Peranan Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan Dalam Peningkatan Transparansi Fiskal1

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Peranan Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan Dalam Peningkatan Transparansi Fiskal1 Peranan Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan dalam 1 Peningkatan Transparansi Fiskal 1. Pengantar Era reformasi dewasa ini membuka pe1uang bagi pembangunan institusi BPK agar dapat berperan dalam penegakan transparansi fiskal sebagaimana diharapkan oleh Undang-Undang Dasar 1945. Pembangunan kembali BPK perlu merehabilitasi kebebasan dan kemandiriannya yang dikekang selama era otoriter Orde Baru. Untuk itu, objek pemeriksaan BPK perlu diperluas untuk dapat memeriksa setiap sen pengelolaan dan pertanggungjawaban keuangan negara di mana pun disimpan dan digunakan. Agar dapat melakukan tugas seperti itu wewenang, metodologi, organisasi, dan sumber daya manusia maupun kode etik serta anggaran BPK perlu dilepaskan dari cengkeraman pemerintah yang sangat kokoh selama periode Orde Baru di masa lalu. Ini memerlukan amandemen UU Tahun 1973 tentang BPK. Untuk selanjutnya, makalah ini dibagi dalam tujuh bagian. Bagian berikut merupakan penjelasan kedudukan BPK dan sistem kenegaraan Indonesia menurut versi asli UUD 1945 maupun setelah perubahannya yang keempat. Bagian kedua menguraikan perubahan sistem politik dan pemerintahan setelah amandemen UUD 1945 tersebut. Bagian ketiga menguraikan implikasi ketiga paket keuangan negara tahun 2003-2004 kepada fungsi BPK. Bagian keempat memuat alasan penting perluasan fungsi BPK pada pemeriksaan penerimaan negara. Bagian kelima menjelaskan pilihan yang tersedia untuk memungkin perluasan organisasi BPK sehingga dapat memeriksa anggaran Kabupaten/Kota. Bagian keenam menjelaskan arah pemeriksaan BPK ke depan. Bagian terakhir menjelaskan berbagai elemen penting yang diperlukan bagi amandemen UU No.5 Tahun 197 tentang BPK. 1 Makalah untuk Seminar di Universitas Udayana, Denpasar, Bali, Sabtu, 26 Maret 2005. 2. Tugas dan kedudukan bpk dalam sistem kenegaraan Indonesia Seperti yang telah kita ketahui bersama, konstitusi negara kita, Undang-Undang Dasar 1945, membentuk BPK hanya untuk melaksanakan satu tugas, menegakkan transparansi fiskal guna membantu lembaga perwakilan rakyat dalam melaksanakan hak bujetnya. BPK melaksanakan tugas itu melalui pemeriksaan atau audit pengelolaan dan pertanggungjawaban keuangan negara. Naskah asli Undang-Undang Dasar 1945, yang disusun oleh the founding fathers kita menugaskan BPK sebagai satu-satunya auditor yang melakukan pemeriksaan pengelolaan dan tanggung jawab keuangan negara. Berbeda dengan di banyak negara lain, Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 menempatkan BPK sejajar dengan lembaga-lembaga negara yang ada dalam struktur negara kita. Di berbagai negara yang lain lembaga auditor ekstemal seperti BPK ditempatkan langsung di bawah lembaga legislatif sebagai pemegang hak bujet. Lembaga legislatif itulah yang menugaskan auditor eksternal untuk melakukan pemeriksaan atas pengelolaan dan pertanggungjawaban keuangan negara. Selain tetap mempertahankan pemberian hak eksklusif pemeriksaan keuangan negara kepada BPK, perubahan ketiga dari UUD 1945 justru telah memperkuat posisinya dengan memberikan kedudukan yang “bebas dan mandiri" kepada BPK. Baik naskah asli maupun perubahan, UUD 1945 menjunjung tinggi transparansi dan akuntabilitas pengelolaan dan pertanggungjawaban keuangan negara. ltulah sebabnya mengapa diberikan kedudukan tinggi, kebebasan dan kemandirian kepada BPK. Maksudnya adalah agar BPK dapat melaksanakan tugasnya secara objektif. BPK dapat memeriksa dan melaporkan keuangan negara sebagaimana adanya, bebas dari pengaruh maupun tekanan politik. Termasuk dari ketiga cabang pemerintahan, baik eksekutif, legislatif maupun judikatif. Hasil pemeriksaan BPK disampaikan kepada rakyat banyak, utamanya pembayar pajak, melalui wakil-wakilnya di DPR serta DPRD sebagai pemegang hak bujet. Seperti halnya DPR, DPD juga menerima laporan hasil pemeriksaan keuangan Pemerintah Pusat. Sementara itu, DPRD menerima laporan hasil pemeriksaan keuangan pemerintah daerahnya masing-masing. Semuanya itu diatur dalam UU No. 22 tentang Susduk MPR, DPR, DPD dan DPRD (Pasa147) dan UU No. 15 tentang Pemeriksaan dan Pengelolaan Tanggung Jawab Keuangan Negara (Pasal 17, ayat 1). Walaupun DPD tidak memiliki hak bujet, posisinya sangat penting. Karena DPD memiliki fungsi memberikan pertimbangan kepada DPR dalam hal penyusunan Rancangan APBN Pemerintah Pusat maupun dalam mengawasi pelaksanaannya setelah menjadi APBN. Dengan menggunakan hak