CHASQUI 1 AMAZON READING MATTER The extensive bibliography on the Amazon jungle is appealing, bearing in mind the spectacular biodiversity of the region, its cultural wealth, its social and economic potential and the fact that it covers 736 thousand km2 of Peruvian territory, i.e. nearly 60% of the entire country. Public interest is ever-increasing in view of the recent strategic alliance between and , aimed at facing the challenges posed by development and the protection of this area, which is so vital to the planet.

mong the publications century, covering the period since A quickly selected, it is the opening of the worth highlighting the to international navigation until encyclopaedic monograph the Peace Agreement signed with written by a Spanish Augustinian Ecuador. The list could continue monk, Father Avencio Villarejo with a valuable book on the (1910 – 2000), entitled Así es la kingdom of Chachapoyas or an selva (Such is the jungle), the fifth original study of the Huni Kuin edited, corrected and extended (2). It would also be worth version of which has just been mentioning Amazon writers, or published by the Centre of the region itself as a literary topic. Theological Studies on the However, for the time being it is Amazon Jungle. The same enough to mention that the vast author was responsible for the production includes other noteworthy Monumenta expressions such as La serpiente de Amazonica (the main historical agua (The water serpent) (3), an sources of information on the exhibition on native cultures held Amazon basin covering the in the Railway Station of Desam- period between the XVI and XX parados in Lima. centuries, which are in the process of being published). However, whilst Villarejo (1) Los pueblos indígenas en aislamiento provides an overall view, the (Native people in isolation). International Work Group on Indigenous Affairs. Lima, impeccable volume on the 2002. [email protected] Bahuaja/Sonene and Madidi na- (2) Chachapoyas. El reino perdido tural reserves by U. S. citizen Kim (Chachapoyas. The lost kingdom). Elena MacQuarrie, contains a Gonzales and Rafo Leon. AFP Integra, Lima, 2002. See also Pensar el otro entre meticulous study of this southern los Huni Kuin de la Amazonía Peruana ( region, which is protected by a Thinking about others among the Huni Kuin bilateral effort shared by Peru and of the Peruvian Amazon Jungle). P. Deshayes and B. Keifenheim. French Institute of

Bolivia. Bärtschi André Andean Studies / Amazon Centre of A recent study by Beatriz Anthropology and Practical Application. Huertas (1) tracks down isolated Lima, 2003. www.ifeanet.org y www. native populations and includes a their protection. Also essential is nero and Federica Barclay on the caaap.org.pe number of recommendations for the work of Fernando Santos Gra- economy of Loreto during the past (3) See www.ojoverde.perucultural.org.pe

BIODIVERSITY, RAINFOREST, REFUGES, AND THE FUTURE

n 1997, due to the worldwide a few calculations, Calvin realized that indigenous rainforest people posses a tupertines, varnishes, lubricants, inks, I gasoline crisis, a North American a mere (0.4 hectares) of one reservoir of rapidly disappearing flavoring and scenting compounds, me- chemist named Melvin Calvin followed hundred, oil producing Copaiba trees knowledge that has taken thousands dicines, bamboo, barks, polishes, some Brazilian Indians into the jungle (Copaifera langsdorfii) could produce of years to accumulate. insecticides, cosmetics, clothing, thatch in search of a very peculiar oil. Before a 1, 500 gallons (6, 000 liters) of diesel The «fuel trees», it turns out, are insulation, packing materials, rattan, giant canopy tree, Calvin – a Noble fuel per year. And, unlike oil pumped just one of thousands of valuable or flowers, soaps, dyes, tanning agents, fish, laurate – watched curiosly as the from the ground, the fuel-tree oil would potentially valuable products generated animal skins, meat, honey, decorative indians took a plug from the base of the be endlessly renewable-created simply by tropical rainforests worldwide, with plants, fodder, wood, pulp, paper, jute, tree where months earlier they had by the interaction of the trees with the new ones being discovered each year. and countless other products whose list drilled a small hole. Soon, an oil– like sun, soil, and rain. In this most diverse of Earth’s biomes, only continues to grow with each sap began to run out, quart after quarts, Within a few years of Calvin’s the self-perpetuating rainforests of the advance in our understanding. The some 25 quarts (24 liters) in all. The discovery, the gasoline crisis has abated world daily convert the unwanted litter potential market value worldwide for indians used the oil they told Calvin, as and worldwide oil prices once again of the rainforest floor into literally millions such products already runs annually into skin softener. After running some declined. Research into the miraculous of animal, plants, and their produce. hundreds of billions of dollars. chemical tests on it, however, Calvin nature of the Copaiba tree stopped. The That cornucopia of produce is not was shocked to discover that the tree’s story, however, serves to point out two only free of charge, but it’s also the most Kim MacQuarrie. Where the meet oily sap contained nearly pure basic rainforest facts: one, that tropical diverse and abundant on the planet, the Amazon Perú and ’s Bahuaja- hydrocarbons. Amazingly, the tree’s oil rainforests contain a vast amount of including fruits, seeds, berries, nuts, teas, Sonene and Madidi National Parks. Photographs by André Bärtschi. Francis O. could be poured directly into a diesel largely untapped potential due to their perhaps 80, 000 edible plants, fuels, Pathey & Sons/ Jordi Blassi, Barcelona, engine, easily powering a truck. After staggering of species; and, two, that latexes, rubber, oil, spices, gums, resins, 2001. 336pp.

CHASQUI 2 owards the end of the XIX ASHANINKA CHIEF VENANCIO explorer found him sailing T century, a powerful Asha- downstream, leading a convoy of ninka leader by the name of canoes full of native women and Venancio Amaringo Campa was AMARINGO CAMPA young boys whom La Combe the governor of a native village suspected had been captured by known by the exotic name of Was- Venancio in the Sepahua area. hington, situated at the mouth of Some time later he found out the Unini river, a tributary of the through two of his slaves that . In 1893, Venancio Venancio, together with other accompanied Carlos Fermin rubber extractors in the area, had Fitzcarrald – the rubber tycoon spread the news among the local who had taken control of the native population that the rubber extraction activity in the Peruvian authorities were arriving Manu river – in the search for and in a battleship to steal their discovery of the Mishagua dry women. La Combe suggests that dock Venancio was still working Venancio’s intention was to for Fitzcarrald when Father frighten the enslaved natives to Gabriel Sala met him in 1897. Sala prevent them from going to the describes how Venancio, leading authorities to obtain their an expedition consisting of four freedom. large canoes and 25 men armed According to Father Alemani, with rifles, intercepted his group by 1904 Venancio had abandoned in order to capture a small Chinese Washington, his centre of merchant travelling with him who operations. Enquiring about his

