Swiss American Historical Society Review

Volume 37 Number 3 Article 2

2001

Swiss In South Dakota: A Preliminary Sketch

Leo Schelbert

Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sahs_review

Part of the European History Commons, and the European Languages and Societies Commons

Recommended Citation Schelbert, Leo (2001) "Swiss In South Dakota: A Preliminary Sketch," Swiss American Historical Society Review: Vol. 37 : No. 3 , Article 2. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sahs_review/vol37/iss3/2

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Swiss American Historical Society Review by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Schelbert: Swiss In South Dakota: A Preliminary Sketch

Swiss in South Dakota: A Preliminary Sketch

Prepared in Commemorationof the Opening of the Midwest Dairy Institute, Milbank, South Dakota, June 7, 200 I

Leo Schelbert

It is a privilege to be here in Milbank today, to take part in commemorating two outstanding Swiss immigrants, and to be present at the formal opening of the Midwest Dairy Institute, a symbol, that the vision of Alfred Nef and Alfred Gonzenbach lives on in their sons, their families and the Milbank community. 1 Long before the arrival of the Alfred's in Milbank, dairying had been for decades a major form of enterprise for Swiss newcomers and their descendants. Once it had emerged as a business of milk-processing and cheese-making for urban markets, Swiss brought their skills in the 1870s to the Mohawk Valley of upstate , the region stretching from Albany to Buffalo. Gerbers and others from the Bernese Simmental built up many dairying establishments there, and in Little Falls near Utica a Dr. N. Gerber ran a large factory experimenting with the production of condensed, chocolate, and infant milk. With the westward movement Swiss continued those activities in states such as , , , Iowa, and Kansas. In Tuscarawas County of Ohio a Johann Beer manufactured the copper, tin, and wooden implements needed in the milk trade and Joseph Schwab produced cloth used in cheese-making. Also dairying in the environs of was for decades in the hands of Swiss from Uri, Unterwalden, and the Tessin.2 Thus what the two Alfreds started in Milbank, South Dakota, in 1929 continued a long-standing Swiss tradition, noted for its search for excellence, innovation, and service to the community.

1 Patricia Frazee, "Alfred Gonzenbach and the Making of the Valley Queen Cheese Factory of Milbank, South Dakota," SAHS Review 30,1 (February 1994): 3-24. 2 See Adelrich Steinach, Geschichte und Leben der Schweizer Kolonien in den Vereinigten Staaten von Nord-Amerika (New York: Druck T. Bryner, 1889): 68-70; reprint: Swiss Colonists in America, with Introduction and Index (pp. 393-525) by Urspeter Schelbert. Camden, ME: Picton Press, 1995.

3 Published by BYU ScholarsArchive, 2001 1 Swiss American Historical Society Review, Vol. 37 [2001], No. 3, Art. 2 4 Review [November

Possibly the first mention of the suspicious entity called Swiss cheese in what is now South Dakota dates back to 1838/39 when the -born John C. Fremont, then assistant to the French scientist-explorer Joseph N. Nicollet, reconnoitered the region. He reports that their party had been invited to eat with leaders of the Sisseton Lakota who served them "the choicest, the fattest pieces of buffalo." In tum their hosts were invited to Nicollet's tent where they were served soup in deep tin plates. When these were filled, the meal began but, the story goes, "with the first mouthful each Indian silently laid down his spoon and looked at each other." Everyone in the tent was bewildered until the interpreter could clear up the problem. "Mr. Nicollet, " Fremont explains, "had put among our provisions some Swiss cheese and to give flavor to the soup a liberal portion of this had been put into the kettles. Until this strange flavor was accounted for the Indians thought they were being poisoned; but the cheese being shown to them and explanation made, confidence was restored." 3

General Contexts Although the 1980 US census has estimated some 235,355 Swiss of single, and 746,188 of multiple Swiss ancestry residing in the , that is close to a million people,4 Swiss in South Dakota as in the United States in general have been almost invisible. One searches nearly in vain for an entry "Swiss" or "" in indexes of South Dakota historical surveys, in the periodical South Dakota History, or the some 25 volumes of the South Dakota Historical Collections. 5 An otherwise excellent 1980 statistical compilation lists zero people of Swiss ancestry for South Dakota's Grant County. 6 We know better, of course! Indeed, depending on their last names and their native tongue, Swiss and Swiss are viewed mostly as being either of German, French, or Italian origin. In addition, Swiss seem to have tried to blend as quickly as possible into the given society and to remain inconspicuous as newcomers. Heinrich Lienhard, for instance, himself a rather recent arrival, met in 1845 some

3 "Fremont's Story - 1838-1839," South Dakota Historical Collections X ( 1920): 90; based on John Charles Fremont, Memoirs of My Life I ( 1886): 48. 4 James Paul Allen and Eugene James Turner, We the People. An Atlas of America's Ethnic Diversity (New York: Macmillan, 1988): 56. 5 See for instance A Guide to South Dakota . Compiled by the Federal Writers' Project (Pierre, SD: State Publishing Co., 1938): 371; or Herbert S. Schell, History of South Dakota. Third Edition, Revised. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1975. 6 Allen and Turner, We the People, 286. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sahs_review/vol37/iss3/2 2 Schelbert: Swiss In South Dakota: A Preliminary Sketch 2001] Swiss in South Dakota: A Preliminary Sketch 5

fellow Glamese in St. Louis who were on the way to where they planned to begin the town ofNew Glarus. "On such occasions," he explains I felt it my duty to educate them regarding American customs, specifically not to walk down in the middle of the street, but keep to the side, and not to call out loudly to one another by name in public, thereby drawing the attention and contempt and disapproval of passersby. 7 Yet Swiss are a distinct group of immigrants, coming from a nation with four native tongues that are divided up into numerous subdivisions, with a more than 700-year long separate history, and an enduring tradition of communal democracy. 8 They are also fairly evenly divided into Catholic and Protestant communities,9 the latter mainly not of the Calvinist, as so often assumed, but of the Swiss Reformed persuasion that was formulated in the mid-1520s by Huldreich Zwingli in the City of Zurich. 10 At the same time also communities of Anabaptists had emerged in Swiss regions as well as in the neighboring and in the Palatinate. 11 Swiss dispersed world-wide, especially after 1450, when Europeans learned to navigate the open seas and when the Atlantic ceased to be an obstacle and was turned into a much traveled highway. 12 In the last five

