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Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03007-7 - The Cambridge Handbook of Linguistic Anthropology Edited by N. J. Enfield, Paul Kockelman and Jack Sidnell Index More information

Index

A, agent-like argument of transitive verb, 108 Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language, 87, 89, 92, A, transitive subject function, 38, 42 104, 184, 250 Aboriginal Australia, 56 Althusser, L., 591 Aboriginal systems of kinship, 411 Altman, S., 402 absolute frame of spatial reference, 204 Alyawarre, 56 abstraction, 716 Amakalang, 520 Abu-Lughod, L., 449 Amazon, 33 accent, 272 American Anthropological Association, 2 accountability, 12, 13, 60, 331, 390, 427 American anthropology, 27, 229 accusative marking, 42, 196 American families, 201 acquisition, 330 American languages, 27, 159 acquisition of phonology, 191 American Peace Corps, 159 acquisition of sign language, 86 American pragmatists, 353 action, 3, 15, 150, 161 American Sign Language, 85, 86, 92, 258, 268 action sequencing, 364 Americas, 116 actuation, 62 Amerind, 667, 690 address, 148, 153 Anakalang, 519 address forms, 203 analytic philosophy, 11, 129, 144 adjacency pairs, 140, 143, 144, 372, 452 anaphoric reference, 274, 319 adjectives, 41, 160 Anatolia, 316 adolescence, 209 anatomically modern humans, 311 adverbials, 192 Ancestry Informative Markers, 688 aesthetics, 538 Andaman islands, 289 affect, 654 Anderson, B., 483, 588 afﬁliation, 170 Anderson, J., 233 affordances, 62, 565, 566 Andes, 240 Africa, 42, 45, 104, 105, 116, 188, 287 animal communication, 6, 401, 404 age, 148 animator, 563 agency, 73, 150, 208, 603, 655, 711, Annales school, 230 714, 722 Anscombe, G. E. M., 11, 392, 429 agglutinative languages, 192 Antaki, C., 448, 452 Agha, A., 72, 411, 486, 489, 492, 494, 503, 612, anthropologists, 29 630, 649 anthropology, 1, 29, 187, 211, 448 agreement marking, 195 anthropology of language, 3 Ahearn, L., 486 anti-colonial movement, 230 ahistorical linguistics, 230 antithesis principle (Darwin), 51 Aikhenvald, A. Y., 55 Anward, J., 489 Akrich, M., 572 Apache, 300 Albert, E., 543 ape gestures, 389 Algeria, 252 apes, 189 algorithms, 718 aphasia, 83 alignment, 170 applicatives, 194 allophones, 37 Arabic, 273 alphabet, 709 Arapesh, 299

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03007-7 - The Cambridge Handbook of Linguistic Anthropology Edited by N. J. Enfield, Paul Kockelman and Jack Sidnell Index More information

Index 735

Arbib, M., 274, 309 Bauman, R., 456, 487, 488, 493, 494, 570 arbitrariness, 3, 344, 401 Bayesian phylogenetics, 316 archaeo-DNA, 185, 310, 313 Beach, W., 448, 457 archaeogenetics, 677 beaver, 310 archaeology, 4, 16, 229, 233, 238, 239, 311, 600, Bechert, J., 285 660, 661, 667 Becker, A., 494 architecture of intersubjectivity, 426 bee dances, 401 argument, 254, 256 bees, 400, 401, 404, 416 argument structure, 196, 255 beneficiary, 434 Aristotle, 481 Benveniste, E., 149, 228, 403, 404, 405, 663 Aronoff, M., 184 Berber languages, 42 Arrernte, 196 Berson, J., 299, 301 articles, 34, 40 Besnier, N., 463, 653 artifacts, 234 biased transmission, 61, 62–4 artifactualization, 228 direct bias, 62 artificial intelligence, 350 frequency-dependent bias, 62 artificial languages, 716, 720 indirect bias, 62 Asia, 287 Biber, D., 489 assertions, 357 Bickel, B., 27, 274, 317 assessments, 489 Bickerton, D., 274, 309, 318 assimilation, 268, 271 bilingual children, 208 Atkinson, M., 331, 368 bilingual communities, 204 attentional state, 389 bilingual learning, 202 attunement, 365 binning approach, 434, 437 Auden, W. H., 516 binomials, 144 audience design, 148 bioinformatics, 185, 310, 316 Auer, P., 174 biological anthropology, 16, 601 Austin, J. L., 11, 12, 13, 130, 131, 144, 150, 384, biological diversity, 291, 686 385, 392, 424, 425, 426, 427, 428, 429, 432, biological evolution, 315, 330 433, 441, 457, 485, 495, 496, 497, 499, 503, biology, 16, 70, 114, 198 504, 523, 604, 608, 614 biology of language, 310 Austin, P., 286, 288, 291, 297 Birdwhistell, R., 26, 454 Australia, 14, 32, 36, 37, 40, 43, 45, 56, 116, 239 black-box, 711 Austroasiatic languages, 56 Blackhorse, T., 521 Austronesian languages, 44, 317 Blench, R. M., 600 authenticity, 722 blind speakers, 79 author, 563 Bloch, M., 57, 59, 67, 336, 482, 528, 550, 553 authority, 518, 525 Bloomfield, L., 67, 158, 161, 258, 285, 482, 577, autobiography, 235 579, 583 automata, 709, 711, 713, 716 Blum-Kulka, S., 457 automaticity, 272 Blust, R., 666 autonomy of grammar, 28 Boas, F., 3, 229, 238, 285, 454, 481, 482 avoidance, 412, 500 body torque, 456 avowals, 348 body touching, 200 awareness, 539 Bohman, J., 486 Aymaran, 315 Bolinger, Dwight, 159 Azande, 12 Bonobo, 389 Boole, G., 722 babbling, 191 bootstrapping, 195, 196, 197 baby talk, 199, 409, 414 borrowing, 49, 66, 117 Bakhtin, M., 149, 229, 234, 235, 243, 539 Bourdieu, P., 230, 241, 516, 583, 584, 604, 610, Bali, 252 630, 634 Banti, G., 487 Bowerman, M., 194, 195, 198 Bantu, 317 Boyd, R., 62, 320, 325, 334 Bantu languages, 116, 194 brain, 102, 113, 115 Baquedano, P., 209 Brandom, R., 343, 347, 431, 610 Barker, J., 567 Brazil, 232 Barthes, R., 627 Brazilian Sign Language, 257 Basic Child Grammar, 193 Brenneis, D., 528 basic linguistic theory, 25, 29–47, 112 Brentano, F., 347 Basic Oral Language Documentation, 302 Bricker, V., 520 basic word order, 274 bricolage, 649 basic-level categorization, 9 Briggs, C., 205, 487, 488, 493, 591 Basque, 45 British Sign Language, 85 Basso, E., 521, 522 broadcast range, 312 Basso, K., 233 Brown, E., 493, 494 Bate, B., 481, 482, 487, 552 Brown, P., 183, 325, 330, 365, 388, 393, 411, Bateson, G., 454, 516 456, 465