owed Fitzcarrald some money. Bärtschi André whereabouts, Alemani discovered According to Sala, Venancio, who had a population of 500 people, but had become an important rubber that he and more than one hundred could speak Ashaninka, Quechua during the dry season between June extractor and merchant, men had gone to extract rubber in and Spanish, wore a hat, a scarf and November, Venancio would take controlling twelve rubber stations the Manu or the Madre de Dios around his neck and carried a most of the people to the Sepahua, in the Purus river area and a total of rivers. This suggests that by that black parasol, as symbols of his Cujar or Purus river basins to collect 2,000 civilized and native workers. time, Venancio had become an privileged position in the world of rubber for different local employers. A year later La Combe, independent rubber extractor. In whites. During those months, only 50 or 60 commissioned by the Government fact, Gow confirms that this was In 1900, during a downstream men remained in Washington to to explore the Ucayali river, made a one of those exceptional cases in journey on the Ucayali, coronel Pe- guard and defend the settlement, brief stop in Washington on his which a native chief became a dro Portillo, Prefect of Ayacucho, presumably from attacks by other journey upstream. Venancio was rubber tycoon. In any case, came across Venancio and his native chiefs, either of the same or considered such an important evidently Venancio’s independence entourage. Portillo reports that the other ethnic groups. When Portillo contact in the area at the time, that was short-lived. In 1910, Maurtua native chief was taking his people asked Venancio to provide 50 of his La Combe brought along a letter of reported that the manpower hired to the Cujar river, a tributary of the men to accompany him introduction written by Colonel by the rubber tycoons in the Purus river Purus, to collect rubber for downstream, he replied that he could Portillo, who had recently been river consisted of local natives and Delfín Fitzcarrald, a brother of Car- not do without them because he had appointed Prefect of Loreto. the «tribes who currently obey old los Fermin, who had died by that committed himself to collecting Venancio referred to himself as Venancio, the chief of the Campas time. On that occasion, Venancio’s rubber for Fitcarrald’s brother. Venancio Atahualpa, probably after from Sepahua and Mishahua». This entourage was comprised of his four During a visit to a small Juan Santos Atahualpa, the is the last information available women, his children, one of his tributary of the Purus river in 1901, renowned Messianic Andean leader regarding Venancio’s whereabouts. brothers and 40 savage workers. explorer Victor Almiron bumped who had expelled the Spaniards Portillo managed to convince into «Venancio Amaringo Campa, from the region in the middle of the Venancio to accompany him back Governor of the Unini river, with XVIII century, with the backing of Fernando Santo Granero and Federica to Washington, a settlement he about one hundred families of his the Ashaninka tribe and other lo- Barclay. La Frontera Domesticada. Histo- ria económica y social de Loreto (The described as a strategic location tribe involved in rubber extraction». cal native groups. that could be converted into an Domesticated Frontier. Economic and So- At the time Venancio was working In Washington, La Combe was cial History of Loreto), 1850-2000. Catholic impenetrable fortress. According for Carlos Scharff, Carlos Fermin told that Venancio had gone to the University, Lima, 2002. 546 pages. to his report, the village normally Fitzcarrald’s old foreman. Scharff Sepahua river. A week later, the [email protected] HUNTING SCENE

he picture of a native in a song; his delicate sense of smell the sounds of guans, parrots, wild inoffensive if swallowed, but T hunting scene is beautiful: can distinctly identify the scent turkeys, doves and turkey hens, intravenously it can kill even the beautiful and admirable. Without of wild animals, flowers, vines and attracting them towards his largest animals within a matter of making a sound, he moves so creepers. With an amazing ambush point. The liveliness of the minutes. The basis of curare is smoothly that he gives the disregard for life, he fearlessly monkey, the wariness of the duck, Strychnos castelnaei, to which other impression he is not touching the penetrates unknown, inaccessible the strength of the tapir and the plants are added (…). As if that ground; the dry twigs do not areas, without turning away from ferocity of the tiger are surpassed was not enough, they also add crack beneath him and even the attacks of wild beasts, be they by the astuteness and serenity of snake heads, frogs, tarantulas, dead leaves do not seem to feel caimans, tigers or boas. All he the jungle native. isula and other poisonous species. his weight. With a watchful eye needs is one instant to take aim To poison the tips of their After a lengthy cooking process in and an alert ear, the native is and he never fails a shot. He never darts, spears and arrows, the no less than 20 different pots, the virtually bent over, running swiftly boasts about his prowess; at the aborigines dip them in a few curare is reduced to a dark, pasty without missing a single detail. most, a vigorous gasp will explain centimetres of curare (curarine), dough. He sees the movement of even the the ordeal. He recognises the a substance produced by the most insignificant branch and footprints of all the animals and Ticunas, who were perfect hears even the gentle rustling of will pursue them until he tracks alchemists. Curare is more active Avencio Villarejo. Así es la Selva (Such is the underbrush; he can them down; he knows where the than snake poison and one of its the Jungle). CETA, Iquitos, 2002. 197 immediately locate every sound or salt marshes are; he can imitate rare properties is that it is pages. www.ceta.org.pe

CHASQUI 3 JORGE BASADRE THE PHILOSOPHY OF A HISTORIAN Hugo Neira

Jorge Basadre is the most prominent historian of Republican Peru and, at the same time, a philosopher of our collective defects. Although his works of history began with a single volume in 1939, the sixth issue and 16 volumes had been published by 1968, thus rightfully gaining him an indisputable status, the fact is that in addition to his academic works he simultaneously produced intellectual works as well.

hese were the essays entitled youngest professor. Nevertheless, his University of his time. He became and wrote about military leaders. T Perú, problema y posibilidad (Peru, student background was the reformist Minister of Education in 1945 for a Although paying attention to problem and possibility), La promesa de movement. The fame he enjoys today, couple of months and again in 1956 for ideological and social aspects, his la vida peruana (The promise of Peruvian the extensive nature of his work, the two years, under democratic account slipped into aspects previously life) and Meditaciones sobre el destino fact that from 1958 until his death he governments on both occasions. He was ignored in classic history books. Basadre histórico del Perú (Meditations on the devoted himself to constructing his neither attracted to party politics nor to covers other genetic or basic aspects, historical destiny of Peru), which he huge work on Peruvian Republic history diplomatic duties. He wanted to live in the nobility, emigrants, the clergy, the wrote in 1920, 1948 and 1947, volume by his own choice, could lead Peru, although at the end of his life he middle classes, popular classes, natives, respectively. They are the keys to us to a misguided judgement of his life. regretted not having enjoyed more time blacks. He breaks into the subject of understanding the evolution of his Basadre was well aware of the and income or not having taken Peru as a State and the nation as a philosophy and the roots of his immense vicissitudes and typical ups and downs advantage of some university to devote historical process; circumstantial and influence. His familiarity with archives, of a Peruvian intellectual. He was himself to his investigations, which he permanent aspects, individuals and personalities, periods and situations took imprisoned early in 1927 under Leguia, could have achieved had he taken great social tropisms. Although this the form of a severe and repeated spending a few months on the island of refuge in some American university. combination of sociology, economics reprimand to the incompliant country. San Lorenzo. Between 1931 and 1934 We shall never find out whether he and history has been viewed as The historian repeatedly worked on he made a pilgrimage abroad to would have had the same feeling for influenced by the French school of those essays, which he corrected and Germany and Spain, visiting Berlin the real Peru if he had gone abroad. Annales, in fact the dates do not coin- re-published until he reached an when the Nazis came into power and cide. Basadre began his construction elderly age, which proves how of a different form of historical important they were to him. In them knowledge slightly before Fernand he could voice some of his greatest Braudel’s work appeared. In any case, ideas: «the promise», the difference it is an amazing coincidence, taking between «the legal country and the real into account the Peruvian historian’s country». Basadre’s meditations, limited or nearly incipient institutional sometimes expressing his troubles, research framework. reflections, memories, a new sense of the intelligible nature of Peruvian life, THE PROMISE OF PERU not only because of what had already From his very first books, Basadre’s occurred but because of what it could language was based strictly on the become if it could only conquer the theory of law and political philosophy. inertia of its recurring defects. A moralist His essays were full of queries. He never and painfully up to date discourse that questioned happenings, but the very has opened up Jorge Basadre’s works to meaning of Peruvian history. Why was more readers at the beginning of the the Republic founded? he asked himself XXI century, gaining him an in 1947. The answer to that is simple: unpredicted reputation as a master of to keep the promise that became his Republican behaviour, even though symbol. Either the material during his lifetime he actually avoided development considered in the XIX the notoriety of political life, except for century, or the efficient State, or the progressive country, he added. What a few short-lived public roles. Caretas