7 See John C. Abbot, ed., New Worlds to Seek. Pioneer Heinrich Lienhard in Switzerland and America , 1824-1846. Translated and Annotated by Raymond J. Spahn. Foreword by John Heinrich Lienhard IV (Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 2000): 198. Lienhard also was embarrassed by their attire, "their wide pants," "their great clumsy mountain shoes," and the men's "thin black stocking caps pulled down over their uncombed heads" (199). 8 See the lucid interpretation of Jonathan Steinberg, Why Switzerland ? 2nd edition. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1996. A convenient brief summary is "Switzerland," Worldmark Chronology of the Nations. Vol 4: Europe . Timothy L. Gall and Susan B. Gall, Editors (Detroit: Gale Group, 1999): 571-583. 9 The Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations. Europe (Detroit: Gale Group, 200 I): 48, observes : "Religious denominations as of 1998 stood at 44% Roman Catholic; 40% Protestant; 7% atheist; 2% Muslim; l % Eastern religions; and 1% unknown or undecided. There were also 58,501 other Christians; 19,175 members of new religious movements; 17,577 Jews ; and 11,768 Old Catholics." 10 A short biography is Ulrich Gabler, Huldrych Zwingli: His Life and Work. Translated from the German by Ruth C. L. Gritsch. : Fortress Press, 1986. Zwingli's understanding of is featured by W. P. Stephens, The Theology of Huldrych Zwingli. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986. 11 See for instance Claus-Peter Clasen, , a Social History, 1525-1618: Switzerland, Austria, Moravia, South and Central Germany. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1972. 12 The global dispersal of Swiss is sketched in Leo Schelbert, Einfahrung in die schweizerische Auswanderungsgeschichte der Neuzeit (Zurich: Leemann, 1976): 181-241. Published by BYU ScholarsArchive, 2001 3 Swiss American Historical Society Review, Vol. 37 [2001], No. 3, Art. 2 6 Review [November

centuries European peoples, for millennia consigned to Eurasia's western-most comer, went all over the world to reconnoiter and established economic, military, and cultural hegemony in the continents of Asia and Africa. In regions of Australia, New Zealand, and the Western Hemisphere Europeans and their descendants achieved complete dominance by displacing indigenous peoples and replacing them with their own progeny. 13 Thus over several centuries New Spains, New En glands, New Frances, even New Switzerlands emerged 14,that is N eo-European nations such as Canada, the United States, Mexico, and Brazil. The region of what is now called South Dakota became a de facto domain of white people only after the 1870s. Still in 1868, a good part of the territory of present-day North and South Dakota as well as , Montana, and Wyoming was acknowledged by the United States as the homeland of indigenous nations such as the Cheyenne, Lakota, Crow, and Mandans. Yet incessant subsequent warfare against these peoples decimated them and relegated the remnants to small reservations. By the late 1880s most of their staunchly defended homelands used predominantly for the herding of buffalo had irreversibly become the domain of white people. 15 The historian Robert C. Ostergren distinguishes three main "boom periods" of agricultural white settlement of what is now South Dakota. The first comprised the years 1868 to 1873 when people of Old American stock arrived principally from New England, and European newcomers from Scandinavia, especially Sweden. In the second phase, covering the years 1879 to 1886, settlers arrived mainly from states such as Illinois, , Michigan, and Wisconsin, at a time when people of Old American stock left Dakota regions, partly in the wake of the drought of 1886/87. The third phase, lasting from 1902 to 1915, saw the arrivals of numerous Germans,

13 For two opposing interpretations see Alfred W. Crosby, Ecological Imperialism. The Biological Expansion of Europe 900-1900. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986; and David E. Stannard, American Holocaust. The Conquest of the New World. New York: Oxford University Press 1992. 14 Highland, Illinois, was initally called New Switzerland; various settlements were also named New Bern, or simply Bern, Basel, and Geneva. 15 Mainly three related indigenous peoples lived in what is now South Dakota, the Lakota (Teton Sioux), Dakota, and Nakota. They are often called "Sioux," a derogatory term derived from ''Nadowesiub," a word of the Anishinabeg (Ojibwa) language, meaning "little snakes ." See for convenient short sketches of these and related peoples, written by specialists in the field, The Gale Encyclopedia ofNativeAmerican Tribes. Edited by Sharon Malinowski and Anna Sheets. Vol. III: Arctic, Subarctic, Great Plains, Plateau (Detroit: Gale, 1998): 244-309; Laurie Collier Hillstrom features the "Lakota," 287-296 ; Linda M. Clemmons the "Dakota," 244-252; Sean McCready, the"Nakota ," 307-309. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sahs_review/vol37/iss3/2 4 Schelbert: Swiss In South Dakota: A Preliminary Sketch 2001] Swiss in South Dakota: A Preliminary Sketch 7

Bohemians, Finns, Dutch as well as Swiss and Germans from Russia. Many of these foreign-born, however, were new only to South Dakota, not to the United States. Many had already spent years, at times even decades, in Minnesota, Iowa, or Wisconsin. 16 The promotion of so-called dry-farming, C. Ostergren explains, with its advocacy of drought-resistant plant varieties and deep-plowing, enticed many, as did active propaganda that hoped to counteract the negative view of South Dakota as a land of grasshopper plagues, unpredictable weather marked by droughts and floods, and of fierce Indian resistance. 17 A postcard, printed in 1907 in , displayed for instance this promotional rhyme:

SOUTH DAKOTA has Wheat and Cattle too And in the Black Hills rich Mines not a few, They have free life and fresh air And her people are mostly on the square. 18

The following numbers illustrate South Dakota's phenomenal growth in white population: In 1870 it counted 11,776 white people, in 1880 98,268, in 1890 to 348,600, and in 1900 to 401,570. 19 In 1880 Grant County had 3,010 residents, in 1900 9,103, and in 1920 reached its high point with 10,880; the 1990 census reported for Milbank 3,879, for Grant County 8,372, and for South Dakota 696,004 inhabitants. 20

The Presence and Dispersal of Swiss in South Dakota Swiss were widely dispersed over South Dakota. A 1932 study of the "History of the Grand Army of the Republic," a Civil War Veterans' organization, for instance, listed Swiss-born members for several posts~ 1

16 Robert C. Ostergren, "European Settlement and Ethnicity Patterns on the Agricultural Frontiers of South Dakota," South Dakota History 13, 1.2 (Spring/Summer 1983): 56-58. 17 Ibid., 60. For the concomitant displacement of indigenous peoples see Philip S. Hall, To Have This Land. The Nature of Indian-White Relations, S. Dakota 1888-1891 (Vermillion, SD: The University of South Dakota Press, 1991), esp. 3-5; on p. 4 three maps that feature "The Break Up of the Great Sioux Reservation." 18 Ostergren, "European Settlement ," 56 (illustration); see also Kenneth M. Hammer, "Come to God's Country : Promotional Efforts in Dakota Territory," South Dakota History 10 (Fall 1980): 291-309 , esp. 299-302. 19 Donna Andriot , ed., Population Abstracts of the United States. 1993 (McLean, VA: Documents Index, 1993): 606. 20 Ibid., 607,614,606. 21 South Dakota Historical Collections XVI (1932): passim.

