Mastozoología Neotropical ISSN: 0327-9383 [email protected] Sociedad Argentina para el Estudio de los Mamíferos Argentina
Borges, Luiz H. M.; Calouro, Armando M.; de Sousa, Jesus R. D. LARGE AND MEDIUM-SIZED MAMMALS FROM CHANDLESS STATE PARK, ACRE, BRAZIL. Mastozoología Neotropical, vol. 22, núm. 2, 2015, pp. 265-277 Sociedad Argentina para el Estudio de los Mamíferos Tucumán, Argentina
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Artículo
LARGE AND MEDIUM-SIZED MAMMALS FROM CHANDLESS STATE PARK, ACRE, BRAZIL.
Luiz H. M. Borges¹, Armando M. Calouro², and Jesus R. D. de Sousa³
1 Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Manejo de Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Acre, Campus Universitário. Rodovia BR 364, km 04, nº 6637. Distrito Industrial. Caixa Postal 500. CEP: 69915-900. Rio Branco, Acre, Brasil. [Correspondence: Luiz H. M. Borges
ABSTRACT. The Neotropical region hosts the greatest diversity of mammals in the world. Western Amazonia, where the State of Acre is located, harbors one of the highest mammalian species diversity in the Neotropics. Mammals are considered important biodiversity components and play a key role in regulating and structuring forest ecosystems. However, there are considerable knowledge gaps regarding species distribution and rich- ness in the Amazon region. This study aims at documenting the medium and large-sized mammal species in Chandless State Park (PEC - Parque Estadual Chandless) giving special attention to those classified as rare or threatened. Four different methods were used in two years of research, 2008 and 2013: linear transect, camera trap, interviews and spoor counts. PEC is highly rich in medium and large-sized mammals in comparison to adjacent conservation units. Fifty-one species were recorded, of which 13 are listed as endangered. Primates, Carnivora and Rodentia were the most species-rich Orders. Because of its high richness and high degree of protection, PEC plays an important role in the protection and conservation of endangered species in a landscape formed by a block of protected areas with different levels of anthropogenic activities.
RESUMO. Mamíferos de médio e grande porte do Parque Estadual Chandless, Acre, Brasil. A região neo- tropical abriga a maior diversidade de mamíferos do mundo e a região oeste da Amazônia, onde está inserido o estado do Acre, é uma das regiões com maior riqueza de espécies no Neotrópico. Os mamíferos são considerados importantes componentes da biodiversidade, desempenhando papel fundamental na regulação e estruturação de ecossistemas florestais. Contudo, ainda existem lacunas no que concerne a distribuição e riqueza de espécies na região Amazônica. Em vista disso, o objetivo deste estudo foi listar as espécies de mamíferos de médio e grande porte ocorrentes no Parque Estadual Chandless (PEC - AC), destacando aquelas classificadas como raras ou ameaçadas. Foram utilizados quatro métodos diferentes em dois anos de amostragem, 2008 e 2013: transecção linear, armadilha fotográfica, entrevista e contagem de vestígios. O PEC possui elevada riqueza de mamíferos de médio e grande porte, quando comparado com outras unidades de conservação adjacentes. Foram registradas 51 espécies de mamíferos, das quais 13 estão listadas como ameaçadas de extinção. Primates, Carnivora e Rodentia foram as Ordens com maior riqueza de espécies. Devido à alta riqueza e elevado grau de conservação, o PEC exerce importante papel para a proteção e conservação de espécies ameaçadas, em uma paisagem composta por um bloco de áreas protegidas com diferentes níveis de atividades antrópicas.
Key words: Camera trap. Conservation Units. Linear transect. Species richness. Tracks.
Palavras chave: Armadilha fotográfica. Rastros. Riqueza de espécies. Transecção linear. Unidades de Conservação.