736 Index

Brown, R., 9, 193, 411 classifiers, 31, 319 brute actions, 423 classroom interaction, 82, 205 brute facts, 392, 412 clause, 38, 73, 80, 257 Bucholtz, M., 580, 581, 584 Clayman, S., 368 Buehler, K., 403 closed versus open class, 39 Bunaba, 497, 500 cloud formations, 160 bundling of items in transmission, 70 Clovis, 667 Burke, K., 546 code, 3 Burkhart, L., 526 code-switching, 204 Butler, J., 486 codices, 233 Bybee, J., 160, 162 Codrington, R. H., 501 co-evolution, 227 California, 40, 188 cognates, 315 call openings, 456 cognition, 17, 189 Cameron, L., 328 cognitive anthropology, 9 Campbell, L., 325 cognitive biases, 10 Canadian Royal Commission on Aboriginal cognitive development, 193 Peoples, 292 Cognitive Grammar, 102 candidate understanding, 452, 463 cognitive maturation, 193 Canger, U., 240 cognitive preferences, 4 caregiver-infant interaction, 199 cognitive psychology, 136 Caribbean English Creole, 457, 459 Cohen, E., 452 case, 107 Coleman, B., 565 case marking, 160, 195, 254, 256, 274 collateral effects, 9, 50, 425 case studies, 210 collective awareness, 228 categorization, 9, 129, 136, 162 collective intentionality, 370, 371 Caton, S., 505, 528 collective memory, 227, 232 causal domains, 326 collectivization, 629 causal mechanisms, 183, 326 colonial authorities, 241 causal-conditional mechanisms, 326 colonial history, 240 causality, 10 colonial linguistics, 242 Cavalli-Sforza, L. L., 677, 689 colonial rule, 241 Cavell, S., 441 colonized peoples, 238 Celtic, 116, 250 color, 9 Cha’palaa, 462, 465 color terms, 109 Chafe, W., 160, 482 Comaroff, J., 370 Chamula Maya, 520 combinativeness, 656 channel, 139 combinatorics, 66 Chater, N., 62 commitments, 351, 357 Chechen, 106 communication, 5, 158, 159, 174 Cheney, D., 401, 417, 418 communication systems, 256, 274, 344 chess metaphor, 332 communicative competence, 188 child–caregiver interaction, 202 community, 254, 577, 588 child-centered cultures, 208 community of practice, 584 child-centered interaction, 198, 201 comparative method, 184, 315 child-centered methods, 208 comparative psychology, 3, 9 child-directed speech, 198, 199, 200, 201 comparison, 194, 210 child language acquisition, 110, 113 complementation, 32 childhood, 198, 209 complementizers, 274 childrearing, 198 complexity, 193 chimpanzees, 312, 313, 388, 400 compositionality, 137 Chinese, 104 compounding, 263 Chintang, 106, 107, 109, 191 compounds, 272, 276, 277 Chomsky, N., 8, 28, 30, 111, 112, 114, 120, 137, computation, 601, 708, 721 162, 187, 229, 309, 313, 325, 693, 718 computer languages, 5 Christian evangelization, 242 computer science, 16, 601, 708, 709, 711 Christiansen, M., 62, 309 computers, 709, 711, 713 Chronic Otitis Media, 697 Comrie, B., 159 chronotopes, 143, 184, 234, 638 concatenations, 717 chunking, 162, 170 concept formulation, 329 Church-Turing Thesis, 718 concepts, 351 citational formulae, 499 conceptual unity, 162 Clackamas, 520 conceptualization, 118 Clark, E., 206 conditional relevance, 373, 389 Clark, H., 366, 426, 429 conditionals, 258, 260, 275, 359 Classical Nahuatl, 240 conditioning, 330, 600, 608 classification, 136 confirming allusions, 430 classificatory kinship, 411 Conklin, Harold C., 45

Index 737

consciousness, 348 cultural values, 35, 49 constituency, 6, 28, 158, 161–3, 174 cultural variation, 190 constituent exemplars, 164 culture, 2, 13, 183, 228, 577, 587, 600, 629 constituent order, 86, 92, 115, 116, 160, 192, 195 as whole, 26 constituent schemas, 164, 165 causal ontology of, 49 constituent schematicity, 171 culture words, 239 constituent structure, 258 Cutler, A., 325, 329 Construction Grammar, 112 cutoff, 170 constructionism, 187 constructions, 175 Danish, 459 contagion (semiotic), 501 Danziger, Eve, 196 content-frame schema, 70 Darwin, C., 50, 70, 309, 314, 315, 330 context, 139, 201, 209, 230, 231 data-mining, 669 context bias, 65, 66 Davidson, D., 356 context-free grammar, 611, 715, 717 Davis, M, 454 contextuality, 149 Dawkins, R., 330, 389 contextualization, 53, 66, 70, 139, 143, 232 De Roeck, M., 405 contiguity relations, 162 de Saussure, F., 327, 329, 332, 487, 603, 627 contrastive tone, 320 de Vos, C., 319 conventionalization, 264, 272, 276 Deacon, T., 309 conventions, 231, 254, 629 deaf, 26, 252 conversation, 5, 159, 189, 299, 449, 488 deaf community, 252, 257 Conversation Analysis, 16, 73, 161, 163, 189, deaf community sign language, 87 331, 344, 404, 426, 430, 433, 448, 453, 455, deafness, 696 457, 460, 489 declarative, 258, 357 cooperation, 187, 189 Dediu, D., 185, 250, 312, 317, 600, 601 coordinate systems, 719 defeasibility, 499 coordination, 258 deixis, 45, 83, 140, 141, 146, 153, 192, 203, Coral Gardens and their Magic, The, 481 366, 496 Corder, 581 delegation, 572 corpora, 133 demic diffusion, 668, 692 Corpus linguistics, 467 demographic processes, 689 correctness, 352 demography, 63 cortical strip, 311 demonstratives, 44, 45, 141 co-textuality, 140, 142, 146, 148, 149 Demuth, K., 194 counting, 83, 297 Denisovans, 312, 689 counting languages, 286, 297 denotation, 27, 549 counting speakers, 286 denotational function, 541, 543 Couper-Kuhlen, E., 27, 185 denotational view of language, 131, 132 couplets, 519 deontic powers, 12 Course, M., 517 dependency relations, 254 Craig, C., 159 derivation, 30, 31 creaky voice, 166, 168 Derrida, J., 231, 241 creole languages, 87 Descartes, R., 347, 348, 351, 355 creoles, 263, 274, 318, 672 description, 158 creolization, 254, 273, 276, 601, 672, 679 descriptive linguistics, 4, 16, 448, 467 critical discourse analysis, 140 design features of language, 401 critical theory, 240, 241, 599, 603, 722 deterministic, 711 Croatian, 25, 58, 104 Deterministic Finite Automata, 716 Croft, W., 315 development, 4, 183, 187, 209 cross cultural pragmatics, 457 developmental milestones, 199 cross-cousins, 57 developmental psychology, 199, 211 cross-cultural comparison, 449 Dewey, J., 353 cross-cultural diversity, 365 diachrony, 3, 160, 163, 174, 186, 229, 232, 326, cross-domain diagrams, 723 327, 331, 604 cross-reference, 254 dialectology, 240 Crystal, D., 288, 291, 295 dialects, 102, 103, 153 Csibra, G., 330 dialogicality, 184, 234 cultural anthropology, 16, 67 dictionary deﬁnitions, 36 cultural diffusion, 692 Diessel, H., 403 cultural diversity, 198 diffusion, 61, 66, 67, 116, 117, 119, 315, 316, 331 cultural evolution, 185, 310 diffusion of innovations, 62 cultural knowledge, 452 digital media, 565 cultural totality, 58, 59, 61, 67 Dik, S., 159 cultural tradition in humans and other Dingamanse, M., 404 apes, 314 Dinwoodie, D. W., 237 cultural transmission, 48, 331 direct quotation, 405 centripetal force in, 68 directional particles, 192