Published by BYU ScholarsArchive, 2001 5 Swiss American Historical Society Review, Vol. 37 [2001], No. 3, Art. 2 8 Review [November

Table 1: Swiss-born Members of the Grand Army of the Republic of South Dakota

Township Name Birth Date Unit Years in Army

Alcester J. H. Nolt 1839 Co. 26, Wisc. Inf. 1862-65 Beresford Fridolin Kindert 1824 Co. I 46 Wisc. Inf. 1861-66 Canton Matthew Durst 1835 Co. K 9 Wisc. Inf. 1863-65 Cavour Peter J. Saxer ? Co. A 14 Wisc. 1863-65 Centerville David Lienhardt ? Co. H 10 Ill. 1861-63 Chamberlain E. A. Sisson ? Co. F 38 Ill. 1864 J. F. Sisson, Captain 1833 Co. B 38 Ill. 1861-64 Deadwood John Haltzinger 1842 Co. A 10 Mo. Cav. 1862-65 Highmore Fridolin Blum ? Co. D 9Wisc. 1861-64 Howard Jacob Bachmann 1847 Co. I 42 Wisc. 1864-65 Lead Henry Altman 1842 US Navy 1865 Arnold J. Kunchel 1842 Co. H 4 Calif. 1864 Madison L. Fetz 1831 Co. F 8 Minn. 1862-65 William Grossi ? Co. F 8, Minn. ?-1865 G. Klassey, Sergeant 1845 C. G 14 Ill.Cav. 1862-65 Mitchell J. H. Nott, Sergeant 1829 Co. K 26 Wisc. 1862-65 Jacob Stebler 1840 Co. H 10 IA V. I. 1861-65 Parker Samuel H. Schutz 1840 Co. D 93 Ill. 1861-63 Pierre Jacob Mathews 1838 Co. E 7 US Inf. 1863-68 Sioux Falls Samuel Clucker 1837 Co. C 40 Inf . 1861-64 Sturgis Henry Wytenbach 1841 Co. E 1 NY 1861-65

Source: "History of the Grand Army of the Republic," South Dakota Historical Collections xvi (1932): passim.

Also George W. Kingsbury's biographical volumes of 1915 listvarious Swiss. 22 Jacob Cavegn., for instance, was born March 20, 1872 in Switzerland, as the son of Julius and Christina Cavegn. After his schooling in Switzerland he joined his mother in Iowa in 1890 and became active in farming and in the sawmill business. In 1892 he went to South Dakota, but soon returned to Iowa. In 1896 he settled in South Dakota's Roberts County, then bought 160 acres in Badus township of Lake County. In 1899 he married Cecelia Burkler, and they had seven children. The Cavegns were

22 George W. Kingsbury, History of Dakota Territory. South Dakota. Its History and Its People. Edited by George Martin Smith. Biographical IV, V. Chicago: S. J. Clarke Publishing Co., 1915. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sahs_review/vol37/iss3/2 6 Schelbert: Swiss In South Dakota: A Preliminary Sketch 2001] Swiss in South Dakota: A Preliminary Sketch 9

Catholic in faith and independent in politics .23 Frank Frautschi was born in Green County, Wisconsin on May 30, 1876, and was also a farmer in Lake County. His father, born in 1840 in Switzerland, had immigrated with his parents John and Catherine Frautschi in 1852. In 1904 Frank Frautschi married Rose Freiburghaus, daughter of Gottlieb and Anna, born Baechler, both also of Swiss origin.24 Joseph Schwartz , born 1864 in Bern, Switzerland as the son of Joseph and Elizabeth , born Aebi, Schwartz who had settled in County, Iowa in 1883, practiced medicine in Sioux Falls after having studied in Bern, Vienna , and at Iowa State University. 25 P. J Tscharnerwas born February 10, 1878 in Fountain City, Wisconsin, as the son of the Swiss immigrants Lutzi and Mary, born Messinger. He became a lawyer, settled in Lemmon, Perkins County, and served several terms in the South Dakota Legislature. 26 Jacob Wernli, born on April 2, 1861 in Switzerland, moved in 1882 to Highland, Illinois, in 1888 to Iowa, and in 1913, that is 25 years later, to Meadow Township in Minnehaha County where he managed a 320 acre farm with 30 head of cattle and 100 hogs. He belonged to the Reformed Church and was a Democrat. 27 Samuel Iossi, born November 20, 1862 in Switzerland, was a stone mason and had a large farm in Taopi . In 1887 he had settled in Linn County, Iowa, in 1899 he moved to Cedar County, Nebraska, and in 1912 to Minnehaha County, South Dakota. 28 The 1980 census identified for South Dakota 1,141 people of single Swiss ancestry. Of these 120 lived in Minnehaha County, 111 in Pennington , 95 in Brown, 69 in Lincoln , 50 in Turner, and 40 each in Meade and Brookings , 39 in Yankton, and 30 in Spink.29 Thus in one sense one may say that people of Swiss descent were everywhere and nowhere , that is widely dispersed, non-noticed as Swiss, part of the mainstream , and easily blending into the society at large. But there are three groups of South Dakota Swiss that deserve special mention, the Swiss settlers of Badus, the Swiss from Russia, and the Swiss of St. Meinrad, Indiana.

23 Ibid., V, 668. 24 Ibid., 643. 25 Ibid., 153-154. 26 Ibid., 848-849 . 27 Ibid., 277. 28 Ibid., IV, 1246. 29 Allen and Turner , We the People, 286, 288.