Recibido 17 marzo 2015. Aceptado 29 septiembre 2015. Editor asociado: F Umetsu 266 Mastozoología Neotropical, 22(2):265-277, Mendoza, 2015 LHM Borges et al. http://www.sarem.org.ar
INTRODUCTION 2014). However, as Tobler et al. (2008) have correctly stated, knowledge on the presence and The Neotropical region is home to the largest distribution of mammal species is essential in diversity of mammals in the world (Brown order to plan and evaluate regional biodiversity 2014). Near 701 out of the 5487 known mam- conservation strategies. mal species (Schipper et al., 2008) are found in Within this context, the current study aims Brazil. The Amazon region is the most diverse at listing the medium and large-sized mam- one in the country, with 399 species, of which mal species in Chandless State Park, as well 57.8% are endemic to the region (Paglia et al., as highlighting the endangered species and 2012). Western Amazon, where the state of the role played by the Park regarding regional Acre is located, is one of world’s richest areas, conservation strategies. housing approximately 40% of Brazil’s mam- mals; 4.5% of the world’s mammals are known MATERIAL AND METHODS to occur in the state (Acre, 2010). Many mammal species play fundamental Study site roles in structuring and regulating forest ecosys- PEC is located in southwestern Acre State (Fig. 1) tems, driving a variety of ecological processes, on the Brazilian border with Peru, and it has an area including seed dispersal, seed predation and of 695 303 ha (SEMA, 2010). The Park is located in pollination, whereas others are apex predators the Purus River basin. This region is composed of (Wright, 2003). Despite their importance, the an array of Brazilian and Peruvian protected areas knowledge on mammalian species is still very that together form a large block of approximately limited. Paglia et al. (2012) show a surprising 40 000 km². These areas are very important because they occur in a region that is extremely diverse in increase in the new species discovery rate in biological, ethnic and cultural terms. The annual Brazil in the last 20 years, with approximately precipitation is 1900-2000 mm, and the least rainy 34% increase in the number of known spe- period extends from June to September (SEMA, cies, including large species, such as the tapir 2010; Acre, 2010). The altitude ranges from 180 to (Tapirus kabomani; Cozzuol et al., 2013). 370 m a.s.l. (SEMA, 2010). Surveys and inventories are important tools Sixty-seven people from 11 families live in the to describe the species habitat, to expand the Park, distributed along the banks of the Chandless known distribution of species and to record River, in its northern-central portion. In addition to rare and even new species. a relatively concentrated distribution, the hunting Studies on the diversity of medium and large- pressure is probably of low overall impact, because sized mammals have focused on the eastern and the Park has less than 0.5 inhabitants/km². According to Robinson and Bennett (2000), the subsistence- central Amazon regions, mainly in the Solimões hunting activity may be considered sustainable in River tributaries (Voss and Emmons, 1996; Pat- the Amazon when human density does not exceed ton et al., 2000; Pitman et al., 2003; Trolle and 1 human resident/km². Kérry 2003; Tobler et al., 2008). Most studies on The Park has a mosaic of vegetation types, mostly western Amazonian medium and large mam- forests with more open canopy (e.g. Deciduous mal assemblages were performed in the Great Open Forest with Bamboo and/or Palm trees). The Basin of Rio Madre de Dios (Peru), mostly dynamic nature of Chandless River shows extensive in areas within or nearby the Manú National forest areas in different successional stages along Park and adjacent protected areas. Studies on the riverbank (Open Evergreen Forest on flooded medium and large mammal assemblages in terraces, Evergreen Rainforest, Deciduous Forest— Acre, Brazil, have focused on rapid inventories sometimes with either dominant bamboo or palm tree) with areas at different successional stages due (Calouro, 1999; Botelho et al., 2012), hunting to bamboo post-fruiting death (SEMA, 2010). effects (e.g. Calouro and Marinho-Filho, 2005; One of the main determinants of vegetation suc- Rosas and Drumond, 2007; Constantino et al., cessional gradients in Acre State is the predominance 2008) and primate autecology (e.g. Peres, 1988, of bamboo (species from genus Guadua) in open 1993; Bicca-Marques and Garber, 2003; Regh, forests. The Park is located in the center of the larg- 2005) and habitat preference (Borges et al., est patch of Guadua sp. in Amazonia (McMichael MAMMALS OF CHANDLESS STATE PARK 267
Fig. 1. Location of Chandless State Park, in Acre State, Brazil, and the location of transects sampled in 2008 and 2013.