738 Index

discourse, 3, 193, 229, 230, 239, 257, 604 enclosure, 601, 708, 721, 722 discourse completion exercises, 457 Enﬁeld, N. J., 10, 11, 26, 28, 163, 185, 290, 315, discourse organization, 160 325, 364, 366, 373, 384, 390, 392, 452, discourse registers, 411 456, 457, 462, 464, 465, 493, 503, 522, 678, discreteness, 13, 344, 401 697, 715 discursive intentionality, 349, 351, 352 Engelke, M., 521, 527 discursive norms, 353 Engels, F., 332 displacement, 6, 13, 275, 344, 401 Englebretson, R., 489 distributed agency, 73 English, 4, 8, 9, 26, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 39, 40, distributed cognition, 73 42, 44, 45, 54, 65, 81, 85, 92, 104, 105, 106, disturbances, 613 107, 108, 111, 115, 116, 120, 142, 144, 145, diversity, 1, 5, 27, 102, 103–110 163, 168, 171, 173, 175, 184, 192, 193, 194, Dixon, R. M. W., 7, 25, 55, 159, 185, 325, 412 195, 198, 204 DNA, 312 English, British, 37 Dobrin, L., 299, 301 English, Scottish, 37 doctrine of concepts, 351 Enlightenment, 128, 130, 131, 140, 149, 153 doctrine of judgments, 351 enregistered, 649 doctrine of literal denotation, 132, 136, 145 enregistered memory, 235 doctrine of syllogisms, 351 enregisterment, 146, 153, 612 documentary linguistics, 4 entailment, 144 dolphins, 400 entextualization, 139, 143, 150, 232, 561 domination, 612 envorganisms, 49 Donegan, P., 55, 66 epidemiology of culture and language, 61 Dorian, N., 285, 580 epigraphy, 673 double articulation, 6, 490 epistemology, 517 Dresher, E., 434 equivalence classes, 487 Drew, P., 430 equivalence of reference, 721 drift, 10 erasure, 236 Dryer, M., 118, 159 ergative languages, 196 Du Bois, J., 160, 197, 393, 412, 415, 482, 486, 489, ergative marking, 42 494, 528 ergativity, 108, 119 dual inheritance, 185 Erickson, F., 488, 493 duality of patterning, 6, 269, 319, 390, Errington, J., 241, 301, 412, 526 402, 490 Essegbey, James, 196 Dummett, M., 356 essentialization, 14 Dunbar, R., 309 Estonian, 55 Dunn, M., 317 ethics, 185, 296, 300 Duranti, A., 2, 369, 384, 385, 387, 388, 392, 448, ethnocentrism, 486 463, 486, 528, 547, 548, 582 ethnographic monograph, 627 Durkheim, E., 50, 369, 491, 517, 518 ethnographic present, 230 Dutch, 25, 58, 198 ethnography, 16, 58, 207, 229, 237, 448, Dyirbal, 32, 34, 45 631, 640 Girramay dialect of, 33 ethnography of childhood, 209 ethnography of communication, 183, 188, 457 early adopters, 63 ethnography of speaking, 3, 209, 456, Eckert, P., 57, 66, 147, 325, 331, 415, 584, 600, 488, 545 647, 648 ethnohistory, 184, 234, 240 economy, 118 ethnology, 229, 238 Edwards, W., 458 ethnomethodology, 455 Efron, D., 26, 454 ethnopoetics, 488 Egbert, M., 450, 456 ethnopragmatic, 547 Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I., 454, 465 ethnopsychology, 17 Eisenlohr, P., 559, 560, 562 ethology, 326 elicitation, 332 Eurasia, 116 Elichmann, J., 664 Eurocentrism, 238 Elyachar, J., 574 Europe, 116, 287 embedded structures, 275 European anthropology, 229 embedding, 611 Evans, N., 57, 110, 251, 274, 291, 295, 298 emblems, 153, 540 Evans-Pritchard, E. E., 12, 336, 392, 518 embodiment, 524 evidentiality, 149 emergent grammar, 160, 161 evidentials, 203 Emerson, R. W., 243 evolution, 70, 185, 238 Emmorey, K., 325 evolution of language, 113, 189, 309, 330 emotion, 17 evolutionary anthropology, 189 empathy, 169 evolutionary biology, 189, 686 enaction, 518, 522 Ewe, 196 enchrony, 16, 163, 174, 184, 185, 326, 331, expansion, 174 334, 373 explanation, 158

Index 739

explicit performative utterances, 496, Frederick Kittler, 560 497, 500 Frege, G., 613 externalization, 7 French, 34 extraposition, 175 frequency, 160, 163, 173, 193, 195 eye contact, 198, 199, 206 Freud, S., 616 eyebrow flashes, 465, 466 Friedrich, P., 518, 519, 542 Frisch, K., 400, 401 face-to-face interaction, 147 Frog, where are you?, 197 face-work, 525 function, 27 facial expression in sign language, 258 function words, 254, 275 fact-making, 231 functional connection principle (Darwin), 51 false consciousness, 519 functional linguistic relativity, 204 familylect, 253, 264 functional relations, 64 family-tree model of diversification, 315 functionalism, 140, 158–61, 183 Faudree, Paja, 184 functionalist linguistics, 27 felicity conditions, 485, 496, 614 Ferrara, K., 489 Gal, S., 236, 240, 293, 578, 590, 634, 653 fetishism, 502 Garfinkel, H., 60, 331, 370, 382, 428, 455 fetishization, 616 Garibay, A., 520 Field, M., 300, 452, 521 Garrett, P. B., 209, 293 field methodology, 454 Gaskins, S., 183, 325, 330 fieldwork, 32, 35, 133, 159, 600 gaze, 200, 375, 456, 464, 465 figuration, 572, 633, 634 gaze-following, 366 figurational dynamics, 414 Geertz, C., 14, 231, 237, 412, 492, 521, 628 figure, 563 Gell, A., 336 Fijian, 31, 40, 42, 44 gender, 34, 41, 148, 544 Filipi, A., 206 gender registers, 662 Fillmore, Charles, 159 gender roles, 674 Finegan, E., 489 generative capacity, 6 Finnish, 54, 457 generative linguistics, 7, 29, 229, 720 Firbas, Jan, 159 generativism, 229 first language acquisition, 183, 187–211 generativity, 605 first words, 192 genes, 185 firstness, 713 genetic locus, 687 Firth, R., 481 genetic markers, 691 Fischer, C., 564 genetic variation, 687, 688 Fishman, J., 294, 296 genetics, 4, 253, 601, 676 fission and fusion, 331 Geneva Convention, 57 fission-fusion social organization, 424 genome sequencing, 677 Fitch, T., 309, 311, 312, 313, 325 genre, 232, 519 Fleming, 481 Gentner, Dedre, 192, 198 Flemish, 25, 58 geographic distribution of languages, 287 flexuous movements, 52 geology, 250 Floyd, S., 404 Gergely, G., 330 Fodor, J., 8, 356 German, 34, 109 folklore, 488 German Sign Language, 257 Forbidden Experiment, The, 251 Gershon, I., 483 form classes, 137 gesticulation, 261 formal completion, 719 gestural emblems, 261 formalism, 137, 183 gesture, 7, 27, 78–93, 189, 200, 206, 252, 318, formalization, 482, 528 375, 454, 456, 464 format tying, 490 children’s acquisition of, 78 Fortes, M., 59 gesture–speech mismatches, 82 fossil evidence, 310, 312 Ghana, 250 fossils, 185 Giannattasio, F., 487 Foucault, M., 241, 612 Gibson, J., 566 four-stroke engine model of cultural Gigerenzer, G., 330, 433 transmission, 63 Gilij, 665 Fourth position, 383 Gilman, A., 411 Fox, B., 172, 462, 463 Gimbutas, M., 692 Fox, J., 519 Givo´ n, T., 159, 160, 334 FOXP2 gene, 312, 693, 695 Gleitman, Lila, 195 fractal, 651 Glick, D., 486 fractal recursivity, 578 global warming, 118 frame, 609 globalization, 120 framing, 71, 72 glottal closure, 170 Frankfurt School, 233, 619 glottochronology, 666 Frazer, J. G., 500, 517, 521, 589 Gluckman, Max, 12