A. was Basadre actually saying? That the HIS LIFE witnessing a public act at which both A RENEWED KNOWLEDGE OF Republic is a political system, a project, He was born in the city of Tacna on Geobbels and Hitler spoke. In Germany, HISTORY something to be achieved. A common February 12th 1903, under Chilean thanks to his fluent knowledge of The province, the fervour of the nation is neither the result of a natural occupation. His family home, «the in- German which he had learnt since his University Reform and the climate of mandate nor of an ethnic group. The visible fatherland», Peru as a memory childhood (from a grandfather on his the twenties all played a decisive role land or the dead may inspire us, but and a possibility, undoubtedly mother’s side), he was able to follow in Basadre’s methodological evolution. they are not a programme. influenced his early vocation for history, some courses at the University of Berlin In 1929, as the youngest professor, he Not long before in a convulsed as he himself recalls. Basadre was always which later prompted him to adopt was asked by the authorities to give the Spain, Ortega and Gasset had a patriot, proud of his native town and certain techniques and concepts for opening speech at the start of the established a similar substantial division. unashamed of the vague socialist writing history that were unusual in the academic year – La multitud, la ciudad The natural group was the family, not sentiments he adopted in his youth. His Spanish-speaking world. He also y el campo en la historia del Perú (the the State or the nation. According to childhood was also marked by his travelled to the United States (about multitude, the city and the countryside in the Spanish philosopher, «the groups father, who had enlisted as a soldier in 11 times during the course of his life). the history of Peru). Basadre thus that make up a State live alongside San Juan and in Miraflores during the Back in Lima, he was successively a highlighted historical matters at the each other for a purpose; they are a war and whom he lost at an early age, university professor and a librarian. He threshold of modernity. Other social community full of determination and but who had decided not to leave his was in charge of the National Library agents, the masses, the multitude, the strong desires». «They do not agree native town. In addition to his several times, he did a lot of writing people. History would never be the same because they are together, but in order experience in Tacna, he was educated and, years later, he confessed that as again. It was not a violent break, to do things together», he added. at the German School initially, then in far as his personal formation was however. In his Iniciación de la Repúbli- English bishop Hobbes had said the Guadalupe and finally in San Marcos concerned, he owed more to those ar- ca (Initiation of the Republic), he very same thing in 1651. The Leviathan, University, where he became the chives than to the San Marcos captured the monarchic point of view metaphor of the State, is an «artificial»

CHASQUI 4 JORGE EDUARDO EIELSON / POETRY ON PAPER

PREVIOUS BODY CUERPO ANTERIOR

The rainbow penetrates my father and mother El arco iris atraviesa mi padre y mi madre As they sleep. They are not naked Mientras duermen. No están desnudos Nor are they covered with either pyjamas or a sheet Ni los cubre pijama ni sábana alguna They are more like a cloud Son más bien una nube Shaped like a man and woman intertwined En forma de mujer y hombre entrelazados Perhaps the first man and the first woman Quizás el primer hombre y la primera mujer On earth. The rainbow startles me Sobre la tierra. El arco iris me sorprende Watching the lizards running between the spaces Viendo correr lagartijas entre los intersticios Jorge Eduardo Eielson (Lima, 1924) is Of their bones and my bones. Looking at De sus huesos y mis huesos viendo crecer considered to be one of the most Some light blue cotton wool between their eyebrows Un algodón celeste entre sus cejas renowned poets and artists in Latin They no longer look at each other, nor embrace, nor move Ya ni se miran ni se abrazan ni se mueven America. Studies of his works as well The rainbow takes them away again El arco iris se los lleva nuevamente as new publications and translations Just as it carries away my thoughts Como se lleva mi pensamiento have been multiplying in recent years. My youth and my spectacles Mi juventud y mis anteojos. These poems belong to the Noche oscura del cuerpo (Dark night of the body) cycle (1955). In Lima last LAST BODY ÚLTIMO CUERPO December, the Catholic University published : nu/do, homenaje a When the time comes, and it comes Cuando el momento llega y llega j.e.eielson. José Ignacio Padilla editor. Every day as soon as you humbly crouch down Cada día el momento de sentarse humildemente pucp, 2002, 520 pages. See also To defecate and a useless part of us A defecar y una parte inútil de nosotros www.eielson.perucultural.org.pe Returns to earth Vuelve a la tierra Everything seems much simpler and closer Todo parece más sencillo y más cercano And even the moonlight itself Y hasta la misma luz de la luna Is a golden ring Es un anillo de oro That goes through the dining room and the kitchen Que atraviesa el comedor y la cocina The stars meet in the belly Las estrellas se reúnen en el vientre And they no longer ache, but simply shine Y ya no duelen sino brillan simplemente The intestines return to the blue abyss Los intestinos vuelven al abismo azul Where the horses lie En donde yacen los caballos And our childhood drum Y el tambor de nuestra infancia