et al., 2013), and much of the vegetation mosaic and different successional stages of the vegetation in the area result from the dynamics exerted by the presence of bamboo. The species from this genus are clonal, with opportunistic growth and pronounced capacity to invade disturbed areas. These factors, along with a life cycle with synchronized mortality and mast flowering and fruiting, have direct impact on the forest dynam- average speed of 1.25 km/h, usually at 06:30 h. ics, thus affecting the appearance and structure of Each transect was sampled at least twelve times, the forest, as well as reducing the abundance and throughout five months. Tracks and other indirect richness of tree species (Silveira, 2005; Griscom and evidences were opportunistically recorded when the Ashton, 2006; Smith and Nelson, 2011). census was conducted. Indirect records were identi- fied using field guides (Becker and Dalponte, 1999). Mammalian sampling Six camera traps were installed in each of the four transects to record the most cryptic species (Trophy Data collection was conducted during the dry and Cam Bushnell USA). The traps were installed within wet seasons to create a list of medium and large- 1-km interval from each other. A total of 24 camera sized mammals found in Chandless State Park. A traps was used to monitor all trails from April to Rapid Ecological Assessment was done in Febru- November 2013. ary and August 2008, in order to prepare the park management plan (RAP: Sobrevilla and Bath, 1992). Data analysis The RAP was conducted on previously cleared 1-km transects, sampled at least for five times each. Tran- The species accumulation curve was developed ac- sects were distributed along the Chandless River, in cording to the number of species recorded on the the different vegetation types within the landscape. line transect and camera trap, to quantify the relation Transects were walked at the standard average speed between species richness and sampling effort in the of 1.25 km/h, usually between 06:30 and 11:30 h. 2013 survey. The curve was done in the R software In 2010, data was supplemented with observations (R Core Development Team 2011). A Jackknife performed along the riverbanks near the sampled first order richness estimator was calculated using transects. The observations were conducted in fly- specpool function (package Vegan) to predict the ing boats with the engine off. Direct sightings and total number of potentially detectable species in indirect evidence of the species occurrence (vocaliza- the Park using the two sampling methods in 2013. tions, tracks, feces, bones and hair) were recorded. Concurrently, interviews were conducted with RESULTS AND DISCUSSION residents to investigate the existence of undetected Fifty-one species of mammals were recorded, species during transect and riverbank search. As distributed in 10 Orders and 27 families after part of the research, residents were shown pictures of mammals taken from Emmons and Feer (1997) a total effort of 691-walked km, 3213 trapping and Eisenberg and Redford (1999). nights and 12 interviews with local residents From April to November 2013, four 5-km transects (Table 1; Fig. 2). Forty-nine species were re- were surveyed using direct observation and camera corded in 2008, and 44 in 2013. Two aquatic trap (Fig. 1). Transects were traveled at the standard species were recorded on both occasions. Forty 268 Mastozoología Neotropical, 22(2):265-277, Mendoza, 2015 LHM Borges et al. http://www.sarem.org.ar - En = Vocalization; Vocalization; LC LC LC LC LC LC LC = VU VU VU IUCN 2015 IUCN Track; V Track; = VU VU VU MMA 2014 MMA Camera Trap, T Trap, Camera = I CT 2013 T, CT T, CT T, CT T, VC, CT VC, CT VC, VC, T, CT T, VC, Method I I B T T VC VC VC VC 2008 VC, T, B T, VC, Table1
Tapir Tamandua Tamandua SilkyAnteater GiantAnteater Two-toed Sloth Two-toed Giant Armadillo Giant Common Name Common Three-toed Sloth Three-toed Mouse Opossum Mouse Common Opossum Common Nine-banded Armadillo Nine-banded Greater Long-nosed Armadillo Long-nosed Greater Southern Naked-tailed Armadillo Naked-tailed Southern spp. regina
maximus
terrestris