740 Index

Glyn Daniel, 663 Hauser, M., 251, 309, 313, 325 Goffman, E., 12, 60, 325, 331, 336, 344, 365, 366, Haviland, J., 411, 412, 499, 520 386, 415, 418, 425, 426, 438, 464, 489, 503, Hawkins, John, 115, 159 522, 525 Hayashi, M., 377, 462, 463 Gokana, 105, 111, 112, 114, 118 head nodding, 465 Goldin-Meadow, S., 26, 184, 251, 318 hearing range, 312 Goodman, N., 493 Heath, Shirley Brice, 188 Goodwin, C., 26, 325, 336, 375, 376, 412, Hebrew, 194, 273 418, 449 Hegel, G., 352 Goodwin, M. H., 375, 418, 490 Heine, Bernd, 116 Goody, J., 336 Heller, M., 301 Gorilla, 389 Herder, 229 Gossen, G., 520 heritability, 693, 694, 695 Gothic, 250, 317 Heritage, J., 331, 364, 368, 370, 375, 439, 440, governmentality, 612 448, 449, 455 Graham, L., 232, 491 Hertwig, R., 433 grammar, 3, 4, 203, 253, 274 Herzfeld, M., 487 grammatical agreement, 319 Herzog, M., 331 grammatical categories, 261, 262, 316, 496 heteroglossia, 235 grammatical criteria, 40 heuristics, 8 grammatical function, 256 hierarchical structure, 161 Grammatical parallelism, 482 hierarchical syntactic structures, 274 grammatical relations, 88, 103, 108, 111, 119, hierarchies in grammar, 4 160, 195 hieroglyphs, 233 grammatical roles, 261, 496 Hill, J., 293, 297, 301, 486, 503, 522 grammatical structure, 276 Himmelmann, N., 285, 295, 300, 403 grammaticalization, 4, 239, 334 Hinde, R., 344 grammaticization, 160, 163, 174, 254, 263 Hindi, 115, 191, 197 Grammer, K., 465 Hinton, L., 294, 296 Gramsci, 241 Hirschkind, C., 528 Greek, 120, 250 historical linguistics, 4, 88, 103, 184, 238, 239, Greek grammarians, 30 240, 242, 250, 315, 325, 663 Greenberg, J., 10, 121, 159, 315, 317, 334, historical materialism, 230 667, 690 historical realism, 114, 115 greeting sequences, 454 historicity, 233 Grenoble, L., 288, 293, 297 historiography, 237 Grice, H. P., 331, 355, 384, 385, 392, 610, 616 history, 4, 5, 184, 228, 630 Groark, K., 393 Hobbes, T., 12 Guatemala, 191 Hobsbawm, E., 582 guided variation, 334 Hockett, C., 13, 269, 275, 401, 402 Gu¨ ldemann, T., 405 Hodder, I., 648 Gumperz, J., 3, 188, 230, 456, 482, 578, 580, 584, Holbraad, M., 517 605, 644 holophrastic, 261 Guugu-Yimidhirr, 411, 499, 500 home sign, 89, 91, 318 Guyanese creole, 458 homeopathic magic, 521 Homo erectus, 313, 314 Habermas, J., 233, 483, 486, 577, 588 Homo genus, 312 Hacking, I., 609 Homo Heidelbergensis, 312 Haiku poetry, 114 homonyms, 33 Haiman, John, 159 homophone avoidance, 500 Halbwachs, Maurice, 233 honoriﬁcation, 148, 153 Hale, K., 291, 335 honoriﬁcs, 202, 203, 211 Hale, Kenneth, 10, 14 Hopi, 8, 236 Hall, E., 454 Hopper, P., 160, 325 Hall, K., 486 Hopper, R., 448, 459 Halliday, M. A. K., 159 household, 253 hammers, 66 How to Do Things with Words, 485 hand part prominence, 273 Hull, M., 567 Handbook of American Indian Languages, 482 human sociality, 159, 160 handshape, 268, 271, 273, 277 Humboldt, W. von, 1, 7, 229 Hanks, W. F., 242, 325, 418, 526, 529 Hurford, J., 309, 319, 325 Hansen, Magnus Pharao, 184 Husserl, E., 347, 369, 412 Hanuno´ o, 44 Hutchby, 569 Harbert, W., 293 hyenas, 400 harmonic versus disharmonic patterns, Hyman, Larry, 111 115, 117 Hymes, D., 3, 188, 448, 456, 520, 545, 582, Harris, A., 325 585, 605 Haspelmath, M., 120 hyperarticulation, 648

Index 741

Ibn Quraysh, Y., 664 intermediaries, 571, 711, 713, 714, 715 iconic, 272, 653 intermediation, 714, 715, 722 iconicity, 86, 118, 271, 600, 627, 634, 640 interpellation, 591 iconization, 236, 600, 634, 653 interpretants, 51 ideal type, 608 interpretation, 713, 721 identification, 545 interrogative, 258 identity, 25, 140, 153, 584, 600, 654 intersubjectivity, 12, 67, 233, 343, 364 ideologies, 3, 4, 103, 149, 150, 152, 184, 232, 236, intertextual relations, 231 237, 238, 240, 241, 538, 617, 630 intimacy, 715 idiolects, 25, 67, 104 intonation, 257 idioms, 144 intonation unit, 73 illocution, 425 intonational phrase, 258 illocutionary act, 429 introgression, 689 illocutionary force, 145, 428, 485, 497, 498, 502 intuitions, 128, 152 Ilongot, 458 Inuktitut, 191, 192, 194, 197, 201 immediacy, 568 invariance, 721 immigrants, 36 invention, 629 imperative, 413 involvement, 365 impersonal constructions, 14 irrealis, 206 implicitness, 655 Irvine, J., 236, 240, 482, 502, 503, 519, 528, 549, incorporation, 53, 66, 70 563, 578, 634, 653 indeterminacy, 518, 528 isolated deaf individuals, 318 index, 400 isolating languages, 192 index-finger pointing, 200 Israel, 184 indexical dialectics, 149–53 Israeli Sign Language, 104, 256, 258, 272 indexical expressions, 496 Italian, 92 indexical field, 648 Italic, 317 indexical orders, 633, 645, 647, 648, 649 item/system problem, 26, 48–71 indexical value, 647 items, 49, 66 indexicality, 139, 140, 141, 144, 146, 149, 152, item-utterance fit, 69 370, 600, 627, 640, 647 iterations, 717 Indian grammarians, 30 Ito, 570 indirect speech acts, 495 individual differences, 201 Jackendoff, R., 251, 263, 274 Indo-European languages, 33, 107, 190, 191, 316, Jacknis, I., 454 317, 663, 664 Jackson, J., 525, 550, 551 Indonesia, 519 Jacquemet, M., 425 inductive research, 30 Jaffe, A., 489 inductivism, 132 Jakobson, R., 3, 137, 191, 229, 365, 402, 413, 417, infancy, 209 456, 487, 488, 505, 519, 605, 609, 715 inflection, 30, 65, 253 James, W., 353 inflectional morphemes, 254 Japanese, 4, 25, 191, 197, 459, 462 information, 713, 721 Jarawara, 33, 34 information science, 601 Jasperson, R., 172, 462, 463 infrastructure, 570, 608, 713 Javanese, 412 innateness, 113, 194, 195, 693 Jefferson, G., 331, 368, 372, 373, 375, 376, 377, innateness of language, 190 390, 391, 430, 451, 455, 457, 459, 460 Inoue, M., 563, 638, 716 Jespersen, O., 417 insert sequence, 452 Johnson, P., 524 institutional reality, 11, 12, 370 Johnstone, B., 489 instrumentalism, 9 joint attention, 7, 190, 199, 200, 209, 366, instrumentality of language, 128 403, 406, 409 insults, 458 joint attentional behaviors, 366 intensionality, 613 joint attentional framework, 366 intentional, 343 joint object-engagement, 366 intentional states, 431 Jones, W., 250, 664 Intentionality, 343, 347, 348, 609 Journal of Linguistic Anthropology,2 intentions, 66, 547 judgment, 352 interaction, 3, 5, 9, 12, 163, 170, 174, 184, jussive, 413 187, 188, 198, 205, 209, 211, 227, 231, 236, 721 K’iche´ Maya, 315, 520 interaction engine, 187, 189, 200 Kalapalo, 521, 522 interaction order, 725 Kaluli, 191, 409, 522 interactional linguistics, 140, 161 Kaluli people, 201 interactional sociolinguistics, 3 Kambaata, 501 interactional style, 192 Kant, I., 347, 351, 352, 355 interdiscursivity, 149, 231 responsible for, 352 interjections, 65, 502 responsible to, 352