or voluntary entity that emerges when out their sluggish reluctance to work and Asian people lacked this long no longer make sense. Unfortunately individuals want to break away from and invest; «capitalism came from historical continuity. Under the old for us, this never occurred. The the free-for-all war of the natural state. outside». Nor did he believe in the Viceroyship, differences were in disbelief of other philosophers at the Basadre saw in the internal civil wars idyllic version of the Inca past. He said abundance, he wrote. end of the XX century did not reach of the XIX century and the collective «the image of communist Incas has His theory on Peru is strangely sim- him because he was not a master of disorder of the XX century, the made us forget that they were ple. First of all, we were born as a new error, nor did he invent an ideology, equivalent to the spineless Spain that hierarchical, for they established a strict society. The boundaries were not set by other than his faith in his knowledge led to the Spanish civil war and the difference between the nobility and «a Spanish State that arrived late». . of and love for Peru, even though this disorder of the religious wars in Europe commoners in terms of taxes, access to The very name Peru is the result of an was not blind. He clamoured for a more in the XVII century. His promise of a food and women. anonymous collective impulse. It could responsible elite and for Peruvians to Republic was something that Peruvians Knowledge of the nation should be have been named New Castille, but that enjoy freedom and keep up to date with could either build or not build. It was a accompanied by sincerity. First of all it was not the case». The construction of world progress. His discourse showed possibility, not a fatality. Basadre refused was necessary to acknowledge the State and the nation are two concern for individual options, to accept historic determinism from an everything that had so far been different things, involving what Basadre strangely youthful for the times. «What early age and even in his later years he ignored». The cultural history of Peru refers to as «self awareness». In order to really matters in life», he maintained, enjoyed suggesting various possible had not been written. Basadre had understand it, he resorted to what we «is to be loyal to yourself». In this scenarios, particularly in terms of what travelled the world, he had a good now refer to as the history of ideas. For respect, the writings of the young might have been, or a different outcome knowledge of European and world these to take root, he took an interest in Basadre are awe-inspiring. The country of our Emancipation. Toying with history and the horrors caused by the quality of a Peruvian education does not seem to have changed. «I perspectives, inviting reflection and the excessive nationalism. However, he open to everyone. considered Peru to be a cold, hostile understanding of the unpredictable and thought that perhaps what was not country», he said. There was no room complex nature of historical alternatives, needed elsewhere was «urgently A HUMAN MODEL for honest young people. Traditional his game obviously went unnoticed. He needed» here. I shall not dwell on what It is impossible to take an interest in institutions - Parliament, suffrage, was always several promotions ahead of appear to be his contradictions: a Peruvian culture, our society, the municipalities – were languishing.(1) his Peruvian colleagues and even those socialist, internationalist, national, present or the future, without taking The fact that before departing he in the Spanish-speaking world, proud citizen of Tacna, patriot. All that Basadre into account. His influence recommended that we should fly the nourished until his very last breath by probably helped him understand the and his predictions as an unassuming flag of «substantial decency», so that his intuition and constant assimilation elusive reality of Peru. predicator are increasingly more we could stop having «a despondent of methodological breakthroughs. Even As a historian of the XIX and XX appreciated by the generations of these system», is an entirely futuristic as an old man he was the youngest of centuries, he never stopped thinking of difficult times. The current passion for programme. Everyone is free to imagi- our historians. Peru as a millenarian entity. In one of his his works is not easily explainable. ne other democratic «symbols». posthumous texts he asked himself what With the exception of a few temporary SINCERE WORDS did a peasant from Puno have in common public roles, he lived a discreet life 1 Quotes taken from Jorge Basadre, Me- In both his historic volumes and his with one from Cuzco in 1824? «Evidently without showing any ambition for per- moria y destino del Perú, textos esenciales essays, the unusually sincere language very little, but their ancestors lived within sonal power. The paradox of this (Jorge Basadre, Memoir and Destiny of Peru, Basadre used was also surprising. In his the same political-administrative magistracy with no parties, banks or essential texts).. Anthology by Ernesto early days, during a famous inaugural environment, not only since the XVI newspapers, is a country that recognizes Yépez del Castillo, Peruvian Congress. lesson in 1929, he spoke of the Peruvian century, but many centuries before the itself as moralist in a posthumous lesson, Lima, 2OO3, 558 pages. Strongly recommended. coefficient of illegality in front of the Incas. In one way or another, this impal- even though it had been proclaimed as Fondo [email protected] See also tyrannous President Leguia, which pable mould had influenced their such since 1931. Basadre’s paradox is J. Basadre. La Iniciación de la República earned him a dry greeting. Few have childhood, adolescence, youth, old age that his work is never out of date. Had (The Initiation of the Republic). National lashed out so clearly against the as well as that of their relatives». He asked that kind of State taken shape, the University of San Marcos, volume 2 Lima, educated classes, the «elite», pointing himself how many African, European warnings we have referred to would 2002. www.unmsm.edu.pe/fondo.

CHASQUI 5 THE INDIGENIST HORIZO

The greatest retrospection* on the Cajamarca a Below is a summary of the viewpoints of his curators, famo

ario Urteaga (Cajamarca 1875 – 1957) is peasant scenes carefully composed by the margi- put him in touch with the illustrated journalism M undoubtedly one of the most prominent nal artist seemed to finally bring to life the sector in Lima, which was going through a period painters of native themes. Ever since 1934, when nationalistic aspirations of an entire generation: of prosperity, gaining him access to a diversity of Lima belatedly «discovered» his work, it has been A conclusive remark made by Teodoro Nuñez artistic reproductions. At the time he was an essential milestone in the search for Ureta, indicated that Urteaga was able to depict copying religious paintings and gender scenes. authenticity that has guided the course of our «the most Indian-looking Indians ever painted». El rescate de Atahualpa (Atahualpa’s Ransom) was painting for decades. His peculiar style – a bizarre In reality, however, his works and his life are much probably his first original painting. combination of formulae inherited from European more contradictory and complex. academicism and pictorial traditions of the Upon his return to Cajamarca about 1911, northern Peru region – immediately gives his THE BEGINNING Urteaga opened a photographic studio. For the works of art a national dimension and character. next few years, he alternated between Towards the end of the XIX century, far re- photography and painting, in addition to being Unlike his other colleagues, indigenist artists moved from traditional artistic centres, Urteaga involved in school teaching, farming and formed in the Escuela Nacional de Bellas Artes ventured into a learning process in Cajamarca, journalism. His work as an editor for the local and active in Lima, Urteaga is a self-taught pro- drawing portraits for his local clientele. Using newspaper El Ferrocarril enabled him to become vincial artist who painted the majority of his photographs as models, he drew conventional involved in political issues, with strong social canvases in Cajamarca. This situation helped portraits of some prominent neighbours, revealing tendencies. He was an unsuccessful contender forge the topical image of the artist as a an aptitude that was unusual for a beginner. A for parliament in 1916, a fact that seemed decisive spontaneous product of his environment and to trip to Lima early in 1903 confirmed his artistic in strengthening his growing dedication to project an ambivalent concept of his work, which vocation. Whilst doing some teaching work in painting. Nevertheless, for several years his is classified sometimes as naïf and other times as Callao, Urteaga began studying painting and production was restricted almost exclusively to an independent expression of native art. With photography simultaneously, thanks to his religious paintings requested by devout residents a mixture of naturalness and classicism that friendship with Manuel Moral, a Portuguese of Cajamarca. proved fascinating to viewers of his time, the photographer and editor. This relationship also

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CHASQUI 6 ON OF MARIO URTEAGA rtist which provides a new insight into his works. ous critics Gustavo Buntinx and Luis Eduardo Wuffarden.

THE APPEARANCE OF INDIAN PAINTINGS him a well deserved acknowledgement as a popular themes of the «classic» period, although AND NATIVE PRECARIOUSNESS consummate artist. with a marked picturesque accent, idealizing the native figures. This range of styles were apparent During a brief but decisive visit to the capital CRITICAL YEARS, CONSECRATION AND in the exhibition in which the Lima Institute of in 1918, the artist became familiar with the SILENCING Contemporary Art paid tribute to the artist from nationalistic cultural environment that preceded Cajamarca in 1955, two years before his death. the foundation of the Escuela Nacional de Bellas During the forties, the artist refrained from The comments received at the time were oddly Artes. Nevertheless, he returned to Cajamarca exhibiting in Lima and his production decreased unanimous, with representatives of the most a few months later to continue his career considerably. This was partly due to the decline antagonistic tendencies praising Urteaga in their independently. In 1920, Urteaga produced his in official native art, as well as to a personal cri- attempt to absorb him into their respective first paintings inspired by native life in Cajamarca. sis, aggravated halfway through the decade by postures. Nevertheless, the consecration thus Three years later, he painted La niña, an early cataracts that seriously affected his eyesight and obtained also silenced the complexity and subtle masterpiece that combines a meticulous forced him to undergo surgery. Urteaga’s name contradictions that enhance his paintings. The observation of reality with a hint of a classic regained its international prestige in 1942, when purpose of the recent exhibition and composition inherited from academicism. the Museum of Modern Art in New York accompanying publications is to try to make these incorporated into its collections El Entierro de ve- values visible once again During the early thirties, Urteaga tended terano (The burial of a veteran), consecrating him towards abandoning dark tones in favour of a (mistakenly) as a naïf artist. luminosity expressed in clear skies and figures The retrospection was organised by the Museum of Art and defined in accordance with the classicist planning After his operation, Urteaga returned to the Telefonica Foundation, with two complementary exhibitions of his compositions. This evolution was apparent Cajamaarca and resumed his painting, held in Lima in June and July: Mario Urteaga, Nuevas Miradas (New Looks), and Urteaga, Cajamarca y su tiempo (Cajamarca in his 1934 exhibition. A succession of successful encouraged by the constant demand from and its time). Information on the catalogue Mario Urteaga, personal displays in Lima until 1938 and the art collectors in Lima and his increasing number of Nuevas Miradas, Telefónica Foundation and the Museum of award obtained in Viña del Mar in 1937, gained clients. He therefore went back to the most Art, 2003, 337 pages in www.perucultural.org.pe