Choloepus Near Threatened, LC= LC= Least Concern. Threatened, Near Scientific Name Scientific Tapirus Dasypuskappleri Micoeurus Cyclopes didactylus Cyclopes = Bradypusvariegatus Priodontes Cabassous unicinctus Cabassous Didelphismarsupialis Dasypusnovemcinctus Tamandua tetradactyla Tamandua Myrmecophaga tridactyla Myrmecophaga Interview. Status of mammal species in the Chandless State Park present on the two main lists of endangered animal species. Categories species. animal Categories endangered of lists main the two on present Park State species thein Chandless mammal of Status Interview. = Family Vulnerable, NT Vulnerable, = bones; I bones; = Didelphidae Bradypodidae Megalonychidae Myrmecophagidae Dasypodidae Tapiridae Order Didelphimorphia Pilosa Cingulata Perissodactyla Feces; B Feces; = Mammals of Chandless State Park, Acre, Brazil. Methods used in both years of the survey. VC= Visual Contact=; CT Contact=; Visual VC= the survey. of used in both years Methods Brazil. Acre, Park, State Chandless of Mammals F (MMA): EN Ministry Environment in English), of (IUCN - acronym Resources Natural and Nature Conservation of for Union the International to according VU dangered, MAMMALS OF CHANDLESS STATE PARK 269 LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC EN NT NT VU VU DD DD VU VU VU VU VU VU I T CT VC VC VC VC VC, V VC, V VC, V VC, V VC, V VC, T, F, CT F, T, CT F, T, CT F, T, VC, T, CT T, VC, CT T, VC, VC, V, CT V, VC, CT V, VC, CT V, VC, I I T T VC VC VC VC F,T B,T V,VC V,VC V,VC V,VC V,VC VC, T VC, VC, V VC, V VC, VC, F, B, T B, F, VC, B, CT, V, VC, F VC, V, CT, B, Boto Jaguar Ocelot Tucuxi Tucuxi Cougar Margay Jagarundi TitiMonkey Night Monkey Night Spider Monkey Spider Howler Monkey Howler Goeldi’s Monkey Goeldi’s Squirrel Monkey Squirrel Collared Peccary Collared DwarfMarmoset Robust Capuchin Robust Emperor Tamarin Emperor Red Brocket Deer RedBrocket White-lipped Peccary White-lipped White-fronted Capuchin White-fronted Weddell’s Saddle-backed Tamarin Saddle-backed Weddell’s pardalis pecari
fluvialis chamek
Pecari tajacu Pecari Ateles Panthera onca Panthera Tayassu Cebusunicolor Inia geoffrensis geoffrensis Inia Pumaconcolor Aotus nigriceps Aotus Sotalia Callimicogoeldii Leoparduswiedii Saguinusweddelli Cebuella pygmaeaCebuella Saimiriboliviensis Callicebuscupreus Leopardus Alouattapuruensis Saguinusimperator Mazama americana Mazama Pumayagouaroundi Sapajusmacrocephalus Cervidae Tayassuidae Iniidae Delphinidae Aotidae Callitrichidae Pitheciidae Cebidae Atelidae Felidae Artiodactyla Cetacea Primates Carnivora 270 Mastozoología Neotropical, 22(2):265-277, Mendoza, 2015 LHM Borges et al. http://www.sarem.org.ar
(Table 1 cont.) LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC EN NT NT NT VU VU VU VU I I I CT CT CT T,CT I, CT I, T, CT T, VC. CT VC. CT VC, CT VC, VC, T, CT T, VC, CT T, VC, I I I I I T T VC VC VC VC VC VC VC V,VC VC, T VC, T VC, T VC, Paca Coati Tayra Agouti Agouchi Bushdog Pacarana Capibara Porcupine Giant Otter Giant Bamboo Rat Bamboo Variable Squirrel Variable Small-eared Dog Small-eared Crab-eating Racoon Crab-eating Southern River Otter River Southern Brazilian Wild habbit Wild Brazilian Amazon Dwarf Squirrel Amazon Southern Amazon Red Squirrel Amazon Southern
s punctata nasua branickii cf. cf.
prehensilis
cancrivorus barbara
Eira Nasua Cuniculuspaca Myoprocta pratti Myoprocta Dinomys Lontra longicaudis Lontra Speothos venaticus Speothos Atelocynus microtis Atelocynus Coendou Procyon Urosciurusspadiceus Guerlinguetusignitus Sylvilagus brasiliensi Sylvilagus Pteronurabrasiliensis Dactylomys dactylinus Dactylomys Microsciurus flaviventer Microsciurus Dasyprocta Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris Hydrochoerus Canidae Mustelidae Procyonidae Erethizontidae Echimyidae Sciuridae Dasyproctidae Caviidae Cuniculidae Dinomyidae Leporidae Rodentia Lagomorpha MAMMALS OF CHANDLESS STATE PARK 271
Fig. 2. Photographs of mammals registered at Chandless State Park, Acre, Brazil. (A) Panthera onca; (B) Puma concolor; (C) Priodontes maximus; (D) Myrmecophaga tridactyla; (E) Cuniculus paca; (F) Dasyprocta cf. punctata; (G) Tapirus ter- restris; (H) Ateles chamek. 272 Mastozoología Neotropical, 22(2):265-277, Mendoza, 2015 LHM Borges et al. http://www.sarem.org.ar two direct records of occurrence were achieved. listed in Table 2 occur in a region considered The most species-rich Orders were: Primates to have the highest diversity of terrestrial and (n = 11), Carnivora (n = 9) and Rodentia (n = 8). arboreal mammals in the Amazon basin (Em- The species richness curve based on the line- mons and Voss, 1996). transect data did not reach an asymptote and Chandless State Park is home to 11 primate it indicates that the number of species could species distributed in five families, of which Ce- increase with further sampling effort Fig.