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Revitalization of Krueng Aceh Riverside As a Public Open Space

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Revitalization of Krueng Aceh Riverside As a Public Open Space 2 0 1 1 Revitalization of Krueng Aceh Riverside as a Public Open Space Yunita Arafah1 1.0. INTRODUCTION City of Banda Aceh, the capital of Aceh province of 802 years (in 2007 AD), continues to experience growth in recent years. Banda Aceh (formerly known as Bandar Aceh) has been famous for being an international port from years ago. The Krueng Aceh River is the only river that divides the city of Banda Aceh. In imperial times, people used the river as the main transportation routes and made it the center of community orientation, thus creating the areas along the river as the location of new settlements for the people who migrated. Aside of that, Baiturrahman Mosque, a symbol of the Acehnese religious observance, was also purposely built near the river. After the Colonial Dutch left Aceh (in independence era), the development was no longer river- oriented making the environmental condition of the riverside started to decline and the environment physical quality began to degradate. However, up to now, several old buildings from the Dutch heritage are still preserved. The Krueng Aceh riverside, a coastal area situated in the town center, has a strategic location supported by specific environmental characteristics. It has the potential to be a good and orderly waterfront area. Research to be conducted is going to examine on how to create the riverside as a recreative, safe, comfortable, and well-functioned public area. The waterfront concept is a concept to be applied for the structuring/revitalization of the Krueng Aceh riverside. This concept has been widely adapted in many historic waterfront cities like Singapore, Hobart (Australia), and Sunda Kelapa (Jakarta) which has succeeded in creating a strong city identity, either from the historical side or from the edge of the water attractions. The waterfront concept is the concept of structuring a unique waterfront area for it deals with the local culture, where it could develop into great potential as economic development, public places, and the identity of the city as well (Wreen, 1983). The development of the waterfront area is also aimed at creating and restoring urban spaces for the public, among others, as the development of the economic, social, cultural, recreational, and tourism activities, in order to increase the area to be a well- maintained environment. The scopes of this research are the identification and the analysis of the strengths and limitations of the area, which is then followed by the formulation of urban design concepts and scenarios as public open space. The research focus area is the Krueng Aceh riverside located in the middle segment (town center), starting from the Peunayong Bridge, Pante Pirak Bridge, to the Beurawe Brigde, Banda Aceh. 1 ST, MT., Department of Architecture, Engineering Faculty, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Indonesia. － 387 － 2.0. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The methodology used is data collection and descriptive qualititative analysis. The techniques of data collection are divided into two ways; the collection of primary data and secondary data. The methods of primary data collection are done in several ways that are considered most effective, that is: Conducting direct survey (visual orientation) to the field through observation to get a clear description of the location. Mapping and measurement. Documenting the location in the form of sketches and photographs, and Conducting interviews, either in person or by distributing the questionnaires to the parties who can provide valuable data and information. The secondary data collection procedures are conducted in several ways, that is: Identifying the data set of city layout rules, Conducting literature study by recording important information related to the concept and the case being investigated, and Conducting comparative studies on the regions with similar characteristics and concepts. The observations are conducted on weekdays, weekends, holidays, and other times which are deemed necessary. The physical data are being presented in the form of maps, photographs and drawings. After conducting the primary and secondary data collection, it is subsequently followed by the identification of facts and data through the analysis phase. The analysis used is qualitative descriptive method. This method is used to analyze the level of comfort, use/function, development trends, as well as other data that can not be measured with mere numbers. The analysis method is intended to obtain an overall picture of the problems and potential development area, whose results will be used in later phases, namely the application of the waterfront concept in the design. In analyzing the data, a descriptive explanation is done through the mapping and documentation. 3.0. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS Physically, the waterfront can be defined as the melting point between the land and the water bodies, either in the form of sea water, rivers, swamps and so forth. However, this term contains many meanings which reveal the causes and purposes or the plans of the established waterfront. The meaning/understanding of the waterfront in relation to the city context, is put forward by Torre L. Azeo in the Waterfront Development, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York (1989), in which according to him, the new principles of a construction/development of the watershed area of the city is due to the economic and political changes that led to the old ports being abandoned, thus, causing the emergence of interests from potential developers to develop the land into a new function. Therefore, initially, the basic concept of the development of the watershed area is mixing a variety of issues and interests into a development concept. The majority of the watershed area developments are mostly based on the same principles and functions, even though in actuality, the practices are more influenced by local factors, such as different geographical and cultural situations. － 388 － 3.1. EXISTING CONDITIONS OF THE STUDY AREA Krueng Aceh as the scope of the study area is divided into two segments; segment I (from the Peunayong Bridge to the Pante Pirak Bridge) and segment II (from the Pante Pirak Bridge to the Beurawe Brigde). 3.1.1. SPATIAL PATTERNS AND AREAS FUNCTIONS Having observed and monitored the area, it is shown that segment I and segment II can be identified as a mixed use area. The spatial patterns in the two segments can be divided into seven functional areas, i.e. Commercial areas, office areas, religious observance areas, military areas, sports areas, housing areas and mixed use areas. 1. Commercial area dominates the land use in segment I; on the East side and West side of the river. 2. Office area is situated on the west side and east side of the river. 3. Worship area represented by the existence of Baiturahman mosque is set as the landmark of the city of Banda Aceh. 4. Keudah terminal area, a type B terminal, serves routes among cities in the province. 5. Areas along Ahmad Yani Street are functioned as hotels, trade and offices. 6. Sports area is consisted of the House of Sports, KONI, Raya Tirta Swimming Pool, and Gajah Theater (the latter is not functioned anymore). 7. The “Kesdam” Hospital Complex. Housing Commercial Area Office Area and Public Facilities Green Open Spaces Military Complex Figure 1: Existing Land Use in segment I and segment II － 389 － 3.1.2. DISTRICT PATTERNS, PATH, NODES AND LANDMARK OF AREAS The district, path, nodes, and landmarks identified in the study area are as following. 1. District Krueng Aceh riverbank district is a linear area with asphalt pavement on the main road varying in widths for each road section, ranged between 4-7 m. On each side of the road, there is an established area with various functions, such as housing, offices, lodging, trade and services, and military. These linear patterns tend to follow the lines of the existing river and have a great potential to be developed into a waterfront area with the river as its orientation. 2. Path Path on segments I and II is a combination between the asphalt roads and footpaths over the embankment, and the footpaths adjacent to the asphalt road. The path patterns are dominated by curved and straight lines. The character of the existing paths in the study area is an elongated linear pattern which follows the river’s characteristics and is a combination of straight and curved roads. 3. Nodes Nodes are on the three points inter-meeting the paths as the asphalt roads. These three points have relatively similar characteristics, in which a bridge is their joint medium. One of the existing bridges, Pante Pirak Bridge, which is in the middle of segment I and segment II, has the potential, accent and characteristics as the prime nodes and this will give additional value for developing a regional arrangement. In general, the nodes that have been formed are a necessary condition that has been well-planned beforehand. 4. Landmark With the characteristics of the existing roads and bridges, these three bridges are the nodes that have relatively the same characters. Yet, out of these three, the Pante Pirak Bridge is a bridge that is located in the middle and is the prime nodes, and thus particularly, has become a landmark of the study area. Principally, the Pante Pirak Bridge has the linkage with the Baiturrahman Mosque as the main landmark of Banda Aceh, which is also a concern of this study. By this fact, the existence of these two landmarks will provide a stronger character and better color in the study area. 3.1.3. ARCHITECTURES OF THE AREA The conditions of the areas architectures along the Krueng Aceh river banks are as following. Segment I (Peunayong Bridge - Pante Pirak Bridge) The existing buildings consist of public facilities, such as offices, banks, hotels, shops and a small part of housing, which are provided with one to four floors.
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