1. La riña. (The fight) 1923. Oil on canvas: 94 x 80.5 cm. 4 Private collection, Lima. 2. Los tejeros. (The weavers) 1944. Oil on canvas mounted on wood: 59.5 x 78.5 cm. Private collection, Lima. 3. La lechera. (The milkmaid) 1940. Oil on canvas: 52 x 69 cm. Private collection, Lima. 4. El primer corte de pelo.(The first haircut) 1953. Oil on canvas: 57.5 x 54 cm Doris Gibson collection, Lima. 5. Hogar (Home). 1935. Oil on canvas: 47.5 x 27 cm. Private collection, Lima.

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CHASQUI 7 THE TREASURE OF THE ANDES In a well-known book devoted to the potato*, Peruvian researcher Carlos Ochoa offers the testimony condensed below, regarding his work as a taxonomist, which has gained him worldwide notoriety. For his part, the prominent gastronomist and journalist Raul Vargas Vera gets his teeth into some dishes prepared with different varieties of this tuber.

A universal gift these can be found mainly in the higher parts of the Andean Carlos Ochoa highland plateaus, at an altitude of between 3000 and 4000 metres. It have dedicated most of my life is not unusual to find four or five of I to the study, exploration and them growing together on small generic improvement of the potato. plots sown by native peasants. I had several reasons for doing so. However, the biological First of all, the pride I felt at the diversity is not restricted to great importance acquired by this cultivated species. There is also a native Andean crop in the history complex group of wild inedible of mankind. This pride species (about 200). These can be accompanied my conviction that found in their natural state from the the potato could contribute so south of the United States until the much more, with all the efforts it most southern regions of Chile. In deserves. view of their wide-ranging genetic Just 500 years ago, there was no diversity, there is a possibility of indication that a tuber that was the discovering in them sources of main sustenance of the Andean resistance to numerous climatic or population would become one of pathogenic factors that attack the the most popular food products on crop. Advantage should be taken of XVIII century, it went from Scotland The greatest genetic diversity the planet. At the present time, these genes to create new varieties. to Norway, Sweden and Denmark of potato species is observed potato crops rank fourth in Wild potatoes grow in different and then, finally, it spread to most between the Cordillera Blanca importance world-wide, after wheat, soils and climates, both in dry desert of Eastern Europe by the end of the mountain range in Peru’s central corn and rice. Apart from direct areas on the Peruvian coast, almost last century and the beginning of Andes and the area surrounding consumption, this crop has at sea level, and in the valleys this century. Lake Titicaca in the northwest of numerous applications in industry: between the Andes between 2,500 Bolivia, i.e. between 9 and 17 it is used to manufacture starch, and 3,400 metres above sea level. AMAZING DIVERSITY degrees latitude south. This is the paper, textile adhesives; it is also Southern regions of Peru, such as There is a tremendous diversity only Andean area in which the used for low fat food processing: for the Sacred Valley in Cuzco and many of potato species in the Andes. entire variety of cultivated species baking bread and pastries and for others, are particularly rich in wild Among the cultivated species, can be found. It is very likely that the ice-cream, cosmetology, species. There is a shortage of these Solanum stenotomum is considered this is where the potato originated pharmacopoeia and water purifying species in cold high mountain areas. to be the oldest and therefore the and was domesticated 7000 years industries. By contrast, in tropical areas that origin of them all. Nonetheless, BC. Nine species of cultivated are hot and damp, with abundant solanum tuberosum is the most potatoes have been identified and POTATO ROUTES vegetation and temperatures widespread species in the world. This tuber has become a crucial ranging from 20 to 25 degrees, there source of energy for numerous are wild potatoes that could prove societies over the years. Likewise, very valuable for science, such as the lack of it has caused great so- THE INTERNATIONAL Solanum urubambae which grows in cial-economic disasters in specific the tropical regions of the periods of history, as occurred in POTATO CENTRE Urubamba canyon, also in Cuzco, Ireland between 1845 and 1848. or Solanum yungasense which grows The exact date on which the in the areas surrounding San Juan potato arrived in Europe is del Oro in the Tambopata valley in unknown, although presumably it This non-profit scientific research centre, which was founded in Lima in 1971, Puno. must have been halfway through the is devoted to developing the full potential of the potato and other roots and XVI century. Where it came from tubers. Its aim is to reduce poverty, make the environment more sustainable AT THE SERVICE OF THE MOST and the name of the person who and help guarantee food security in the most poverty-stricken areas. The IPC NEEDY took the first specimen are also has the largest genetic bank in the world, with more than 5,000 different types One of my first jobs when I unknown. In any case, the facts of cultivated and wild species of potatoes, in addition to collections of sweet began my professional career as an indicate that this crop first entered potatoes and other Andean crops on which it places special emphasis. It has agricultural scientist, was in the Europe through Spain. created international research networks; it provides training and information Genetic Cereals station, a Other evidence indicates that, services for researchers, policy-setters and producers and it has inter-disciplinary government research station in thanks to Bahuin, it was introduced teams who conduct research projects in more than 30 countries. The IPC is Concepcion, located in the to France in 1600. Subsequently, in Mantaro Valley in Peru and devoted one of the 16 Future Harvest centres that receive funds from the Advisory 1613, the English took the crop to to genetics and experimentation of the Bermuda islands. It was then Group for International Agricultural Research, a worldwide confederation of various varieties of wheat. That is taken to Virginia (United States) in governments, private foundations and regional and international organisations. where I became aware of the real 1621. It must have reached Ireland See also www.cipotato.org circumstances, asking myself why about 1625. Halfway through the we wanted to introduce a foreign