( 3). bidae and Callitrichiidae are the most species- The effort curve with camera traps tended to rich ones (Table 1). The presence of two large stabilize at 190 days or 2500 trapping nights species, Ateles chamek (Fig. 2H) and Alouatta (Fig. 3). Based on the first-order Jackknife spe- puruensis is very important to the ecosystem cies richness estimator, the number of species structure and to the mammal community in that could be potentially recorded by camera the Park. Both species are targeted by hunters traps was 27, based on the 24 species photo- in the Amazon, and they are susceptible to graphed, and the number of species that could local extinction under strong hunting pres- be potentially recorded by the linear-transect sure areas (Peres and Lake, 2003). This is method was 29, based on the 24 species sighted. especially true for Ateles spp., which have the According to the literature, 53 medium and lowest reproductive rate among all Amazonian large-sized Neotropical mammals were expect- primates (Redford and Robinson, 1986). Peres ed to be found in the region (Einsenberg and (1987 apud Boubli et al., 2008) suggested that Redford, 1999; Wilson and Reeder, 2005). The Pithecia spp. and Lagothrix cana do not oc- orders Didelphimorphia and Cetacea, as well cur in the Purus-Iaco interfluve, although the as small rodent families (except for Sciuridae), distribution of these species includes much were not considered in both the species and of Acre State (Iwanaga and Ferrari, 2002). the review list because our methods will not Fieldwork and interviews with local residents document them properly. confirmed that these species are not found This high species richness followed the pat- in the study area. Further research is needed tern observed in this region of the Amazon, to assess the species’ distribution and use of such as Manú National Park and Park of Alto habitats in Acre and how they are affected Purus, both in Peru, and is similar to sites in by abundant bamboo forests (tabocais). Regh Acre, such as Serra do Divisor National Park (2005) found that Callimico goeldii (Goeldi’s and Resex Cazumbá-Iracema (Table 2), in spite monkey) occurs mainly in bamboo forests in of differences in the survey methods. Oliveira Acre. The species always forages in “tabocais” (2012), for instance, recorded the species when it is searching for fungi and insects, a fact number and composition in Resex Cazumbá- that was also observed in other southwestern Iracema (Brazil) species lists, which are very Amazonian areas (Ferrari et al., 1999; Porter similar to that from Chandless; probably due et al., 2007). We associate the occurrence of C. to the geographical contiguity of the two sites goeldii in Chandless State Park to the presence and the similarity of the. All protected areas of bamboo patches within the park. Four recorded rodent species deserve special attention; three of them were first recorded in the park area (two species of squirrel, and one agouti species that was not known to occur in Brazil). The agouti species occurring in the Park is not Dasyprocta fuliginosa,
Fig. 3. Accumulation curve of mammal species recorded by camera traps and linear transect at Chandless. MAMMALS OF CHANDLESS STATE PARK 273 Census Census = Study This study study This (2012) Oliveira (2003) al. et Pitman (2005b) Peres & Haugaasen (2005a) Peres & Haugaasen (2012) al. et Botelho (1997) Peres (1999) Calouro (2008) al. et Tobler (2010) al. et Endo (2010) al. et Salvador Hunting Calendar number (calendars), (calendars), Calendar number Hunting = _ 33 I 33 Effort 270 km270 4600 km4600 km2192 km1564 km1495 3780 TN 3780 956 km/24956 HC 220 km/850220 TN 691 km/3213691 I TN/11 P C C C C C/I C/P C/TC/I C/P/TC Method C/P/TC/I C/P/TC/I/HC * 40 41 44 32 16 29 20 27 38 Non primates Non Table2 N° of species of N° 9 1 Interview (number of residents interviewed), HC residents of (number Interview 11 11 15 13 12 21 14 10 12 = Primates Juruá Juruá Purus Purus Purus Purus Track Count, I Count, Track Acre/Purus = River Basin River Caeté/Purus Madre de Dios de Madre Dios de Madre Dios de Madre TN), TC = nights effort (Trap Photos = Locationárea (AC) Park State Chandless (AC) Cazumbá ResexIracema of Purús Alto of Park National and Pakitza CoshaCashu, (Peru) (AM) LakeUauaçú (AM) LakeUauaçú (AC) Reserve Forest Humaitá River(AM) Juruá Middle Park(AC) SerraNational Divisor do Park(Peru) National Manú (Peru) Conservation LosConcession Amigos Park(Peru) National Manú Bonanza, Number of species recorded in different protected areas in the main basins of southwestern Amazonia. Area in hectares (ha), methods used (ha), hectares in study: in Area the C Amazonia. of southwestern basins main in the areas protected in different species recorded of Number P (km traveled), respectively. efforts, sampling their respective and 274 Mastozoología Neotropical, 22(2):265-277, Mendoza, 2015 LHM Borges et al. http://www.sarem.org.ar as described in