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Ethnic Geography Ethnic Geography The Human Mosaic Chapter 9 Examples of ethnic enclaves in the United States ! North Boston " Mounted statue of American hero Paul Revere is in an Italian neighborhood " Most businesses have Italian names " Women lean out of upper-story windows conversing —Naples-style — to neighbors across the street " Italian-dominated outdoor vegetable market " Pilgrimage to the site where the American Revolution began has become a trip to Little Italy Examples of ethnic enclaves in the United States ! Wilber, Nebraska, bills itself “The Czech Capital of Nebraska” " Holds an annual “National Czech Festival” " Authentic food, and locally made handicraft are offered for sale " Many shops are decorated in Czech motif and ethnic music is played on the streets " The festival draws thousands of visitors each year Examples of ethnic enclaves in the United States ! Other ethnic festivals held in Nebraska " Newman Grove—”Norwegian Days” " Bridgeport—”the Greek Festival” " Dannebrog—the Danish “Grundlovs Fest” " McCook—”German Heritage Days” " Stromsburg—the “Swedish Festival” O’Neal— the “St. Patrick’s Day Celebration” " Several Indian tribal “powwows” are held in other cities Examples of ethnic enclaves in the United States ! An ethnic crazy-quilt pattern exists in both urban and rural areas of the United States ! Same kind of pattern exists in Canada, Russia, China, and many other countries Problems encountered when defining ethnic group ! Controversy has surround attempts to formulate an accepted definition ! Word ethnic derived from Greek word ethnos meaning “people” or “nation” ! For this text defined as people of common ancestry and cultural tradition, living as a minority in a larger society, or host culture ! Strong feeling of group identity, of belonging characterizes ethnicity Problems encountered when defining ethnic group ! Membership in an ethnic group is involuntary " He or she must be born into the group " Often individuals choose to discard their ethnicity Problems encountered when defining ethnic group ! Main problem is different groups base their identities on different traits " The Jews—primarily means religion " The Amish—both folk culture and religion " African-Americans—skin color " Swiss-Americans—national origin " German-Americans—ancestral language " Cuban-Americans—mainly anti-Castro, and anti-Marxist sentiment Problems encountered when defining ethnic group ! Politics can also help provide the basis for the we/they dichotomy that underlies ethnicity Role of ethnic groups ! Keepers of distinctive cultural traditions ! Focal point of various kinds of social interaction ! Provide group identity, friendships, and marriage partners ! Also provides a recreational outlet, business success, and a political power base ! Can give rise to suspicion, friction, distrust, clannishness, and even violence How ethnic minorities can be changed by their host culture ! Acculturation — an ethnic group adopts enough of the host society’s ways to be able to function economically and socially ! Assimilation — a complete blending with the host culture " Involves loss of all distinctive ethnic traits " American host culture now includes many descendants of —Germans, Scots, Irish, French, Swedes, and Welsh " Intermarriage is perhaps the most effective assimilatory device How ethnic minorities can be changed by their host culture ! In reality few ethnic groups have been assimilated in the so-called “melting-pot” ! It was assumed all ethnic groups would eventually be assimilated ! The last 25 years has witnessed a resurgence of ethnic identity in the United States, Canada, Europe, and elsewhere ! Ethnicity easily made the transition from folk to popular culture ! Popular culture reveals a vivid ethnic component Ethnic geography ! The study of ethnic geography is the study of spatial and ecological aspects of ethnicity " Ethnic groups often practice unique adaptive strategies " Normally occupy clearly defined areas— urban and rural Culture regions ! Ethnic regions ! Cultural diffusion and ethnicity ! Ethnic ecology ! Ethnic cultural integration ! Ethnic landscapes Culture groups typically occupy compact territories ! Ethnic formal culture regions can be mapped ! Geographers rely on diverse data ! Surnames in telephone directories ! Census totals for mother tongue " Each method will produce a slightly different map ! Such regions exist in most countries Ethnic formal culture regions Culture groups typically occupy compact territories ! Two distinct geographical types of ethnic regions exist " Ethnic minorities who reside in ancient home territories ! Lands where their ancestors lived back into prehistoric times ! Became ethnic when their territory was annexed into a larger independent state ! Examples — Basques of