CHASQUI 8 crop when we had a local crop that «Renacimiento» (Renaissance or had grown and been domesticated rebirth). The fact is that as far as I in Peru since some 8,000 to 10,000 am concerned, the initial modern years ago. improvement of the potato was a The potatoes obtained through true scientific and technical rebirth. genetic improvement are like our Both the Renacimiento and Tomasa children: one gives them a name and species are still cultivated in many they give one much satisfaction in parts of Peru. Besides their indivi- return. One of my daughters, dual value, they represent a Tomasa Condemayta, was named conviction that has motivated all after one of Tupac Amaru’s the work I have carried out on this lieutenants during the first attempts crop; the potato is one of mankind’s at independence, who commanded most important weapons against part of his army. Her tragic death – hunger. My work is merely based on she was burnt alive – occurred in her the desire to reclaim this tremendous SOVEREIGN AND MISTRESS OF PERUVIAN TABLES own farm, the very same one that potential for the benefit of my people Raúl Vargas Vega belonged to my family until a short and the world. t is impossible to mention a single which smug housewives produce to time ago, where I experimented with Peruvian dish that does not enhance their home-cooked meals at different varieties. In her honour, I La Papa: Tesoro de los Andes. De la contain potatoes in one form or least once a week. and also in honour of a nanny I had another. The fact is that this crop, What infamous alliance, coalition when I was a child whom I was very agricultura a la cultura (The Potato: Treasure of the Andes. From agriculture to culture). with its multiple varieties, has also or covenant was established between fond of, I named this species Tomasa. Various authors. International Potato Cen- undergone many changes that were long thinly sliced French fries and filet However, my first son was called tre, Lima, 2000. 210 pages. put into practice by Andean people to steak? Add some tomato wedges and preserve it even in the most extreme red onions also splendidly sliced in conditions. It was established that wedges, a dash of garlic, finely sliced RECIPES potatoes last longer than other chilli pepper and (eventually) red wine vegetables and can be eaten fresh, or beef stock and you will sing the either broiled, boiled, fried or mashed, praises of «lomo saltado», supposedly OLLUQUITO CON CHARQUI* - 2 red onions, chopped hot or cold. Depending on the variety, of a Chinese origin because all the For 8 helpings: - 1 tablespoon of crushed garlic they can be eaten on their own ingredients are sliced and therefore - 3 kilos of ollucos - ¼ teaspoon of cumin (dressed with cheese or butter, cream no knife is required to eat them, but - 200gr. of charqui (jerked meat) - 3 tablespoons of hot red chilli paste or crushed chilli sauce), or as an of an unmistakable native Peruvian - a pinch of annatto - 2 small bunches of fresh coriander outstanding side dish that will lineage, with as many fathers as there - 4 cloves of garlic - 10 donut-shaped crackers, heighten the flavour of any meat, fish, are cooks spread all over the world. - 100 grams of hot red chilli paste crumbled ham, seafood or any other food that Every town and region in Peru has - a pinch of pepper - 2 cloves God provided to accompany this its own potato recipes. Nevertheless, - a pinch of cumin - 1 measure of pisco ‘Great Lady of the Andes’. some techniques are shared by all of - half a ladle of stock - 1 square of bitter chocolate, grated The yellow potato can be them: chuño (potato startch), - parsley - ¼ cup of roasted peanuts, chopped considered one of the varieties most carapulcra (crystallized dry potatoes) - oil - Salt and pepper coveted by Peruvian diners. Due to and tockosh. The first of these is made its colour, smooth texture and parti- with a selection of sour, highland Wash the ollucos thoroughly and Brown the dried potatoes in a pan cular flavour, the yellow potato has potatoes which are kept outdoors, slice them thinly. Place the oil in a deep on a high heat for about 5 minutes. become the star of classic dishes. exposed to the cold mountain nights pan and fry the garlic, annatto, the Shake the pan to prevent them from Readers could dwell on the and sunny days, an ancestral shredded jerked meat (alpaca meat is burning and do not toast them too emblematic «causa», with its alleged technique that enabled the people to better, but it can be replaced with much. Remove the pan and add hot independent origins, but which in any keep the potatoes for years in the so- case is the symbol of our mixed races called colcas or storehouses that chopped beef), pepper, cumin and the water to double the volume. Leave and the splendour of our cuisine. populated the vast Inca territory. chilli paste; stir well and wait until soaking for ½ an hour. Boiled with special care in their jackets Carapulcra, on the other hand, is everything is cooked. Add the ollucos, Chop the meat into small pieces. and with salt to prevent their thin skin another way of preserving potatoes by stir in a small quantity of stock and Heat the oil in a large pan on medium from bursting, yellow potatoes make a crystallising the chopped potatoes cover the pan. Cook over a slow heat, heat and brown the meat. Remove from very dry mash which, mixed with oil, previously cooked in their jackets and stirring to make sure all the ingredients the pan. Use the same fat to fry the a dash of mayonnaise, crushed yellow dried outdoors (the current production cook evenly. Sprinkle with chopped onion with the garlic, cumin and chilli chilli pepper and lime juice, makes a is industrial). Tockosh is a way of parsley before serving. paste, until the onions are brown. kind of dough that is spread in layers rotting potatoes by putting them into Season with salt and pepper. Add the with stuffing between them, the sacks and placing them, with alternate chopped meat and the potato and ingredients and volume of which layers of straw, in ditches with flowing CACHUN CHUÑO water mixture. Cover and cook over a depend on the cook’s imagination. water. The potatoes ferment and are For 6 people: slow heat until the potatoes are soft, The original stuffing was canned tuna removed after a few months, to be After soaking the chuño (potato about 40 minutes. If the mixture seems fish, shredded and mixed with finely consumed in various ways (as a form starch or dried potatoes) overnight, pla- too dry, add a small amount of stock or chopped red onions. However, of thick pap). This has healing powers ce 300 grams of whole white and black water; stir constantly to avoid burning. baroque trends and proud cooks use and a strong flavour which some chuño in a pan with water and leave on Once cooked, add the pisco, crab, shrimps and avocado, always gourmets refer to as the «roquefort» the stove for 15 minutes. Drain well cloves, chopped coriander, grated cho- mixed with mayonnaise. This «cau- of the Andes. and add 200 grams of fresh (cottage) colate, cracker crumbs and chopped sa» is either placed in a round or We cannot end without mentioning or processed cheese. Add half a cup of peanuts. Cook for another 15 minutes. square mould or shaped into a roll two of the many sauces that protect milk and bake in the over for 10 Let stand for ½ an hour before serving. and then garnished with black olives, the potato like the pope’s sacred minutes at 250ºC. Serve once set. sliced hard-boiled eggs and, finally, a mantle: ocopa and huancaína. The hot shrimp sauce, taking advantage first is from Arequipa and, of the coral. consequently, spicy hot and shrimp CARAPULCRA ** White potatoes are an essential flavoured. The second, from basic ingredient for chowders, stews Huancayo in the country’s central Ingredients (for 6 people): and meat casseroles that would seem region and assisted by fresh (cottage) bland and rather sad without an cheese and yellow chilli, is in Lima to - 1 kilo of lean pork * In La Gran Cocina Peruana, (Great ) Jorge Stanbury. Lima, 1994. indulging, starchy potato. Another stay. Lick your fingers and give thanks - ½ Kilo of crystallized dehydrated ** In El Arte de la Cocina Peruana, (The source of pride worth mentioning is to the Almighty for the existence of potatoes Art of Peruvian Cooking) Tony Custer. Lima, the «papa rellena» (stuffed potato), the bountiful sovereign, the potato. - 3 tablespoons of oil or lard 2003. [email protected]