Published by BYU ScholarsArchive, 2001 7 Swiss American Historical Society Review, Vol. 37 [2001], No. 3, Art. 2 10 Review [November

The Badus Swiss In 1854 several Swiss families, some 150 people in all, went to the United States; they all hailed from the Canton Graubiinden, more precisely from the Grey League or the Ligia Grischa as the region was called in Raeto-Romontsch. 30 Others were to follow in subsequent years. Some of them stayed in Ohio, others settled in Wisconsin, and others found work in Stillwater, Minnesota. A Joseph Wolf of Truns established a brewery there and Anton Tuor built the .31When the Stillwater Biindner and other Swiss heard of most favorable land prices in Dakota Territory , they sent Anthony Tuor and Joseph Tenner in 1877 to find a suitable location for a Swiss settlement. 32 In Lake County, which had been established by the Dakota Legislature in 1873,33 they found a small lake of about a square mile some 4 miles northeast from present-day Ramona. They promptly named the lake and their settlement Badus, in remembrance of Piz Badus (better known as Six Madun), a towering peak over the small Lake Toma in the region near Tschamutt where the [Vorder-]Rhine river has its origin. 34 The Badus settlers with names like Cajacob, Derungs , Muggli, and Tuor, took out two claims for each male person over 21, one for a homestead and the other for a tree claim, with each lot being 80 rods [i.e. 0.54 acres] wide and a mile long so that each lot would border on the lake. By 1880 some thirty Swiss families had joined the Badus settlement. 35

30 "Die Oberlander Auswanderung ," in: Bundner Monatsblatt (1854): 83-91 ; see Augustin Maissen , "!ls Romontschs Ell 'America," Texts de Radioscola XI ,2 (Cuer a/Chur, Svizzera , 1966) 25 ; 50 were from , 45 from Tujetsch , 36 from Trun, 8 from Muster , 3 from , 2 each from Andiast and Breit , I from Schlaus ; ibid. 26 ; p. 27 a large list of name s. 31 Augustin Maissen , "La Colonia Ligia Grischa a Badus e Ramona ," Texts de Radioscola XI , 2 (Cuer a/Chur , Svizzera , 1966): 30-31. 32 Kingsbury , History V, "Frank J. Tuor, " 678-679 ; Anthon y Tuor was born in Stillwater , MN, April 7, 1868 and died in an accident in 1896. His parents were Frank J. and Rosina Tuor. 33 York Sampson , ed., South Dakota . Fifty Years of Progres s, 1889-1939 (Sioux Falls , SD: S. D. Golden Anniversary Book Co., 1939): 95 . Lake County , covering 562 sqmile s, attracted settlers of various national origin. In 1877 "a colony of , led by Joseph Muggli , settled at Lake Badus , and in the same year a Norwegian settlement was begun at Nunda" (ibid.) . Ramona was founded in 1886. 34 See L. Russell Muirhead , ed., Switzerland. The Blue Guides. Third Edition (London: Ernest Benn , 1948): 410 . One reaches Piz Madun from Tschamutt , 5,405 feet above sea level, by climbing to Lake Toma, at 7,690 feet ; Piz Badus which tower s above it 9,617 feet high , may be climbed by a 5-hour ascent. 35 Maissen , "La Colonia Ligia Grischa ," 30-31 ; Kingsbury , "Joseph Muggli ," History, IV, 686; p. 685 a photograph ofMuggli. Dates given slightly vary. The Kingsbury entry state s that Joseph Muggli went in April , 1879 "with ten other men" to Lake County . https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sahs_review/vol37/iss3/2 8 Schelbert: Swiss In South Dakota: A Preliminary Sketch 2001] Swiss in South Dakota: A Preliminary Sketch 11

One of the settlers was Joseph Muggli who with his wife Anna and their four children had arrived from Switzerland in Stillwater, Minnesota in 1872. He was "one of the organizers of the colony," a biographical sketch observes, "and [he] helped to build the first houses, lumber being hauled from Luverne, Minnesota, a distance of seventy-five miles." Muggli took out three hundred and twenty acres and worked his farm until 1910 when he retired to Ramona. From 1891 to 1894 he served as County treasurer.

Joseph Muggli, a Leader of the Badus settlement

Route 81, North of Madison , South Dakota Photo : Virginia Schelbert

BADUS - PIONEER SWISS COLONY ½ mile West - ¼ mile South In 1877 a group of Swiss chose a point on the shore of Lake Badus for a colony. In 1878 Joseph Burkler, his family and some single men arrived . In 1879 the colony was augmented by 11 other families who came by rail to Luverne, Minnesota and thence overland. That fall they built a school, with Theresa Schnell as the first teacher. A colony house was built. Joseph Mugg Ii was the first storekeeper and appointed the first Postmaster of Badus in May 1879. The colony continued as such until 1886. The names of Berther , CaJacob, Cassutt, DeCurtins , Deragisch, DeRungs, Giossi , Rensch, Schnell, Tuor and Wolf are well known in Lake County, their ancestors being of the original colony.

Published by BYU ScholarsArchive, 2001 9 Swiss American Historical Society Review, Vol. 37 [2001], No. 3, Art. 2 12 Review [November

The first years of the Badus settlement were less than easy as Muggli' s biographical account suggests:

Many sod houses were erected and about five acres of land was [were] planted on each claim the first fall. The colony was incorporated that it might make settlement improvements, build a church, school and colony house . Each male over twenty-one years of age filed on two claims - a homestead and a timber claim - and as far as possible chose land touching on the lake. The first building of a public nature was a schoolhouse, used also for church purposes, and the first mass was said by Father Brogan of Sioux Falls in 1880 .... In the colony house, in 1878, Joseph Muggli opened a settlement store which he managed under contract for two years, and he also served as the first postmaster of Badus, receiving his commission from Washington, May 15, 1879. The colony house was burned in 1884 and was never rebuilt. In 1879 a prairie fire suddenly swept down on the settlement, and to save themselves the women and children waded into the lake, while the men fought the flames in an effort to save the settlement, but all the frame buildings were destroyed , only the sod houses remained intact. All the hay supply was burned, and as their only fuel was twisted hay, it was with difficulty that enough fuel to cook a meal was obtainable after the fire.36

The initial cooperative system was discontinued once families had become self-supporting, and gradually also the Biindner traditions vanished. In the mid- l 960s a Swiss visitor noted : "The only old custom still observed in the community is that at funerals the pall-bearers carry the casket from the church to the cemetery instead of conveying it in a hearse. A few years ago each family made Swiss cheese expertly ; but that too is almost a thing of the past." 37 Today the region consists of large farms and only the church and a plaque testify to the existence of the former settlement. According to the 1990 census Badus township had 146 residents, neighboring Ramona 194, and Lake County as a whole 10,550.38

