam role. Cantonal resulteri m greater ie

POLITICAL CONDITIONS

In spite of the diversity of its society. Switzerland has one of the world's most stable governments. Most of its well­ educated and politically sophisticated voters support the government in thf' armed neutrality underlying its foreigT. and defense policies. Domestic policy poses no major problems. Disaffected elements such as the communists form only an insignificant minority. Elections held in 1975 and 1979 resulted in few major changes in party representation, demonstrating·the stability of Swiss political life. Although the constitution limits the influence of the confederation in the for- ,.

• 1President for 1985. The Clock Tower i1 one of Bern'• most famous landmarks. --•Vice president for 1984.

5 ECONOMY stituted 36% of its GDP in 1984. The Travel Notes Federal Republic of Germany is Switzerland was one of the few West Switzerland's most important trading European countries to emerge from Tramportation: Railroads connect the main partner; the United States ranks fourth. •~ j World War II with its economic struc­ cities and towns. The Swiss Federal Railway In 1984, the United States took 9.5% of '1!/1 J , ture virtually unimpaired. Although system is entirely electric. Trains are clean Swiss exports ($2.44 billion) and sup- almost totally lacking in raw materials, and nm on schedule; fares are reasonable. plied 6.6% of Swiss imports ($1.96 it is a well-developed manufacturing with special roundtrip and holiday rates. billion). Swiss trade with communist country. Its highly skilled labor force Geneva and Zurich are international countries was less than 5%. forms the backbone of the economy, and flight centers, and both airports schedule After World War II, Switzerland ex­ the Swiss transportation and com­ daily flights to the US. perienced practically uninterrupted Local transportation systems-trams, economic growth for more than 25 years munications networks are efficient. Raw buses, taxis, and commuter lake materials are imported and high-value steamers-are efficient. Swiss roads are and now maintains one of the highest finished products exported. Typical good, though often narrow and winding. standards of living in the world. The in­ Swiss manufacturing and export prod­ Traffic moves on the right. An expanding flux of foreign workers-about 17% of ucts are those cooi,aining high labor ~ystem of limited-access highways joins the the workforce-did not hamper this value, such as watches and precision in­ maJor cities. prosperity. Among the expansionary struments: special quality products, such Telecommunication•: Direct dialing is in use forces at work have been: as chemicals, cheese, and chocolate; and throughout the country and includes interna­ • A heavy influx of foreign capital; A items that do not lend themselves to tional telephone calls. Telegraph service is • Intense investment activity; .,) mass production methods, such as also excellent. Bern is 6 hours ahead of • High individual consumption with eastern standard time. generators and turbines. Other impor­ an accompanying increase in imports; tant segments of the economy, which Health: Immunization against disease is re­ • Expanding export industries; and counterbalance Switzerland's usually quired only if the traveler has passed through • High demand for construction. negative balance of trade, are the tourist an infected area. Health requirements industry, international banking, in­ change; therefore, check latest information. From late 1974 to early 1976, how- mrance, and transportation. Special health measures are unnecessary in ever, Switzerland experienced a deep Switzerland depends on the world Switzerland. Swiss medical facilities are recession. Real GNP in 1975 declined by economy for its prosperity, as its small ~ 7.7% and, in 1976, by 1.3%. It grew · domestic market consumes only a frac. again in 1977 by 2.7% and in 1978 by a tion of industrial manufactures. Swiss modest 1.2%. The continuous apprecia­ exports of goods and services con- tion of the Swiss franc (1978 average, + 23%) kept import prices low. This ac­ ..:ounts for the low inflation rate of 1.2% in 1977 and 1o/o in 1978. During the 1974-76 recession, the number of foreign workers in Switzerland fell by almost 25% (582,000 in 1978). The average unemployment rate in 1983 was 0.8%. Although Switzerland's economy contracted in 1981 and 1982, reces­ sionary tendencies were less pronounced than in the mid-seventies. While real GDP declined slightly in 1982, this trend was reversed in 1983. Real growth in 1984 was 2.4%, and most observers ex­ pect this trend to continue into 1985. In 1983. European Community (EC) countries suppiied 66% of Swiss imports and took 49% of Swiss exports. In ac­ cordance with the terms oi its trade A agreement with the EC. Switzerland W ~tirninated duties on industrial products '.mported from the EC in 1977. However. :3witzerland has not applied for full EC membership because this has been considered incompatible with tradi- :1onai Swiss neutraiity :md adverse to Swiss agricuitural interests. 3witzertand nlavs an active role m internationai tinanciai and trade mat­ ters. it is a memoer oi a number of in­ r.ernationai organizations, including the Organization for Econormc Cooperation

OIi a dear day, tbe 'fiew of tbe Alpe i• ..pificui. - The Bent Catbednl dominates tbe Old Towa seeuon of Bent.