742 Index

Kapferer, B., 521, 522 language levelling, 670, 671, 679 Kaplan, M., 518 language mixing, 673 Kaska, 301 language of thought, 356 Kata Kolok, 256 language processing, 115, 118 Kaufman, T., 68, 315 language restructuring, 672 Keane, W., 520, 526, 527, 528, 561, 566 language revitalization, 236, 296, 669 Keating, E., 450 language shift, 204, 236, 296, 668, 669 Keenan, E. O., 524 language socialization, 203 Kelly, J., 518 language standardization, 585 Kendon, A., 26, 261, 426, 454, 464 language typology, 28, 185, 190, 192, 317 Kevoe Feldman, H., 390 language universals, 250 Kharia, 107, 109, 111, 120 language vitality, 5 khipus, 233 language–culture relation, 14, 15 Khoisan languages, 192 language–farming co-dispersal, 692 Kidwell, M., 206, 366, 456 languages, 2, 58, 103, 153, 183, 228 Kiesling, S., 647 vs dialects, 25 Kiksht, 525 language–society–history nexus, 227–243 kinesics, 454 langue, 3 kinship, 70, 239, 253 Lao, 25, 54, 58, 457, 461, 462, 465 represented in gestures, 79 Larsen-Freeman, D., 328 kinship terminology, 109, 239 larynx, 311, 312, 313 Kinyarwanda, 105 Latin, 39, 40, 41, 42, 250 Kirby, S., 69, 309, 319, 325, 334 Latin America, 241 Kirsch, A., 516 Latour, B., 61, 571, 617, 711 Kita, S., 464, 465 laughter, 368, 376 Kitzinger, C., 377 law, 61 Kockelman, P., 3, 49, 53, 331, 368, 415, 423, 427, law of the few, 63 522, 572, 574, 599, 601, 609, 611, 708 Le Page, R. B., 59, 68 Korean, 191, 192, 197, 202 Leach, E., 336, 517 Korowai, 521 learning, 330 Krauss, M., 287, 291 Lee, B., 486 Krebs, J., 389 legal system, 206 Kri, 522 legisigns, 134, 137, 138, 145, 148 Kripke, S., 499, 526 legitimation, 648 Kristeva, Julia, 231 Leibniz, G., 348 Kroskrity, P., 240, 300 Lemke, J., 328 Ku Waru, 191, 344, 406, 408, 410, 412, lemma retrieval, 329 413, 415 Lempert, M., 481, 489, 491 Kuipers, J., 519, 529 Leonard, W., 295, 298 Kulick, D., 207, 208, 209, 293 Leo´ n-Portilla, M., 520 Kuna, 465, 523 Lerner, G., 368, 452, 459 Kurdish, 289 levels of adequacy, 112 Kurgan, 316 Levelt, P., 325, 329 Levinson, S. C., 60, 110, 185, 204, 251, 274, 309, labels vs. descriptions, 355 317, 330, 384, 387, 411, 414, 426, 434, 452, Labov, W., 229, 325, 331, 579, 610, 644, 645 456, 457, 465, 466, 486, 503, 563, 609 ladder of action (Austin/Clark), 429 Le´vi-Strauss, C., 14, 229, 628 Ladefoged, P., 697 Lewis, O., 582 laggards, 63 lexical access, 83 Lambek, M., 519, 524 lexical ﬁelds, 109 landscape, 637 lexical semantics, 432 language, 1, 228, 709 Lexical-Functional Grammar, 102, 112, 113 as opposed to languages, 25 lexicalization, 262, 263, 271 language acquisition, 102, 273, 325 lexicography, 239 language acquisition device, 187, 199 lexicon, 184, 203, 261, 263 language automata, 726 lexicostatistics, 665, 666 language change, 118, 666 Li, Charles, 159 language contact, 65, 117, 204, 315, 316 Lieberman, M., 309 language death, 5, 285 life-cycle rituals, 522 language documentation, 295, 299 lifeworlds, 635 language emergence, 87, 254 Lindstrom, A., 457 language endangerment, 185, 285 linearization, 80, 88, 91 language evolution, 5, 274, 325 Linell, P., 175 language extinction, 185 linguacultural ideologies, 518 language families, 315 linguistic anthropology, 2–6, 16, 17, 131, 184, language ideologies, 539, 567, 583, 587, 590, 185, 229, 230, 233, 236, 237, 240, 243, 539, 715, 725 604, 610, 626, 708 language learning, 93 linguistic description, 257

Index 743

linguistic diversity, 286, 287, 601, 667, 686 McLuhan, M., 572, 616 linguistic human rights, 291, 292 McNeill, D., 26, 79, 325, 464, 493 linguistic ideologies, 483, 578, 633 Mead, G. H., 11, 604, 610 linguistic palaeontology, 663, 665 Mead, M., 454 linguistic relativity, 3, 8, 203, 204, 205, 496, 708 meaning, 5, 39, 713 Linguistic Society of America, 285, 309 Mech, L. D., 370, 389 linguistic typology, 27, 73, 159 media, 5, 233, 559 linguistic variation, 325 media ideologies, 567 linguistics, 7, 187, 211, 229 mediation, 184, 232, 568, 600, 603, 605, 606, as a cumulative science, 29 608, 639, 713, 715, 721 deﬁned, 29 mediators, 571, 711, 714 linking mechanisms, 14 Meek, B., 301 lip pointing, 465 megarhetoric, 551 literary criticism, 235 Meir, I., 184 loanwords, 116, 665 memes, 67 location, 277 mental rotation tasks, 84 Lockean rectangle, 132, 136, 138 Merlan, F., 409, 410, 412 Lockhart, James, 240 Mesoamerica, 109, 238, 240 locutionary act, 131, 429 Mesoamerican languages, 191 locutionary force, 13 message, 138, 540 logic, 129, 359 metahistory, 184, 228 logical inferential relations, 354 metalanguage, 3, 119, 132, 206, 611, 614 logical positivist, 485 metalinguistic description, 27 longitudinal methodology, 209 metalinguistic vocabulary, 428 long-term memory, 330 metalinguistics, 59, 236, 241 Lorenz, K., 328 meta-mediation, 614, 618 Lucy, J., 10, 137, 150, 204, 335, 605, 609, 719 metaphor, 134 Luke, K. K., 456 metapragmatic, 147, 489, 495, 562 Lyell, G., 314 metapragmatic descriptors, 486 Lyons, John, 136 metapragmatic icon, 491 metapragmatic regimentation, 148 M.O.P.E.D.S., 186, 326 metapragmatics, 27, 131, 142, 143, 144, 146, Maa, 116 150, 152, 490, 633 Maasai, 116 method, 211 MacWhinney, B., 327, 328, 333 methodology, 207 Madagascar, 519 metricalization, 143 Mahmood, S., 528 Mexico, 188, 191 Maine, Henry Sumner, 11 Michael, L., 303 Malinowski, B., 12, 15, 36, 365, 481, 482, 517, micro-analysis, 209 529, 604, 609 microgenetic, 186, 326, 329, 334 Malotki, Ekkehart, 237 micro-macro relation, 59 Mandarin Chinese, 87, 92, 104, 115, 117, 191, middle-class Americans, 198 192, 194 Miller, J., 486 Mandelbaum, J., 448 Miller, P., 188 Mannheim, B., 526 Miller, P. J., 206 Manning, P., 483 Millikan, R., 352 markedness, 118 Milroy, L., 331, 646 marriage, 253 mimesis, 521 Marsaja, G, 256 mimicry, 518, 521 Marvin, C., 565 mind, 2, 7, 17 Marx, K., 332, 609, 616, 718, 724 minimal grasp strategy, 393 material culture, 669, 679 minimal pairs, 104, 268 material inferential relations, 354 Minimalist Program, 102 material qualities, 560 Mintz, 230 materiality, 232, 233, 559, 561, 568 Mithun, M., 290, 291 materialization, 491, 493 mixed languages, 672 math, 84, 85, 92 Mixe-Zoquean, 239 math learning and gesture, 82 modality, 26, 78, 87, 92, 93, 130 mathematics, 29 mode of inheritance, 310 Mauss, M., 491 modernity, 549 Maya, 238 modiﬁer-head order, 267 Maya reducido, 242 Moerman, M., 372, 448, 452, 453, 457, Mayan, 144, 191 459, 461 Mayan languages, 192, 194, 239 Mondada, L., 331, 456, 464 Mayan people, 201 money, 57, 59 McConnell-Ginet, 584 Mongolian, 501 McConvell, Patrick, 57 Mon-Khmer languages, 56 McHoul, A., 448 Monmonier’s algorithm, 691