36 Kingsbury , ibid., IV, 687. 37 Maissen , "La Colonia Ligia Grischa ,", 31. 38 Andriot , ed., Population Abstracts ( I 993): 615. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sahs_review/vol37/iss3/2 10 Schelbert: Swiss In South Dakota: A Preliminary Sketch 2001] Swiss in South Dakota: A Preliminary Sketch 13

The Swiss Germans from Russia of Southeastern South Dakota The Swiss Mennonites arrived from the Crimea region of southern Russia in 1874. Their origins are complex and may only be touched upon. Coming from Russia, why are they called Swiss Mennonites? In the later 1520s three so-called Anabaptist, that is 're-baptizers' groups as their opponents called them, had emerged in Western Europe. Members of Anabaptist communities in rural Switzerland, the Alsace, and the Palatinate came to be called the Swiss Brethren and Sisters,39 those of Tyrolia in 40 Austria Hutterites after their Swiss leader Jacob Hutter (d. 1536) , those of Holland and Northern Germany Mennonites after the Dutch theologian Menno Simons (1496-1561). 41 All three groups rejected infant baptism as a sacrilege, allowed adult baptism only, and advocated strict pacifism, yet they differed in faith and practice. The Mennonites tended to be urban and open to formal schooling whereas the Hutterian Brethren and the original Swiss Brethren and Sisters insisted on full separation from the world and on farming as the only God-ordained way oflife. Yet after 1528 most followers of Jacob Hutter adopted the community of goods, whereas the Swiss Brethren formed autonomous congregations consisting of some twenty to thirty independent families devoted to farming. In the 1690s, furthermore, they split into an and non-Amish wing, named after Jacob Ammann who claimed that many Swiss, Alsatian, and Palatine congregations had abandoned the original creed of the 1520s, and he subsequently expelled those that disagreed with his views.42 When Swiss Brethren and Sisters

39 See James M. Stayer et al., "From Mono genesis to Polygenesis: The Historical Discussion of Anabaptist Origins," Mennonite Historical Review 49 (1975): 83-121. See also Delbert L. Gratz, Bernese Anabaptists and Their American Descendants. Scottdale, PA: Mennonite Publishing House, 1952; and Leo Schelbert, Swiss Migration to America : The Swiss Mennonites. New York: Arno Press, 1980. 40 William M. Kephart, "Hutterian Brethren," The Encycloedia of Religion. Mircea Eliade, Editor in Chief. 6 (New York: Macmillan, 1987):542; a mongraphic study is John A. Hostetler, Hutterite Society. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974. 41 Cornelius J. Dyck, ""Simons, Menno," Encyclopedia of Religion 13 (1987): 324-325; for the broad context see Cornelius Krahn, Dutch Anabaptism: Origin, Spread, Life and Thought, 1450-1600. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1968. 42 See Leo Schelbert, "Pietism Rejected: A Reinterpretation of Amish Origins," in: America and the Germans. An Assessment of a Three-Hundred-Year History I (Philadelphia : University of Press, 1985): 118-127. Expanded and revised version : "Absage an den Pietismus: Ein Deutungsbeitrag zur Entstehung der amischen Gemeinden am Ende des 17. Jahrhunderts ," in: Amerika und die Deutschen. Bestandesaufnahme einer 300-jiihrigen Geschichte. Herausgegeben von Frank Tromrnler (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1986): 137-148.

Published by BYU ScholarsArchive, 2001 11 Swiss American Historical Society Review, Vol. 37 [2001], No. 3, Art. 2 14 Review [November

moved to the United States, they came to be known therefore either as Amish or as Swiss Mennonites and, since most of the latter adapted to American conditions, simply as Mennonites. About a third of American Mennonites are estimated to have descended from members of the 'Swiss' tradition.43 But why did they come from Russia? Catherine the Great had adopted the policy of inviting West Europeans, especially of German origin, to Russia, and also later czars and members of the nobility pursued that policy.44 Between 1784 and 1786 nine Swiss Brethren families with names like Krehbiel, Miller, Schrag, and Zerger went to Volhynia, a province of Western Russia, joined also by Amish and Mennonites from northern Germany.45 They founded several congregations, proved to be excellent farmers, followed a tightly knit community life, preserved their language and customs, and enjoyed privileges such as exemption from military service.46 When these special dispensations were abolished by Czar Alexander II in 1871, - due to the opposition of Russian elites to the powerful influence of Baltic Germans, the perceived threat of a United 47 Germany, and the will to homogenize the country, - various Mennonite groups sent out scouts to reconnoiter possibilities of moving to the United States or Latin American countries. The Swiss Brother Andreas Schrag went to South Dakota and selected for his people the Red River Valley, but on his return trip he stayed during the winter months 1873/74 with the