this region of Acre State. Ac- availability of food and water in naturally het- cording to the features described by Gilson erogeneous landscape leads to the use of exten- Iack-Ximenes (pers. comm.) and Bonvicino sive home ranges by T. pecari. Considering the et al. (2008), it may instead be D. cf. punctata. factors likely to affect T. pecari’s distribution and (Fig. 2F), given the color pattern observed in the species requirement of large home ranges, specimens recorded by the camera traps and we suggest that their presence and eventual sighting. However, the collection of specimens migration in Southwestern Amazonia is related is required to a more accurate identification. to the bamboo presence and fruiting dynamics. Two squirrel species (Notosciurus pucheranii Guadua spp.’s death and regrowth drastically and Microsciurus flaviventer) were observed change the local habitat structure, since it has in the Park, even though their known distri- strong impact on vegetation density and species butions do not include this area. Notosciurus richness (Silveira, 2005). Guadua spp. dynamics pucheranii’s distribution ranges from the Co- drastically changes local food resources, such as lombian Central and Eastern Andean forests seeds, fruits and rhizome, thus forcing species to the Western Peruvian Andes, and from the with broad home ranges, such as the white- lowlands in Peru to the Western Brazilian and lipped peccary, to move among different areas. Bolivian Amazon, as well as to the Northwest- The Order Carnivora is represented by eleven ern Argentina (Panton et al., 2015). This species species, distributed in three families. Felidae is just found in the west of Acre State, in the was the most species-rich family, with three upper Jurua River. It is also possibly found in species (Table 1). Members of this Order are the Northwest of Mato Grosso State, according often considered to be key species for ecosys- to Bonvicino et al. (2008). There are records of tem functioning. They are essential to keep M. flaviventer in the west of Amazonas State ecosystem services, mainly to control prey and Northwest of Acre and Rondonia States populations. (Bonvicino et al., 2008; Patton et al., 2015). Thirteen out of the 51 mammal species The record of both species in Chandless State recorded in the Park are listed as endangered Park region extends their distribution to the by the International Union for Conservation of eastern region of Acre State. At least one spe- Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN, 2014), cies of Dactylomys occurs in the Park. Species and eight of them are listed by the Brazilian identity is currently unresolved but, based Ministry of Environment (Machado et al., 2008) on the known distribution, it could be either (Table 1). Dinomys branickii and Callimico D. dactylinus or D. boliviensis. goeldii are listed as Vulnerable by the IUCN The ungulates, tapir (Tapirus terrestris) (IUCN, 2014), because they are naturally rare (Fig. 2G), red brocket deer (Mazama americana) and suffer from habitat loss and fragmentation and collared peccary (Pecari tajacu), were all in several locations within their ranges. Once visually recorded. This fact highlights the rare- combined, these factors enhance the possibility ness of white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari), of local population extinction. The Brazilian since the species was only indirectly recorded, Ministry of Environment lists six species of the and its presence was indicated via tracks, skulls Order Carnivora as vulnerable. It underscores of hunted specimens and residents’ reports. Ac- the importance of Chandless State Park as a cording to residents, T. pecari were abundant protected area, reinforcing the conservation throughout the Park five years prior to 2008. and protection of a high diversity of species, Possible factors associated with T. pecari lo- including many endangered species. cal population decline include changes in the dominant vegetation type, the species’ migra- CONCLUSIONS tory habits and the species’ association with a wide variety of forest types, and diseases Only three out of the 21 Conservation Units (Bodmer, 1990; Altrichter et al., 2002; Altrichter in Acre are strictly protected: Chandless State and Boaglio, 2004; Fragoso, 2004). As noted Park, Serra do Divisor National Park and Rio by Keuroghlian and Eaton (2008), the patchy Acre Ecological Station. Together, these reserves MAMMALS OF CHANDLESS STATE PARK 275 represent approximately 10% of the total state Pan-Americano de Febre Aftosa-OPAS/OMS, Rio territory. 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