744 Index

Moore, E., 650 Nicaragua, 90, 252 Moore, R., 297, 301 Nicaraguan Sign Language, 88, 90, 252, 255, Mopan Maya, 196 257, 318 morphology, 7, 88, 105–106, 193, 256, 263, 274, niche construction, 185, 310, 320 277, 519 Nichols, J., 315 morphosyntax, 175, 462 Nietzsche, F., 229, 241 motherese, 199 Nilotic languages, 116 motivation, 3 non-alphabetic scripts, 233 motor cortex, 311 nonconformity, 209 movement, 277 non-Indo-European languages, 196 moves, 464 non-natural meaning, 616, 619 MRI scanning, 185, 310 non-referential index, 410 Muehlmann, S., 297, 298, 482 nonverbal behavior, 79 Mufwene, S., 293, 301 non-Western languages, 238 Mukarovsky, J., 488 normative accountability, 426 Muller, M., 663 normative concepts, 351 multi-dimensional scaling, 687 normativity, 145, 351 multilingual communities, 204 norms, 9, 11, 12, 60, 66, 67 multilingualism, 71, 586 North America, 45 multi-modal interaction, 207, 456, 633 noun bias, 192 multimodal practices, 453 noun phrase, 38 multimodality, 206, 454 noun/verb distinction, 41, 192 multiple encoding, 723 nouns, 39, 40, 54, 120 Munda languages, 56 novel utterances, 274 Munn, N., 336, 635 Nuer, 12 mutation, 311, 689 Nukulaelae, 463 mutual intelligibility, 25, 297 number, 204 mutual understanding, 458 Nunberg, G., 647 Mwotlap, 501 Nyawaygi, 37, 40, 43, 44 Myers, F., 528 my-side telling, 430 O, transitive object function, 38 O, A transitive object function, 42 Nahuatl, 240, 302, 519, 520, 521, 522, 529 Ochs, E., 188, 209, 325, 336, 384, 385, 387, 388, names, 147, 153 392, 448, 449, 463 name-tabooing, 501 Old English, 33 narrative, 205, 275, 299 online syntax, 174 narrative style, 197 ontogenetic, 186, 326, 327, 330, 334 Nash, D., 499 ontogeny, 5, 16 nationalism, 238 ontological isomorphisms, 723 nation-state, 153, 585 ontologies, 517, 715, 722, 724 native metalinguistic vocabulary, 428 ontology of language, 6 native speaker informants, 332 opacity of other minds, 384, 385 native speakers, 36 open class other-initiated repair, 461 natural categories, 192 open class repair initiation, 390 natural kinds, 423 operating principles, 193 natural languages, 716 optative, 413, 414 natural meaning, 610 oral cultures, 230 natural selection, 330 oral education, 89 naturalization, 634 orangutan, 389 Navajo, 521 oratory, 482, 494, 538 Neanderthal, 311, 312, 314 ordinary language philosophy, 230 Neanderthal stone-tool technology, 314 orientalism, 242 Neanderthal technology, 312 Ortner, S., 605 Neanderthals, 688 OSV, 256 negative observation, 431 other-initiated repair, 377, 451, 452, 458, neo-Bloomﬁeldians, 159 460, 463 Nettle, D., 286, 453 Oto-Manguean, 239 networks, 64, 68, 184 overheard speech, 200, 201 neurophysiology, 118 overlap, 375, 451, 456 Nevins, E., 300 overshadowing effects, 9 New Guinea, 35 New Philology school, 240 Pachur, T., 433 Newell, A., 325, 328, 333 Paciﬁc, 37, 116 Newmeyer, F. J., 120, 309 Padden, C., 184 next position, 377 Pagel, M., 10 Ngarinyin, 497 pain, 348 Nguni languages, 240 Paine, R., 542

Index 745

palaeoanthropology, 661, 688 phylogenetic, 186, 326, 327, 330 palaeosociolinguistics, 661, 670, 679 phylogeny, 5, 16, 230 paleontology, 311, 312 Piagetian conservation, 81, 83 Pama-Nyungan, 669 Piantadosi, 10 Pandian, A., 636 Pictet, A., 663 pantomime, 261, 262 pidgin languages, 5, 87, 263, 274, 672 Papua New Guinea, 104, 188, 191, 192, 287, 299, pidginization, 273, 666, 672 344, 406 Pinker, S., 195, 251, 274 paradigmatic axis, 55, 69, 70 Piraha˜, 107, 111 parallel diversiﬁcation, 689 pirates, 118 parallelism, 143, 413, 415, 488, 489, 490, 493, place names, 233, 276 503, 518, 519, 523 place of articulation, 268 parity problem, 317 Plag, 263 Parmentier, R., 232, 491, 630 platonism, 350 parole, 3 Podesva, R., 649 Parry, J., 57, 59 poetic function, 487, 489, 494, 633, 715 parsers, 718 poetic language, 5 Parsons, T., 628 poetic meter, 610 participant roles, 147 poetic performativity, 503 participant structure, 198, 565 poetic structure, 142, 491, 492, 494 participation framework, 563 poetics, 413, 456, 457, 481, 482, 485, 487, parts of speech, 39, 107, 111, 274, 276 490, 503 passives, 194 poetry, 519 Passivization, 274 point mutations, 689 paucal, 44 point of possible completion, 373 Pavlidou, T.-S., 456 pointing, 7, 90, 200, 366, 464, 465 Pedersen, M., 517 polarity, 55 peer interactions, 208 political discourse, 494 Peirce, C. S., 27, 131, 133, 144, 150, 230, 353, 404, political economy, 230, 519 539, 560, 605, 609, 712 political oratory, 487 performance, 130 politics, 537 performativity, 144, 145, 146, 147, 149, 150, 153, Pollner, M., 370 241, 481, 482, 485, 486, 488, 494, 497, 498, Pollock, S., 525 503, 504 polyphony, 234 perlocution, 425 polysynthetic languages, 192 perlocutionary act, 429 Pomerantz, A., 425, 430, 448 perlocutionary effects, 429 Ponapean, 45 Perrino, S., 491 population dynamics, 184 person, 548 population genetics, 239 grammatical category, 400, 402 positivism, 136, 235 person reference and address, 411 possession, 107 personhood, 543, 544, 546 alienable and inalienable, 31, 41 personiﬁcation, 518, 522 possible pre-closing, 430, 437 perspective-taking, 408, 409, 410 post-modernism, 241 persuasion, 541 post-structuralism, 230 phatic act, 429 posture, 464 phatic communion, 365 power, 241, 242 phenomenologies, 537, 538 power relations, 232 Philippines, 44, 45 practical intentionality, 349 Phillipson, R., 292 practical reasoning, 348 philosophy, 16 practice approach, 3 philosophy of mind, 347 practices and actions, 430 phonemes, 37, 86, 103, 104, 115, 191 practice theory, 230, 583, 584 phonetic act, 429 practions, 430 phonetic practices, 170 pragmatic semiosis, 631 phonetics, 7 pragmatics, 7, 103, 130, 131, 138, 140, 149, 184, phonological categories, 190 188, 197, 231, 275, 485 phonological change, 33 pragmatism, 350 phonological development, 191 Prague school, 229 phonological encoding, 329 pre-announcement, 383 phonological structure, 277 predication, 137 phonological system, 270, 274 pre-fab schemas, 165 phonological variation, 644 preferences, 11 phonology, 6, 7, 37, 70, 86, 104–5, 184, 256, 268, Preferred Argument Structure, 197 274, 519 prelinguistic cognition, 8 phrase structure, 103, 113, 195 preposition, 254 phrases, 257 pre-telling, 452