CHASQUI 9 FROM THE HOME TO PUBLIC AREAS Below is a valuable graphic history of Peruvian women (1860 – 1930)

ric Hobswann maintains that impact on those changes was the E the XX century was one of the educational process: at a university shortest in history, because it was level, women bridged the gender gap late in starting (immediately that separated them from the men, following the First World War), and although there is still a gender gap it finished early (in 1989 after the in other educational centres as well fall of the Berlin wall). It would be as in social circles, particularly in worth adding that the XX century economic activities and in terms of was also one of the most intense in employment and income. history. Indeed, it involved The graphic history included numerous individual and collective here, the originals of which can be characters and contradictory found in special material in the events, processes and structures. Peruvian National Library, depict a One of the most important silent gallery of the women who developed revolutions of the XX century was within the limited public space in the the change in the status of women, XIX century and some of the women both in the world and in Peru. The who represented the transition Courret

changes in this country were A. towards the XX century. (Sinesio unequal; slow in the intimacy of López) the home, more dynamic in Undoubtedly, these changes are prominent individual women make economic and social circles and very significant compared to the their presence felt, but also women’s decidedly swift in public areas. status women had in the XIX movements and groups whose Various opinion polls reveal that century, when there were only a few thoughts, proposals and actions Del olvido a la memoria: Mujeres perua- the majority of Peruvians believe prominent female celebrities like have had an impact on the nas 1860 – 1930 (Oblivion to Memory: that women are just as capable as Flora Tristan, Juana Manuela economic, social, political and cul- Peruvian Women 1860 – 1930). Editor: Gorriti, Teresa Gonzales de Fanning, tural life in Peru. men of assuming public roles. This Nancy Elmore; presented by Sinesio belief is fundamental, because if Mercedes Cabello de Carbonera, To a large extent, the changing Lopez and Ana María Yánez; most people believe in gender Antonia Moreno Leyva, Clorinda social structure and the progress introductory study by María Emma equality for public roles, then Matto de Turner, Maria Jesus made in the modernisation of the Mannareli. Manuela Ramos Movement adequate means and mechanisms to Alvarado and others who left their country had a lot to do with these and National Library of Peru, Lima, put this belief into practice can be mark in history. In the XX century changes. Nevertheless, the factor 2003. See also www.bina-pe.gob.pe y sought. on the other hand, not only did that undoubtedly had the greatest www.manuela.org.pe

VII Film Encounter A SPACE FOR THE SEVENTH ART

he Latin American Film films with specific funds and peculiarity, awarding the Fellini cultural and commercial impact T Encounter in Lima, organi- Brazilian films with generous tax Medal in 2003, which is normally of a festival like elcine. Although sed by the Catholic University of exemptions for the companies reserved for films, to the festival box office sales are no greater Peru*, should be pinpointed on sponsoring them) tend to share itself. than those of a conventional the region’s cinematographic the limelight with some surprise Secondly, coming from a commercial debut, taking into map. The boisterous seventh Mexican film. university, it is an event aimed consideration the increase in the event took place an early in It is even more unusual, and at encouraging critics and number of Latin films on the very August, when Argentine Carlos therefore more celebrated, for a communications experts to de- American-oriented Peruvian Sorin pocketed the critics’ trophy Chilean, Cuban, Ecuadorian or bate with guest film celebrities. billboard since the year 2000 for «Historias Mínimas» (Minimal Uruguayan film to obtain an For example, «discussion groups» (between 1992 and 1997 only 8 Stories) and Brazilian Katia Lund, award or mention, as occurred and topical seminars are Latin films had been in charge of marketing «Ciudad on previous occasions. In gene- preferred over press conferences. inaugurated, compared to the 38 de Dios» (City of God), received ral, however, the filming, post- Nevertheless, in keeping with launched between 1998 and 2002 the public’s award. production or debut of all this protective attitude on the with the festival, not counting Meanwhile it was confirmed national films bear a relation to part of the university, in the first Peruvian films, according to that, just like in Havana, the August event. After seven events Director and theatre man executive director Alicia Mora- Cartagena or Huelva, where the events, elcine (as it is alternately Edgar Saba and his team only les). Considering how popular best comparisons of Latin films referred to) has defined its received an award from the local figures like Federico Luppi, are made, the minimalist fashion curious profile: first of all, it is a public. Subsequently, due to Arturo Ripstein or Adolfo tendency in Argentina and the Festival – a certain academic pressure from the press, Aristarain have become in the Brazilian determination to produ- modesty forced the Catholic professional judges were market, it is easier to understand ce violent narrations without University to call it an Encounter included. Now, the financial the enthusiasm of elcine (Fernan- curtailing Hollywood-like effects, that relies on no aid from either prizes are decided by both the do Vivas). fill the agenda of the film the State or the respective public and the critics. industry’s debates in 2003. municipality. The Peruvian The official figures – 32,000 Usually, these films, which are office of UNESCO has spectators, 60 films and 60 See also www.cultural.pucp.edu.pe y promoted officially (Argentine acknowledged this forced foreign guests – do not reflect the [email protected]

CHASQUI 10 SOUNDS OF PERU

ABELARDO VÁSQUEZ – THE IQARO – SHAMÁNI-CO SONG known as ‘icaros’ or mantras that Stockhausen and John Cage also GREAT ABELARDO VÁSQUEZ (INDEPENDENT, LIMA, 2003.) witchdoctors chant when they go have followers en Peru. (POTROLILA PRODUCTIONS, NAMPAG – AGUARUNA SONGS into a trance to conduct sessions LIMA, 2003.) (INDEPENDENT, LIMA, 2003.) in which they consume a hallucinogenic jungle plant DINA PÁUCAR – GOLDEN HITS Abelardo Vasquez was a genuine Tito La Rosa, a widely known as ‘ayahuasca’. To this (DANNY PRODUCTIONS, LIMA, legend of popular Peruvian experienced musician well end, La Rosa has formed a 2003.) coastal music: one of the great known for his efforts to recapture unique group of musicians from masters of the popular folk dan- and place a new value on the different traditions, like rock and Every so often, migrants and ce «Marinera Limeña» and a native sounds and instruments of jazz, plus a native master. The people from Peru’s interior tend prophet of «jaranero» and «fes- Peru, explores the ritual songs Nampag Aguaruna and to establish a new super-star in tejo» folk songs. Vasquez was the Huambisa group, native of San- their musical firmament. Rossy rightful heir of a musical lineage ta Maria de Nieva, has the spirit War recently and Lorenzo that dates back to the very origin of the so-called field recordings, ‘Chacalon’ Palacios many years of the rhythmic symbiosis primitive music in its pure state, ago, were figures who in a way, between Africa and Peru. His recorded just the way it is still helped to concentrate and reflect father, Porfirio Vasquez, was for played in the depths of the the dreams, frustrations and many years considered the Peruvian Amazon jungle. melancholy of the migrants who creator of the «festejo», one of now make up the major economic the most popular folk dances and social force in this country. among the Afro-Peruvian JOSÉ SOSAYA WEKSELMAN – Unlike those artists who merged population. After listening to this PRESENTATION (INDEPENDENT, typical Andean or jungle sounds recording of Peruvian waltzes, LIMA, 2003.) with intrinsically urban elements marineras and festejos, it is not (rock, cumbia, salsa), DINA difficult to reach the conclusion Sosaya, a teacher in the National Paucar, known by her hundreds that the ‘greatness’ referred to in Conservatory with a classical of thousands of fans (and that is the title is not hyperbolical: music background, has ventured no exaggeration) as «The Vasquez’ contribution to Afro- into a territory that is unfamiliar Beautiful Goddess of Love», Peruvian popular music is simply to Peruvian musicians: concrete resorts to a much more incalculable. electro-acoustic music, pompously traditional form – the ‘huayno’ referred to as ‘cultured electronic – to create her songs, which are Caretas music’. With this disk, Sosaya charged with nostalgia and

G. Perez/ G. proves that figures like Karl Heinz rapture. (Raúl Cachay).

CHASQUI AGENDA El correo del Perú Boletín cultural CULTURAL ADVISORY committee are Luis Guillermo operation Agency, will identify the MINISTERIO DE RELACIONES COMMITTEE Lumbreras, National Director of international sources that could EXTERIORES Subsecretaría de Política Cultural Exterior the National Cultural Institute; contribute to the development of Jr. Ucayali 363 - Lima , Perú. The Cultural Advisory Benjamin Marticorena, President of scientific and technological know- Teléfono: (511) 311-2400 Fax: (511) 3112406 E-mail: [email protected] Committee of the Ministry of the National Science and how in our country and design and Web: www.rree.gob.pe

Foreign Affairs was established last Technology Council; and Jose An- implement the respective national Los artículos son responsabilidad August 19th, in order to evaluate the tonio Olaechea representing the plans and policies. They will also de sus autores. Este boletín es distribuido gratuitamente por las Misiones del Perú en el Annual Plans for Foreign Cultural organizers of the National make forecasts of the main national exterior.