and Development (OECD), the General 1..'0St to civilian industry of paid person­ foreign policy-"solidarity and participa­ Agreement on Tariffs and Trade nel absences due to annual military serv­ tion." They envisage solidarity as a - IGATl'), the Intemational Energy Agen­ ice is included in the calculation, the moral obligation to undertake social, cy (IEA), and many UN specialized estimated defense expenditure is more economic, and humanitarian activities agencies, including the International than 3% of GNP. Switzerland is at• that will constitute their contribution. as Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). tempting to modernize it.s weapons in­ a neutral state, t.o the task of ensuring vent.ory and is evaluating various world peace and prosperity. Solidarity is weapons systems. manifested in technical and financial DEFENSE assistance t.o developing countries. readiness to extend good offices. Switzerland has a 650,000-member FOREIGN RELATIONS humanitarian assistance. support for the militia army. All physically fit male extension of intemationai law. and sup­ Swiss citizens must serve from age 20 to The principle of Swiss armed neutrality port for the UN specialized agencies of 50. Civilians with certain occupations has not been seriously challenged since which Switzerland is a member. are exempt from duty aft.er coi:npie~ 1815. The rise of Soviet power, Participation has been expressed by recruit training. There are no full-time however, has compelled the Swiss to active Swiss membership in various lll­ active combat unit.s, yet the army is reinterpret their neutrality in light of temational organizations and con­ capable of full mobili7.ation within 48 circumstances radically different from ferences. Since 1977. the government - hours. The army is organized int.o four those existing in 1815. has adhered to a ooiicy of working army corps and an air force. The Swiss The Swiss have avoided alliances toward eventual UN membership. In Armed Forces are equipped w_it.h . that might involve them in any military, 1984, both Houses of the Federal modern weapons either of SWlSS design political. or direct economic action Assembly approved Swiss entry into the and manufacture or purchased from the against another state or group of states. United Nations. During 1985. Swtss West. The fieid forces are mobili7.ed for In recent vears. however. the Swiss voters will have an o~porturuty t.o vote training each year for 3 weeks. have broadened the scope of activities in on UN membership in a reierenaum. Direct defense expenditures repre­ which they feel able to participate Switzerland maint.ams diplomatic sent about 2% of the GNP. When the without compromising their neutrality. reiations with almost ail independent They have not joined the United Na­ 5tates. Switzerland has no major prob- tions, but they maintain an observer at UN headquarters. and they belong to most UN specialized agencies. In addi· • tion, they nave adopted a principle of 7 : 1

!ems in its bilateral relations with other these factors contribute to the well-being Consul General (Zurich)-Alfred countries. of Western Europe. Brainard Under a series of treaties concluded U.S. policy toward Switzerland Consul (Geneva)-Kathleen M. Daly shortly after World War I, Switzerland takes these factors into account and assumed responsibility for the diplomatic endeavors to cooperate with Switzerland The U.S. Embassy in Switzerland i8 and consular representation of to the extent consistent with Swiss located at 93/95 Jubilaeumsstrasse, 3005 Liechtenstein, the protection of its neutrality. The first official U.S.-Swiss Bem The U.S. consulate general is at borders, and the regulation of its consular relations were established in Zollikerstrasse 141. 8008 Zurich. There customs. the late 1820s; diplomatic relations were is also a U.S. Mission to the European Switzerland is the headquarters for established in 1853. offices of the United Nations and other many international organizations, such The U.S. Consul General at Zurich is international organizations at 11, route as the International Labor Organization, also accredited to the Principality of de Pregny, 1292 Chambesy. The chief of the UN Economic and Social Council, Liechtenstein. this mission is Ambassador Gerald P. the Bank of International Settlements, Carmen. • the Universal Pustal Union, and the In­ U.S. ternational ReaCross. (The flag of the Principal Officials Published by the United States Department International Red Cross is based upon Ambassador-John Davis Lodge of State • Bureau of Public Affairs • Office the design of the Swiss flag, with colors Deputy Chief of Mission-James W. of Public Communication • Editorial Divi­ reversed.) Shinn sion • Washington, D.C. • January 1985 Editor: Juanita Adame Political Officer-Frank Tumminia Economic Counselor-Richard A. Department of State Publication 8132 U.S.-SWISS RELATIONS Dugstad Background Notes Series • This material ill Financial Attache-James Wallar in the public domain and may be reproduced Switzerland is a democratic country Commercial Counselor-James N. May .vithout permission; citation of this source subscribing to many of the same ideals Public Affairs Officer-James H. Kirk would be appreciated. to which the United States is devoted. Administrative Officer-Jeffrey S. For sale by the Superintendent of Docu­ Communism has had virtually no success White ments, U.S. Government Printing Office, in appealing to the Swiss. Switzerland is Consular Officer-Annette L. Veler Washington, D.C. 20402 5table politically with a healthy Agricultural Attache-Mattie R. ceonomy. It occupies an important Sharpless strategic position and possesses a Air Attache-Col. John Miki reiatively strong military capability. All Army Attache-Col. William Seechak

'-" U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1985-461-786/10163 I)

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Switzerland

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- 2 RONALD W. REAGAN LIBRARY

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