746 Index

primate grooming, 309 Redfield, R., 582 primates, 4, 516 reduccioń, 242 primitives, 8 reference, 13, 129, 137, 206, 368, 387 primordial social situation, 403, 416 reference formulation, 409 principal, 563 referent, 138 principal components analysis, 687 referential capacity, 6 problem of other minds, 364 referential indeterminacy, 529 processing, 325 referential triangle, 199 programming languages, 724, 725 reflexive capacity of language, 402 programs, 710, 723 reflexive constructions, 160 projectability, 173, 373 reflexiveness, 402 projection, 164, 166, 173, 174, 175 reflexivity, 3, 13, 131, 234, 518, 519, 528 pronouns, 9, 44, 254, 261, 402 registers, 140, 141, 147, 152, 153, 199, 202, 205, inclusive versus exclusive, 44 240, 411, 412, 519, 601, 630, 633, 638, 675, minimal-type systems, 45 676, 679 proper names, 319 regular expressions, 717 propositional intentionality, 349, 352 regular languages, 717 propositions, 254, 351, 357 Reichenbach, H., 402 prosodic salience, 194 reification, 616 prosodic structure, 275 Reisman, K., 459 prosody, 164, 165, 168, 173, 257, 258, 259, 260, relations-between-relations, 53, 54 277, 519 relative clauses, 38, 108, 160, 274 prosody in sign languages, 258 relativism, 8, 128 proto-language, 664 relativity, 721 Providence Island Creole, 257 relayed transmission, 404 Providence Island, Colombia, 256 relevance, 331 proxemics, 454 Renfrew, C., 408, 668, 692 psycholinguistics, 73 repair, 147, 170–173, 174, 189, 331, 364, 390, psychological reality, 113 460, 463 psychological shakiness (Sapir), 65 repair initiation, 170 psychological states, 347 repair proper, 170 psychology, 16, 114, 187, 365 repetition, 143, 390, 493, 518, 519 public, 577 Replicas, 134 public sphere, 588, 589, 590 reported speech, 275, 405, 428, 497 publics, 483, 587 representation, 518, 521, 600, 608, 627, purposive action, 344, 424, 426 630, 631 Putnam, H., 609 representational intentionality, 349, 352 Pyers, J., 318 representationalism, 235 represented speech, 405, 408, 409, 414 Q’eqchi’ Maya, 522 response offsets, 459 qualisign, 566 retraction, 174 quantification, 210, 645 rhetic act, 429 quantitative analysis, 645 rhetoric, 130, 131, 301, 537, 538, 539, 541, 715 quantity, 653 Riau Indonesian, 108, 111 versus statements, 118 Rice, K., 185 Quine, W. O., 402 Richerson, P., 62, 320, 325, 334 Ricoeur, P., 231 racialization, 242 rigidity, 499 Ra˛czaszek-Leonardi, J., 327, 333 rigid performativity, 500 Radcliffe-Brown, 229 ritual, 482, 491 Rafael, V., 527 ritual language, 5 Rannut, M., 292 ritual textuality, 491 Rapley, M., 448 ritualization, 160, 482, 516 Rappaport, R., 517 Robbins, J., 386, 387, 527 Rappaport Hovav, M., 497 Robinson, J., 390, 430, 463 rationalism, 7, 8 Role and Reference Grammar, 112 Raymond, G., 377 Romaine, S., 286, 287, 297 real imaginaries, 723 Roman Empire, 116 receiver, 139 Romance languages, 195, 254 reciprocity of perspectives, 369 Rommetveit, R., 364 recombination, 689 Rosaldo, M., 384, 423, 432, 439, 458, 486, 543, recontextualization, 562 544, 546, 549, 553 recording technologies, 453 Rosch, E., 9 recursion, 6, 54, 103, 107, 111, 114, 228, 229, Rossano, F., 389, 456, 464, 465 236, 275, 717, 718 Rossel Island, 192 recursive syntax, 311, 313 Rotinese, 519 Redfield, J., 542 Rotokas, 104

Index 747

Rousseau, J-J, 229 semiosis, 309, 630, 722 routinization, 160 semiotic ideologies, 562, 567, 634 Ruby, J., 454 semiotic mediation, 627, 628 rules, 710, 711 semiotic processes, 612 Rumsey, A., 384, 386, 387, 412, 429, 497, 522 semiotic technologies, 232, 614 Ruskin, J., 714 semiotics, 609 Russian, 14, 106, 107 sender, 139 Russian formalists, 487, 488, 493 Senghas, A., 255, 318 Ryle, G., 371 sensations, 348 sense, 139 S, argument of intransitive verb, 108 sentences, 136 S, ‘subject function’, 38 sentience, 348, 349 Sacks, H., 60, 331, 368, 372, 373, 374, 375, 376, sequence organization, 161 377, 390, 428, 430, 431, 437, 439, 448, 451, sequential structure, 465 455, 459, 460 sequentiality, 162 Sadock, Jerold, 146 Serbian, 25, 58, 104 Sahlins, M., 58, 66, 403, 518, 609 serial-verb constructions, 54 Sallabank, J., 286, 288, 291, 297 Serres, M., 613, 711 salvage anthropology, 454 Sesotho, 191, 194 Samoa, 188, 384, 385, 388, 463 Severi, C., 523 Samoan, 191, 201, 202, 528 Seyfarth, R., 401, 417, 418 sand dunes, 160 shaming, 205 Sanders, R., 448 Shannon, C., 664, 711, 723 Sandler, Wendy, 184 shared attention, 365 Sanskrit, 250, 664 shared information, 258 Santerıá, 529 shared intentionality, 6, 209, 366 sapience, 348, 349 Shattuck, R., 251 Sapir, E., 10, 65, 159, 203, 229, 285, 334, 434 Sherzer, J., 456, 465, 523 Sapir–Whorf Hypothesis, 725 shibboleths, 147, 153 satellite framed constructions, 197 shifters, 141, 344, 637, 715 Saussure, Ferdinand de, 13, 54, 229 Shoaps, R., 527, 528 Savage-Rumbaugh, S., 400 Shokleng, 491 Scandinavian languages, 194 showing, 366 Schegloff, E. A., 325, 331, 336, 343, 364, 372, 373, Sidnell, J., 10, 12, 28, 290, 325, 331, 335, 452, 374, 375, 376, 383, 384, 387, 390, 425, 426, 455, 456, 457, 459, 461, 486, 715 430, 431, 433, 434, 437, 439, 440, 448, 449, sieves, 709, 711, 726 451, 452, 453, 455, 456, 459, 460, 462, 464, sign language, 78–93, 104, 250, 276, 318, 696 465, 486 Sign Language of the Netherlands, 86 Schelling, T., 433 sign language ‘pronunciation’, 269 schematicity, 173 sign–interpretant relations, 331 Schieffelin, B., 188, 207, 208, 209, 325, 409, Silverstein, M., 3, 15, 27, 411, 412, 414, 417, 425, 449, 522 429, 486, 487, 488, 489, 490, 491, 494, 495, Schiffrin, Deborah, 235 496, 497, 498, 503, 520, 529, 539, 540 Schneider, D., 628 Simons, G., 498 schools for deaf, 252 Simpson, J., 499 Schrauwers, A., 522 Singer, M., 82, 492 Schutz, A., 331, 344, 369, 412 single-argument clauses, 255 schwa, 37 Sinhalese, 521 science, 231 Sinsign, 134 Scott Kiesling, 647 situation-centered interaction, 198 scrub jays, 400 Siwu, 450, 461, 462 Searle, J., 11, 12, 72, 330, 347, 370, 371, 384, 392, size-and-shape specifier, 264, 265, 266 400, 423, 424, 425, 431, 432, 457, 458, 485, Skutnabb-Kangas, T., 292 486, 495, 503, 518, 609 Slobin, D., 10, 191, 193, 197, 335 second-language learning, 189 Smith, A., 60, 73, 332 secondness, 712, 713, 714 Smith, J., 452 secrets, 719, 720 social actions, 423 section systems (kinship), 56 social cognition, 4 sedimentation, 228, 231, 239 social constructivism, 3 segmentation, 80, 86, 88, 91 social facts, 49, 72 segmented, 261 social graces, 211 self, 211, 544 social interaction, 343 self-repair, 171, 452, 462 social learning, 190 semantic domains, 9 social life, 11 semantic fields, 4 social norms, 353 semanticity, 13 social organization, 29 semantics, 4, 7, 109–10, 254, 255, 274 social structure, 118 semiology, 609 sociality, 229