Policies and advise the Foreign Foundation for the Promotion of expressions in this field, within the Traducción: Office on issues within its sphere of Peruvian Culture Abroad. framework of the Plan for Peru’s Dorren Watt competence. This ad honorem Cultural Policies Abroad. For its Committee is chaired by Fernando part, CONCYTEC will keep the de Szyszlo, with Fernando Cabieses FOREIGN AFFAIRS – Foreign Office informed of national DIRECTORIO EMPRESARIAL as Vice-Chairman and Walter Alva, CONCYTEC AGREEMENT policies to promote science and PROMPERU Comisión de Promoción del Perú Susana Baca, Ricardo Bedoya, An- technology and about the public Calle Oeste No. 50 – Lima 27 Teléfono: (511) 2243279 tonio Cisneros, José A. de la Puen- Last September 9th, the organisations and universities that Fax: (511) 224-7134 E-mail: [email protected] Web: te, Elvira de la Puente, Francesca Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the conduct research programmes in www.peru.org.pe

Denegri, Max Hernández, Hugo National Science and Technology these areas, including the facilities PROINVERSIÓN Agencia de Promoción de la Inversión Neira, Luis Peirano, Bernardo Roca Council signed an important co- they could offer to encourage a Paseo de la República No. 3361 Rey, Alonso Ruiz Rosas, Mario operation agreement, whereby the scientific exchange and the even- piso 9 – Lima 27 Teléfono: (511) 612-1200 Vargas Llosa, Raúl Vargas and Jorge Foreign Office, together with the tual return of local talents. Fax: (511) 221-2941 Web: www.proinversion.gob.pe Villacorta as members. Also on the Peruvian International Co- ADEX Asociación de Exportadores Av. Javier Prado Este No. 2875 – Lima 27, Teléfono: (511) 346-2530 Fax : (511) 346-1879 E-mail: [email protected] 50 AÑOS PRODUCIENDO COBRE PARA EL MUNDO Y PRESERVANDO EL LEGADO HISTÓRICO DEL Web: www.adexperu.org.pe PERÚ AL AUSPICIAR EL MUSEO CONTISUYO-MOQUEGUA. CANATUR Cámara Nacional de Industria y Turismo Jr. Alcanfores No. 1245 – Lima, 18 Teléfono: (511) 445-251 Fax: (511) 445-1052 PETRÓLEOS DEL PERÚ AL SERVICIO DE LA CULTURA E-mail: [email protected]

CHASQUI 11 ROYAL TOMBS OF SIPAN A MUSEUM FOR THE WORLD Walter Alva

The Royal Tombs of Sipan Museum has opened its doors to the world in order to disseminate the magic and splendour of the Mochica culture. The architectural characteristics and graphic quality of the museum are praiseworthy, gaining it acknowledgement as one of the most important museums in America.

n 1987 a small team of Peruvian «Lord of Sipan», offerings and archaeologists managed, in a companions, as it was at the time of dramaticI intervention, to prevent the discovery. Then there is a gallery sacking and destruction of the first showing the tomb of the priest and untouched grave of an ancient ruler his regalia. Descending to the of Peru. The discovery of the so-called ground floor is a respectful display «Tomb of the Lord of Sipan» aroused on two levels of the bones of the the immediate interest of the world’s «Lord of Sipan», giving the building press which, for more than a year the character of museum – closely followed an archaeological mausoleum for the Mochica rulers. investigation that was compared with In the center of the gallery, at eye that of Tutankhamon, the tomb of the level, are the contents of the burial Maya king Pacal or the discovery of chamber, previously seen from the . second floor. Another section of The immediate responsibility of the museum is dedicated to tombs the archaeological team was to pre- Museo de Sipán from different times and of different serve and restore the objects in danger officials, such as military chiefs and of destruction, and this was achieved priests, who formed part of the thanks to aid from the German Mochica elite. government, which funded the first The largest part of the museum metals conservation laboratory in is given over to the tomb of the «Old . The importance of Lord of Sipan», the oldest ruler yet the discovery and the expectations it discovered, whose regalia and had aroused in Peru and among the ornaments are of similar wealth and international community obliged us quality to those of the first «Lord», to consider, in the medium term, an who would have been his own museum. Our small team descendent, a generation or two later. concentrated its efforts on a careful From the first we were surprised by strategy which, after overcoming in- the complexity and symbolism of numerable obstacles, managed to each of the royal jewels and generate funds from international ornaments, such as the impressive exhibitions, obtained the support of golden necklace carrying ten images the Peru – Switzerland Counterpart of spiders or the exquisite nose ring Fund and, finally, that of the Peruvian in silver and gold with its miniature government in order to complete representation of an owl with its what is now the Royal Tombs wings outspread. The religious Museum, inaugurated on the 8th of images of the crab god, an November last year. This crusade anthropomorphic feline with a received the generous support of crown of serpents and a pectoral Celso Prado in designing the building. ornament representing the Sipan has drawn the eyes of the Hombre-cangrejo, cobre dorado. tentacles of an octopus impress world to the mystery and splendor every visitor. The remains of this nial procession, you enter the world Down on the second floor, after a of Peru’s ancient cultures. The ruler are also displayed in a special of the Mochicas preceded by an description of the excavations, the Mochicas have thus taken their pla- central area. animated display which recreates discovery of the tomb of the «Lord ce among the classical cultures of Just when you think your visit the the Lord of Sipan and his of Sipan» is revealed step by step the Americas, along with the Maya, to the museum has ended, a door retinue 1,700 years ago. The third from the offerings, the discovery of Aztecs and Incas. What is more, opens upon «The Royal House of the floor is dedicated to the most the guardian of the tomb to the Peruvian archaeology has Lord of Sipan» a vivid important aspects of this culture: burial chamber itself with its undertaken further research, to the reconstruction including 35 figures, its territory, evolution, social extraordinary contents. The point where one can now speak of light, movement and the music of organization, agriculture and crops, marvelous royal jewels and artifacts the discipline of «Mochicology». native instruments, which metallurgy, and its most important have their own displays, individually transports you to the splendor of the monuments, as well as a general illuminated to give a sensation that THE MUSEUM royal court of the Mochicas. presentation of the sanctuary of the ornaments are floating in space Visitors to the Royal Tombs of Sipan. A second theme is the in the dramatic atmosphere of a Sipan Museum will find a building spiritual world of the Mochicas, chamber in semi-darkness. The inspired by the ancient pyramids of Article courteously provided by the maga- their gods and their concept of life center of this floor contains an the Mochicas. Approaching up a zine Bienvenida/ Turismo Cultural del Perú from conception to death as well as exact recreation of the burial Translated by Peter Spence. long ramp which suggests a ceremo- their cosmic vision of a universe. chamber with the coffin of the www.bienvenidaperu.com

CHASQUI 12