43 "Swiss Mennonites, " Mennonite Encyclopedia, III (Scottdale , PA : Mennonite Publishing House, 1957): 686. 44 For a fact-filled survey see Adam Giesinger,from Catherine to Khrushchev. The St01y of Russia 's Germans. Winnipeg , Manitoba: Printed by Marian Press , I 974; to be supplemented for the story in Russia by Ingeborg Fleischhauer , Die Deutschen im Zarenreich. Zwei Jahrhunderte deutsch-russische Kulturgemeinschaft. 2. Auflage . Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1986; for the American story see Richard Sallet, Russian-G erman Settlements in the United States. Translated by La VemJ. Rippley and Armand Bauer. Place Names of German Colonies in Russia and the Dobrudja, by Armand Bauer. Prairie Architecture of Russian German Settlers by William Sherman. Fargo, ND: North Dakota Institute for Regional Studies, 1974. Also non-Mennonite Swiss were much involved ; a ten-volume study has been conducted at the University of Zurich under the leadership of Carsten Goehrke; the first five volumes are featured by Leo Schelbert , "Swiss Migration to Imperial Russia: A Review Essay," in: Essays in Russian and East European History. Festschrift in Honor of Edward C. Thaden. Edited by Leo Schelbert and Nick Ceh (Boulder , CO: East European Monographs, 1995): 181-185. 45 John A. Gering, "The Swiss-Germans of Southeastern South Dakota ," in: South Dakota Historical Collections, VI (1912): 355-356 . 46 See Giesinger,from Catherine, 5-6, for a concise summary of the promised privileges . 47 Ibid., 223-225 https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sahs_review/vol37/iss3/2 12 Schelbert: Swiss In South Dakota: A Preliminary Sketch 2001] Swiss in South Dakota: A Preliminary Sketch 15 well-to-do Swiss Mennonite Daniel Unruh who had come directly from the Crimea in Russia and temporarily stayed in Elkhart, Indiana. Andreas Schrag suggested to his people that they settle in the area which the well-to-do Daniel Unruh would choose on his westward move.48 On May 27, 1874 the first eleven families arrived in Yankton from Volhynia, a province in Western Russia. They took out claims near Daniel Unruh who had taken up land in Turner County's Ridge Creek Valley, some 35 miles north of Yankton. In August 1874 53 more families, about 250 people in all, arrived, with names such as Albrecht, Fliginger [Fliickinger?], Gering, Graber, Kaufmann, Muller, Preheim, Ries, Schrag, Senner, Stucky, and Schwartz. 49 The winter of 1874/75 was especially hard and food, shelter, and firewood Wilhelm Schumacher, Eureka, were in short supply. The American Mennonite S.D. "The face of a man who Committee came to the rescue by providing broke sod in the Northern some 2000 sacks of flour and by loaning the Great Plains". (Life Magazine, settlers $7,400 at 6% interest. 50 The year Aug. 2, 1937) 1875 / 76 brought the grasshopper plague. But the Swiss Mennonites persevered as did the other Mennonite groups, a total of about 1200 to 1500 people. (An additional 300 Hutterian Brethren also from Russia had estab 1ished the commumties of Bonhomme, Wolf Creek, and Old Elm Spring from which by 1960 110 Hutterite colonies had evolved.) 51 The Swiss Mennonites adapted to Martin and Christina Grosz, Eureka, the American environment, became S.D. "Homemade bread in the old country fashion". (life Magazine, successful farmers, and involved Aug. 2, 1937) themselves in politics . David D. Wipf of

48 Gehring, "The Swiss-Germans," 356-360. 49 "South Dakota," Mennonite Encyclopedia, IV, 586. soGehring, "The Swiss-Germans," 358. 51 "South Dakota," Mennonite Encyclopedia, IV, 586.

Published by BYU ScholarsArchive, 2001 13 Swiss American Historical Society Review, Vol. 37 [2001], No. 3, Art. 2 16 Review [November

Freeman, for instance, was South Dakota's Secretary of State from 1905 to 1909. Others like John D. Wipf, John J. Gering and Joseph K. Schrag were members of the State legislature. On the local level Swiss Brethren served as "county commissioners, county judges, state's attorneys, township supervisors, mayors, and city councilmen." 52 In Freeman Swiss Mennonites established a junior college which since 1985 is exclusively an academy. Between 1960 and 1990 their numbers declined by 10% due to smaller family size, the moving away of the young, and the passing of the old.53

The Swiss Benedictines This group, too, has a complex background, dating back to the tenth century. The Alemannic regions that now belong to Switzerland had been Christianized only slowly and gradually since the seventh century, largely due to Frankish influence. Irish monks, among them Columban and Gallus, are especially remembered in the region.54 About 828 the German monk Meinrad from the monastery ofReichenau established a hermitage, first on Mount Etzel, then some miles distant in a neighboring 'dark forest'. On January 21, 861 Meinrad was murdered, soon venerated as a saint and, by the mid-tenth century, a monastery was established at St. Meinrad's cell so that in 1934 Einsiedeln could celebrate the first rnillenium of its existence.55 In the early 1850s calls from the United States intensified to send monks to missionize American Indians and to serve the fast increasing numbers of Catholic immigrants. At the same time secularist agitation threatened the continued existence of monasteries in Switzerland so that a foundation in the United States was undertaken that was to become the Benedictine monastery of St. Meinrad in Southern Indiana.56 One of the key figures in establishing the new monastery was Martin Marty (1834-1896) of who had been a student, then a monk and teacher at the Einsiedeln. In 1859 he volunteered to go to St. Meinrad, was instrumental

52 Ibid. 53 "South Dakota," Mennonite Encyclopedia, V (1990): 847. 54 See Guy P. Marchal , "Die Urspriinge der Unabhangigkeit (401-1394)," in: Geschichte der Schweiz und der Schweizer (Basel: Helbing und Lichtenhahn, 1986), 125. 55Albert Kleber, History of St. Meinrad Abbey, 1854-1954 (St. Meinrad, IN: A Grail Publication, 1954): 1-16, offers a concise history of "The Mother Monastery, Maria Einsiedeln." 56 Ibid., 28, visit of Joseph Kundek, priest of the newly established diocese of Vincennes , to Einsiedeln; 29-37 the emerging response. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sahs_review/vol37/iss3/2 14 Schelbert: Swiss In South Dakota: A Preliminary Sketch 2001) Swiss in South Dakota: A Preliminary Sketch 17 in giving it a secure foundation, and in 1871 he was chosen its first abbot.57 Later the abbey was elevated to an archabbey and became with twelve daughter monasteries the center of the Swiss-American Benedictine Congregation. 58 In 1876 the Bureau of Catholic Indian Missions appealed to the St. Meinrad monastery for help in missionizing the American Indian peoples of the Dakotas and beyond. 59 Martin Marty headed the call in person and over the next three years worked with unbelievable energy and often under most difficult circumstances in that mission field. As a "black robe" he was personally beloved by many Lakotas and also repected by Sitting Bull, an influential leader of the Lakota who resisted the take-over of their homelands and the forced assimilation to white culture.60 He also mitigated the violence of military commanders or the exploitative corruption of some Indian agents. 61 Yet although heroic in his efforts and total dedication, Martin Marty was also an instrument of white conquest. He shared the view of his times that Indians were, if not savage, at least primitive and lazy peoples, who had to be civilized, and he also viewed their religion as inferior, if not despicable. "There is not much nobility about paganism," he observed, "whatever infidels might say or write to undervalue the necessity of the benefits of Christianity." He also believed that "the main thing is to make the Indians work, and that can only be done if they have each his own homestead .... St. Paul's rule must be gradually enforced: 'If any man will not work, neither let him eat.' ... To show the Indians how to work, I would