Spain, Navajo Indians of American Southwest ! Place and region provide a basic element in their ethnic identity Culture groups typically occupy compact territories ! Two distinct geographical types of ethnic regions exist " Results from migration when people move great distances ! Emotional attachment tends to be weaker toward new homeland ! Only after many generations pass do descendants of immigrants develop strong bonds to region and place Ethnic culture regions in rural North America ! Ethnic homelands " Cover large areas, often over-lapping state and provincial borders " Have sizable populations " Residents seek or enjoy some measure of political autonomy or self-rule " Populations usually exhibit a strong sense of attachment to the region " Most homelands belong to indigenous ethnic groups Ethnic culture regions in rural North America ! Ethnic homelands " Possess special, venerated places that serve to symbolize and celebrate the region — shrines to the special identity of the group " Combines the attributes of both formal and functional culture regions " Regarded by some as incompletely developed nation-states " Because of sex, age, and geographical segregation tend to strengthen ethnicity " Long occupation helps people develop modes of life, behavior, tastes, and relationships regarded as the correct ones Ethnic culture regions in rural North America ! Examples of ethnic homelands in North America " Acadiana — Louisiana French increasingly identified with the Cajun people and recognized as a perceptual region " Spanish-American — highland New Mexico, Colorado, and South Texas " Navajo Reservation — New Mexico and Arizona " French-Canadian — centered on valley of lower St. Lawrence River in Quebec " Some include Deseret— Mormon homeland in the Great Basin of the Intermontane West Ethnic culture regions in rural North America ! Some ethnic homelands have experienced decline and decay " Pennsylvania “Dutch” — weakened to almost extinction by assimilation " Southern “Black Belt” — diminished by collapse of plantation-sharecrop system resulting in out- migration to urban areas " Mormon absorption into the American cultural mainstream " Non-ethnic immigration has damaged the Spanish-American homeland Ethnic culture regions in rural North America ! Most vigorous homelands are the French-Canadians and South Texas Mexican-Americans ! Ethnic substrate " Occurs when a people in a homeland are assimilated into the host culture and a geographical residue remains " The resultant culture region retains some distinctiveness Ethnic culture regions in rural North America ! Ethnic substrate " Geographers often find traces of an ancient, vanished ethnicity in a region ! Italian province of Tuscany owes both its name and some uniqueness to the Etruscan people who ceased as an ethnic group 2,000 years ago ! Massive German presence in American Heartland helped shape cultural character of the Midwest, which can be said to have a German ethnic substrate Ethnic Island: Westby, Wisconsin Ethnic Island: Westby, Wisconsin ! This small town is in America’s ethnically diverse rural heartland. ! Westby was a Norwegian pioneer and the town’s population is primarily Norwegian. Ethnic Island: Westby, Wisconsin ! Although traditional events such as the fall lutefisk dinner and the May 17th Norwegian Independence Day celebration are celebrated, this ethnic group has essentially assimilated with the host culture. ! Note the various popular cultural organizations and activities in this community. Ethnic culture regions in rural North America ! Ethnic islands in North America " Small dots in the countryside " Usually occupy less area than a county " Much smaller than a homeland-serve as home to only several hundred or several thousand people " More numerous than homelands or substrates " Many found in large areas of rural North America Ethnic culture regions in rural North America ! Ethnic islands in North America " Crazy-quilt pattern found in some areas of Midwest " Germans form the largest group found in ethnic islands—southeastern Pennsylvania and in Wisconsin " Scandinavians — primarily Swedes and Norwegians —came mainly to Minnesota, the eastern Dakotas, and western Wisconsin " Ukrainians settled mainly in the Canadian Prairie Provinces " Slavic groups — mainly Poles and Czechs — established scattered colonies in the Midwest and Texas Ethnic culture regions in rural North America ! Ethnic islands develop because “a minority group will tend to utilize space in such a way as to minimize the interaction distance between group members” ! The desire is to facilitate contacts within the community and minimize exposure to the outside world ! The ideal shape of an ethnic island is circular or hexagonal ! People are drawn to rural places where others of
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