748 Index

socialization, 59, 183, 184, 187–211, 330 subaltern approach, 241 Socie´te´ de Linguistique de Paris, 309 subcultures, 190 society, 2, 11, 228 subject, 196 Society for Linguistic Anthropology, 2 subject (grammatical category), 90 sociocultural anthropology, 14, 626, 661 subordination, 258 socioeconomic factors in language shift, 293 subsection systems (kinship), 56 sociolects, 102, 103 Sudnow, D., 455 sociolinguistic variation, 644 Summer Institute of Linguistics, 38 sociolinguistics, 16, 131, 140, 148, 230, 240, 600 Suniyama, 521 sociology, 187, 455 supralaryngeal tract, 311 sociometric closure, 68, 70 SVO, 256, 257 South America, 45, 287 Swadesh, M., 315, 665 South Asia, 241 Swedish, 457 Southeast Asia, 109 syllables, 104, 111, 118 southern Africa, 192, 240 syllable-timed phonology, 192 SOV, 256, 257 synchronic structures, 10 space, 637 synchrony, 3, 28, 163, 174, 186, 229, 326, 327, Spain, 252 332, 604 Spanish, 32, 34, 92, 201 syncretism, 204 spatial prepositions, 198 syntagmatic axis, 55, 69, 70 spatial reckoning, 204 syntax, 7, 106–9, 130, 137, 164, 173, 184, 195, speaker variation, 686 254, 413, 519 species-uniqueness, 365 system, 49–61, 183 speech act labels, 428 defined, 50 speech act theory, 458, 485, 486, 495, 503, 504 speech act verbs, 432, 496 taboo, 481, 498 speech acts, 9, 13, 150, 457, 481 taboo registers, 240 speech communities, 147, 578, 579, 581, 583, Tabouret-Keller, Andreé, 59, 68 605, 663 Tagalog, 116 speech genres, 449, 456, 539 Tahitian, 501 speech levels, 148 Tai/Lue, 448, 461 speech–gesture mismatches, 92 Taiap (Gapun), 191 Sperber, D., 63, 331 Tai-Lue, 457 Sri Lanka, 521 Taiwan, 206 stack, 718 Takagi, T., 459 Stampe, D., 55, 66 talk-in-interaction, 161, 189, 364 stance, 170, 231, 368, 489, 492, 647 Tambiah, S. J., 481, 486, 517, 518, 519, stance differential, 489 521, 524 stance sharing, 368 Tamil, 411 stance-taking, 494 Tannen, D., 488 standardization, 153 Tarski, A., 402 Star, S. L., 574 Tava´rez, D., 481, 482, 527 Stasch, R., 491, 521, 530, 600, 636, 637 taxonomy, 33 statistical learning, 330 Taylor, C., 518 statistics, 117 teasing, 205 status, 12, 144 technologies, 14, 49, 70, 231, 233 Steels, L., 327 Tedlock, D., 456, 520 Steensig, J., 331 teleosemantic theories, 352 stickleback fish, 327 telephone interaction, 456 stigma, 253 temporality, 230, 630 Stivers, T., 175, 325, 331, 384, 390, 452, 456, tense, 141, 236 459, 460 tense-aspect, 41 Stokoe, W., 268 terminology, 2 Stoller, P., 452 termite colonies, 160 story preface, 451 Tewa, 240 Strathern, M., 409 texts, 139, 231, 232, 235, 723 Streeck, J., 448, 456 textual analysis, 229 stress, 105, 257 textuality, 184, 230, 231, 232, 488 iambic versus trochaic, 56 Thai, 25, 58 stress-timed phonology, 192 thematic roles, 195, 261 strings, 709, 711 theory, 211 structural analysis, 161 and description, 30 structuralism, 6, 66, 137, 229 theory of evolution, 314 structure, 604 theory of mind, 202, 209 structured elicitation, 299 thesaurus, 36 Struhsaker, T. T., 401 thick explanation, 210 style, 645, 649, 652 thinking for speaking, 8, 197 stylistic variation, 148 third position, 380

Index 749

Third Wave, 600, 646 underspecification, 655 thirdness, 712, 713, 714 UNESCO, 287 Thomason, S., 68, 315 Ungarinyin, 522 Thompson, D’Arcy, 183 uniformitarianism, 666 Thompson, S. A., 27, 185 union, 717 thoughts, 348 United States, 90, 147, 206, 229 Tibetan, 106 units of analysis, 70 time, 236, 517 universal grammar, 102, 110, 187, 189, 199, 276, timescales, 326 708, 720 Tinbergen, N., 326 Universal Turing Machine, 718 tip of the tongue phenomenon, 83 universalism, 191, 195 titles, 147 universality, 194 Tok Pisin, 35, 299, 414, 418 universals, 1, 4, 8, 9, 27, 102, 110–119, 131, 159, token-reflexivity, 402, 404, 405, 416 174, 189, 199, 239, 719 token-type, 417, 496 absolute, 110–115 Tomasello, M., 7, 199, 309, 325, 327, 330, 366, implicational, 121 388, 389, 403, 405, 516 statistical, 115–119 Tomlinson, M., 527, 529 Universals Archive, 121 tone, 105, 194, 698 Upper Paleolithic, 311, 312 tool use, 314 Urban, G., 227, 491, 562, 605, 715 topics, 258 Urcid, J., 517 totemism, 629 Urla, 580 transcription, 456 usage-based approach, 163, 187 transformativity, 722 use-mention, 498 transition function, 709, 710, 715, 717 uses of video, 454 transition relevance place, 165 Uto-Aztecan languages, 239 transitive, 255, 262 utterance, 73 transitivity, 160 transmission, 11 values, 2 transmission bias, 333, 334 van Boxhorn, M., 664 transmission criterion, 26, 49, 60 van Reeland, A., 664 Traugott, E., 325 variation, 253, 645, 648, 650, 653 Trevarthen, C., 365 variation sets, 202 tropes, 151 variationist approach, 148 Trouillot, Rolph, 243 varieties, 411 Trudgill, P., 325, 646 Veblen, T., 610 try-marking, 376 Venkatesan, S., 517 Tuite, Kevin, 240 verb agreement, 256, 274 Turing machines, 709, 716, 718, 719, verb framed constructions, 197 720, 723 verbal art, 456 Turing test, 722 verb-friendly languages, 192 Turkish, 81, 92, 106, 115, 192, 195, 202 verb-initial languages, 117 turn completion, 165, 167, 169 verbs, 39, 40, 54, 255, 262 turn construction, 173, 373 verbs of speaking, 495, 496 turn constructional units, 73, 373, 375 vernacular, 645 turn continuation, 167, 170, 173, 174 vervet monkeys, 400, 401, 404, 416 turn increment, 167 video recording, 453 turn organization, 161 Vietnamese, 105, 106, 107, 111 turn-taking, 164, 189, 199, 331, 372, 447, village sign language, 87 449, 451, 456, 457, 458, 459, 460, village sign languages, 87, 252, 252, 256, 464, 465 318, 320 Turner, T., 517, 518, 529 violence, 60 turn organization, 375 virginity, 206 turns, 464 visible behaviour, 458 turns-at-talk, 136, 141, 150, 161, 163, 167, Viveiros de Castro, E., 523 173, 373 vocabulary, 253, 261, 263 Tylor, E., 500 vocal apparatus, 311 types of speakers, 298 vocal imitation, 4 type-token, 430 vocal tract, 313 typification, 410, 412, 416 vocative, 413 typological preference hypothesis, 198 voice, 160 typology, 7, 453 voluntary control of vocalization, 313 typology of language socialization styles, 202 von Neumann, J., 723 Tzeltal Maya, 197, 202, 204 von Roncador, M., 405 Tzotzil Maya, 519, 520, 521 vowel contrasts, 311 vowel harmony, 194 !Ui-Taa languages, 104 vowel quality, 653 unconscious, 613 Vygotsky, L., 207, 209, 327, 329, 610

750 Index

Wagner, R., 409, 629 word order, 253, 256, 257, 277, 316, 318, 319 Walker, G., 175 words, 103, 105, 106, 111, 114 Wallerstein, I., 230 phonological versus morphological, 105, 106 Wardlow, H., 638 working memory, 84 Warlpiri, 14, 191, 194 World Atlas of Language Structures, 116, 317 Warner, M., 483, 589, 591 world systems approach, 230 Wasco-Wishram, 301 worldview, 3, 203 Washabaugh, W, 256 Wortham, S., 494 Watts, J., 525 Wotton, W., 664 Weber, M., 524, 608, 612 writing, 601, 662, 679 Weinreich, U., 331, 334 written-language bias, 175 well-formedness constraints, 268 Wells, Rulon S., 162 Xavante, 232 Welsh, 116, 289 Xhosa, 501 Western Apache, 233 !Xo˜o˜ , 104 Western Greenlandic, 191 Weweya, 529 Yehuda Ibn Quraysh, 664 whales, 400 Ye´lıˆ Dnye, 109, 192, 466 Whaley, J., 293, 297 yes/no question-response sequences, 459 Wharry, C., 527 yes/no questions, 258 What is a language?, 274, 298, 309 Yidin˜ , 36, 37 Whitehead, K., 465 Yucata´n, 242 Whorf, B. L., 203, 237, 335, 393, 496 Yucatec Maya, 109, 112, 116, 204, 242, wh-questions, 258 526, 529 Wierzbicka, A., 10, 14, 335, 423, 429, 432, 433 Yucatec Mayan families, 201 Wilkins, David P., 196 Yuman languages, 40 Wilson, D., 331 Yupik, 519, 520 Wirtz, K., 235, 529 Yupik cultures, 58 Wittgenstein, L., 158, 353, 356, 364, 371, 389, 423 Zhang, 652 wolves, 229, 370 Zimmerman, D., 366, 459, 460 Woodbury, A., 289, 290, 296, 520 Zipf, G. K., 10, 69, 330, 333, 334, 335, 336 Woolard, K., 518 Zipf’s Law, 186 word classes, 39 Zˇ upanov, I., 527 word meaning, 254 Zurich German, 109