57 Joel Rippinger, O.S.B., "Martin Marty: Monk, Abbot, Missionary, and Bishop - I," and "II: Missionary to the Indians," American Benedictine Review 33:3 (September 1982): 223-240; 33,4: (December 1982): 376-393;RobertF.Karolevitz,BishopMartinMarty. 'The Black Robe Lean Chief'. Yankton, SD: Privately Printed in the USA for the Benedictine Sisters of Sacred Heart Convent, 1980, with valuable illustrations; Steven M. Avella, "Marty, Martin," American National Biography 14 (Oxford 1999): 618-619. 58 See Michael Glazier and Thomas J. Shelley, eds., The Encyclopedia of American Catholic History (Collegeville, MN: The Liturgical Press. 1997):136-137; the Swiss-American Benedictine Congregation of monks was recognized by Rome in 1881. 59 The Bureau was established in 1874 by J. Roosevelt Bailey, Archbishop of Baltimore; see Sister M. Serena Zens, O.S.B., "The Educational Work of the Catholic Church Among the lndians of South Dakota from Beginning to 1935," in: South Dakota Historical Collections 20 (1940): 307; this valuable MA thesis pp. 299-356. 60 A concise sketch is "Sitting Bull," in: The Native North American Almanac. Duane Champagne, editor (Detroit: Gale Research Inc., 1994): 1161-1162. 61 Examples in Rippinger, "Missionary to the Indians," 377-379, 388. Published by BYU ScholarsArchive, 2001 15 Swiss American Historical Society Review, Vol. 37 [2001], No. 3, Art. 2 18 Review [November

like to get about 600 acres ofland to build a monastery, and 300 in another place for the Sister's farm and Convent.',62 In 1879 Abbot Marty was named first Vicar Apostolic of the Dakotas and, after South Dakota achieved statehood in 1889, bishop of its Catholic people. With indefatigable zeal he promoted the opening of schools for Indian youth, many as institutions supported by the federal government. 63 In 1878 St. Benedict's Agricultural Boarding School was established, in 1880 St. Anne's School at Wheeler, in 1884 the Industrial School for Indian Boys at Yankton, in 1885 St. Francis School at Rosebud, in 1886 Immaculate Conception School at Stephan, and in 1887 Holy Rosary at Pine Ridge. 64 Boys "were principally taught the fitting and taking care of tools, saws, planes, chisels, augurs and carpenters' tools in general. The work proper consisted of planning and Abbot Martin Marty , the making of different articles and acquiring OSB , First Catholic knowledge of general repairs .... The girls received Bishop of South Dakota instruction in the different branches of housework, cooking, baking, washing, ironing, sewing, cutting and fitting garments, knitting etc. They did all the mending for the boys.'x;5

62 Letter of Abbot Marty to J.B.A. Brouillet, dated November 21, 1876, quoted by Kleber , St. Meinrad, 273. For an even stronger statement see the excerpt of a letter of Sister Gertrude Leupi OSB quoted in Moritz Jager , Schwester Getrude Leupi (1825-1904) (Freiburg : Kanisius Verlag , 1974), 136-138. Yet Karolevitz , Martin Marty, 1, justly observes: " ... it would be easy to argue, a century later, that Bishop Marty [and his collaborators] might have been wrong in his desire to 'civilize ' the Indians, cut hair, tum them into farmers and housewives .... "; Christopher Vecsey , "Religion ," in: Native America in the Twentieth Century. An Encyclopedia. Edited by Mary 8. Davis (New York: Garland, 1994), 538, claims that "The Second Vatican Council of the early I 960s helped produce in American Christianity a revolution of open-mindedness toward all religious culture ." For this new understanding see for instance William Stolzman , S.J., The Pipe and Christ. Pine Ridge , SD: Red Cloud Indian School , 1986. A concise summary of the native tradition in question is Raymond J. DeMallie , "Lakota Belief and Ritual in the Nineteenth Century ," in: Raymond DeMallie and Douglas R. Parks , eds., Sioux Indian Religion. Tradition and Innovation (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1987): 25-43 . 63 This resulted from President Grant's "Peace Policy" which assigned denominations federal jurisdiction over agencies; see Zens, "Educationa!Work," 307; also Father Kenel, a Swiss Benedictine at Standing Rock , was in government service and the place of the agency named after him; ibid., 321. 64 Zens, ibid., gives main data, 320-338. 65 Ibid., 322, quoted from a report of Abbot Marty . https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sahs_review/vol37/iss3/2 16 Schelbert: Swiss In South Dakota: A Preliminary Sketch 2001] Swiss in South Dakota: A Preliminary Sketch 19

Bishop Marty also labored incessantly to get clergymen and nuns to serve the needs of Catholic settlers and to staff schools, hospitals, and homes for orphans and the aged. When he began his tenure there were 12 priests and twenty churches or chapels in South Dakota. When he was transferred in 1894 to the see of St. Cloud in Minnesota 15 years later, there were alone in his diocese 64 clergymen, 51 parish churches, 68 missions, 40 stations, and 10 chapels. 66 Five communities of nuns had been established, among them also by Benedictines from the Swiss convents of Rickenbach, Samen, and Melchtal. 67 Among the Sisters was Gertud Leupi (1825-1904) who had founded a convent of Benedictines at Maria Rickenbach in Switzerland. In August 1874 she and the Sisters Jodoka Villiger, Hildegard Grimming, Otilia Bannwarth, and Clara Bunter moved to Marysville, to support the efforts of Benedictines from the Swiss monastery Engelberg. On the invitation of Bishop Marty the convent transferred to Yankton, South Dakota, where the sisters established schools and a hospital. 68 The town Marty on the Yankton Indian Reservation near Fort Randall honors this Swiss bishop as does a monument near the large Catholic church at Kenel - a place also named after a Swiss, the Benedictine 69 Martin Ken el ( 1854-1917) - which carries the inscription: This Monument Is Erected In Honor Of Most Rev. Bishop Martin Marty O.S.B. Apostle To The Sioux Indians From 1876-1896 Died September 19, 1896.70

66 Sister Mary Clement Fitzgerald, P.B.V .M., "Bishop Marty and His Sioux Missions, 1876-1896," South Dakota Historical Collections XX (1940), 551; the informative study is an MA thesis, 523-558. 67 Glazier and Shelley, "The Swiss-Americans," 137; the monasteries and convents were dispersed over the Dakotas. 68 Jager, Leupi, 125-157 portrays Leupi 's activities and Bishop Marty's influence. Yvonne Leimgruber, '"Gott treu das ganze Leben weihen': Ausschnitte aus dem Leben der Benediktinerin Gertrud Leupi ( 1825-1904)," in: Der Geschichtsfreund. Mitteilungen des Historischen Vereins der Fiinf Orte Luzern , Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden und nid dem Wald und Zug. Redaktion Urspeter Schelbert. 150. Bd. (I 997): 5-34, offers a captivating view of Gertrude Leupi's response to the cultural and religious changes in Switzerland during the nineteenth century. 69 See Jager, Leupi, 143-144, for biographical detail. 70 Ray H. Mattison, "Report on Historical Aspects of the OAHE Reservoir Area, Missouri River, South and North Dakota," South Dakota Historical Collections and Report 27 ( 1954): 118. Published by BYU ScholarsArchive, 2001 17 Swiss American Historical Society Review, Vol. 37 [2001], No. 3, Art. 2 20 Review [November

Of course, there were numerous other religious such as the Benedictines Chrysostom Foffa, Henry Hug, and Sisters of Maria Rickenbach, Swiss and non-Swiss, who firmly planted Catholicism in South Dakota. 71 But a scholar, who is joined by several others, stressed that it is "but just to state that from ... [1876] on to the present (1936) most of the work done for Christianizing of the Dakota Indians ( ... [by] missionaries, priests, sisters, Brothers and the laity) should in the first place be credited directly or indirectly to the Apostolic zeal of Abbot Martin Marty." 72 In the mid-twentieth century St. Meinrad established a daughter monastery in South Dakota some 16 miles west of Milbank. It emerged on the initiative of the St. Meinrad Benedictine Sylvester Eisenmann who, although recuperating from tuberculosis, was sent in July, 1916 to the Dakota Indian mission. From 1920 on this monk devoted himself fully to the St. Paul mission at Marty where he persevered until his death on September 14, 1947. He worked for the establishment of a monastic foundation that he hoped would be named after the Indian leader named Mahpiato, that is "Blue Cloud" or "Blue Sky" who at age 85 and gravely ill had visited Father Sylvester a few days before his death on September 27, 1918, in order to assure the Benedictine of his and his people's devotedness to the Catholic faith. In the 1940s Abbot Ignatius Esser of St. Meinrad fully supported the creation of "a central Indian mission house" in South Dakota. On October 10, 1949 the Kasperson farm, located a mile west of Marvin, was purchased by St. Meinrad for $8,665. Community life began in 1950 with some 40 members and four years later the St. Meinrad-dependent priory became independent Blue Cloud Abbey. 73

71 The works of Kleber, Zens, and Fitzgerald feature some of them; the important work of nuns especially in need of being explored and recognized. 72 Zens, "Educational Work," 309. 73 Kleber, St. Meinrad, 306, 423-425, and 498-500; based on his research in the archives of St. Meinrad. See also Fifty Years of Prayer and Work. A Brief History of Blue Cloud Abbey, Marvin , South Dakota. The illustrated 15-page pamphlet gives neither author nor publisher . It impressively chronicles the five decades of the Abbey's evolution since June 24, 1950, the official date of its founding. Special thanks to Max Gonzenbach of Milbank for making the publication available to the author. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sahs_review/vol37/iss3/2 18 Schelbert: Swiss In South Dakota: A Preliminary Sketch 2001] Swiss in South Dakota: A Preliminary Sketch 21

In 1952 South Dakota counted 111,744 Roman Catholics who represented 29 .3% of South Dakota's church membership; the 1990 census listed 143,776 Catholics and 147,658 Lutherans.74 In conclusion of this brief survey of Swiss in South Dakota the Swiss artist Karl Bodmer (1809-1893) shall be mentioned. In 1833 he accompanied the naturalist and explorer Maximilian von Wied on a journey up the Missouri river. In nearly 400 astonishingly beautiful water colors and sketches Karl Bodmer preserved images of the original landscapes. He also painted magnificent and accurate portraits of American Indian, especially Mandan, personalities, many of whom soon after fell victim to a small pox epidemic. These pictures preserve for posterity a world that was then quickly vanishing. The originals of Bodmer's works are now at the Joslyn Art in Omaha , Nebraska and have been published in an impressive work called Karl Bodmer 's America. 75 In summary then, while little known , Swiss involvement in South Dakota's history and life has been real and lasting. The Swiss-derived place names Badus, Kenel, and Marty hint at their presence which, however, is to be understood as just a segment of the larger Swiss presence in the American Midwest.

* * *

Summary (in German) Zurn Anlass der am 7. Juni, 2001 erfolgten offiziellen Obergabe des Chalet, das heisst des Midwest Dairy Institute, an die Milbank Community Foundation [Milbank Gemeinde Stiftung], skizziert der obige Aufsatz die Prasenz von Schweizem im Gebiet des heutigen Staates Sud-Dakota. Seit den 1870er Jahren wurde dieser immer intensiver von weissen Siedlem aus benachbarten ostlichen Bundesstaaten sowie aus Europa, darunter auch von Schweizem, in Anspruch genommen. Letztere blieben aber qua Schweizer

74 C. Duratchek, "South Dakota ," The New Catholic Encyclopedia 13 (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967), 482; 1990 figures in World Mark Encyclopedia of the States (New York: Gale Research, 1995): 552. 15 Karl Bodmer 's America. Introduction by William H. Goetzmann . Annotations by David C. Hunt and Marsha V. Gallagher. Artist's Biography by William J. Orr. [Omaha,NE :] Joslyn Art Museum ; [Lincoln, NE:] University of Nebraska Press, 1984. See also Hans Lang, lndianer waren meine Freunde. Leben und Werk Karl Bodmers 1809-1893. Bern: Hallwag Verlag, 1976. The beautifully illustrated volume contains not only the story of his journey to the upper Missouri in 1832-1834, but also the most authoritative biography of the artist (pp.117-162) . Published by BYU ScholarsArchive, 2001 19 Swiss American Historical Society Review, Vol. 37 [2001], No. 3, Art. 2 22 Review [November

meistens unbekannt und our wenige sind gewahr, dass die Ortsnamen Badus, Kenel, und Marty auf die Schweiz zuriickweisen. Drei Gruppen werden kurz skizziert: Die Biindner, die den Ort Badus griindeten, die mennonitischen 'Schweizer' Bruder und Schwester aus Russland, und die Schweizer Benediktiner, vor allem die Tatigkeit von Abt Martin Marty aus Schwyz, der als erster katholischer Bischof Sud-Dakotas wirkte.

Mary Groth, Deciding on Milbank for Building a Cheese Factory https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sahs_review/vol37/iss3/2 20