legislasinya, DPR dan DPRD memiliki hak dan wewenang masing-masing untuk menindaklanjuti temuan-temuan BPK. Undang-Undang No. 15 Tahun 2004 tentang Pemeriksaan Pengelolaan dan Tanggung Jawab Keuangan Negara menyebut bahwa BPK memantau pelaksanaan tindak lanjut rekomendasi hasil pemeriksaannya itu. BPK pun dapat memproses secara pidana auditee yang tidak serius melakukan koreksi terhadap temuannya. Temuan-temuan yang mengandung unsur pidana seperti ini wajib diserahkan oleh BPK kepada penegak hukum. Temuan pemeriksaan BPK tersebut merupakan bukti awal yang dapat diperdalam dan ditindaklanjuti oleh penegak hukum. Dalam kaitan program pemerintah dewasa ini untuk memberantas KKN, seyogyanya pemerintah dan penegak hukum cukup melibatkan BPK dan menindaklanjuti temuan-temuan hasil pemeriksaannya. Pemerintah tidak perlu menciptakan lembaga-lembaga ad hoc baru yang tambal sulam dan tumpang tindih dengan lembaga-lembaga penegak hukum yang te1ah ada. Jika ternyata ada di antara lembaga penegak hukum itu yang belum bekerja sesuai dengan harapan maka, tugas kita bersama untuk memperbaiki dan meningkatkan kinerjanya. Selain menambah inefisiensi pemerintahan dan meningkatkan keperluan anggaran yang tidak perIu, lembaga-lembaga ad hoc yang tumpang tindih juga menimbulkan konflik antar instansi yang memakan energi sia-sia. 3. Perubahan sistem politik dan struktur pemerintahan Perubahan konstitusi yang dilakukan dalam era reformasi dewasa ini telah merubah sistem politik dan pemerintahan kita. Sistem politik kita telah beralih dari sistem otoriter orde Baru ke arah demokrasi. Sistem pemerintahan kita telah beralih dari sistem yang sentralistis kepada otonomi daerah yang sangat luas. Pimpinan pemerintahan kita dewasa ini, Bapak Dr. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono dan Bapak Muhammad Jusuf Kalla, merupakan presiden dan wakil presiden yang pertama kali dipilih langsung oleh rakyat dalam sejarah Republik Indonesia. Rakyat memilih pasangan capres dan cawapres berdasarkan program kerja (platform) yang mereka tawarkan selama masa kampanye pemilu. Sebelumnya, presiden dan wakil presiden kita dipilih oleh MPR yang sekaligus menetapkan Garis-Garis Haluan Negara. Mulai tahun ini, para kepala daerah akan dipilih langsung oleh rakyat di daerahnya masing-masing dan tidak lagi ditunjuk ataupun direstui oleh pejabat Pemerintah Pusat. Berbeda dengan dahulu, kini tidak ada lagi utusan golongan kekaryaan, termasuk TNI dan Polri, dalam lembaga-lembaga perwakilan rakyat. Utusan daerah yang tadinya berbaur dalam MPR kini memiliki lembaganya sendiri berupa DPD. Terbentuknya DPD, yang memberikan pertimbangan kepada DPR sebagai pemegang hak bujet telah menambah "klien" BPK. Sebagaimana telah disebut di atas, DPD merupakan lembaga perwakilan daerah yang menerima laporan pemeriksaan BPK mengenai pengelolaan dan pertanggungjawaban keuangan negara tingkat nasional. 4. BPK dan ketiga paket keuangan negara Dalam kaitan perubahan ketatanegaraan kita yang sangat mendasar sebagaimana telah dikemukakan di atas DPR telah mengundangkan tiga paket keuangan negara, yaitu (1) Undang-Undang No. 17 Tahun 2003 tentang Keuangan Negara; (2) Undang-Undang No. 1 Tahun 2004 tentang Perbendaharaan Negara, dan (3) Undang-Undang No. 15 Tahun 2004 tentang Pemeriksaan Pengelo1aan dan Tanggung Jawab Keuangan Negara. Adanya perubahan UUD 1945 maupun ketiga paket Undang-Undang Keuangan Negara tersebut telah menuntut amandemen atau perubahan Undang-Undang No. 5 Tahun 1973 tentang BPK. Sementara menunggu amandemen UU BPK tersebut, ketiga paket Undang-Undang Keuangan Negara di atas berlaku sebagai dasar bagi BPK untuk melakukan pemeriksaan keuangan negara guna membantu DPR dan DPRD dalam melaksanakan hak bujetnya. Undang-Undang Dasar dan ketiga rangkaian Undang-Undang Keuangan Negara tahun 2003-2004 memberikan kewenangan kepada BPK untuk memeriksa setiap sen pengelolaan dan pertanggungjawaban keuangan negara di manapun uang negara itu disimpan dan dipergunakan. Seperti yang kita ketahui, dewasa ini keuangan negara di Indonesia dikelola melalui APBN, APBD, anggaran nonbujeter, ratusan jumlah BUMN dan BUMD, termasuk bank-bank milik negara serta BPD, maupun oleh berbagai yayasan yang terkait dengan kedinasan. Pada masa orde baru tidak ada transparansi fiskal. Objek pemeriksaan BPK hanya dibatasi pada (mencakup) sisi pengeluaran APBN saja. Pada waktu itu sisi penerimaan APBN, anggaran nonbujeter, BUMN/BUMD maupun yayasan-yayasan yang menggunakan fasilitas dari negara bukan merupakan objek pemeriksaan BPK. Di lain pihak, pengalaman kita dari rangkaian krisis, mulai dari krisis Pertamina tahun 1975, krisis PT Bank Duta dan PT Bank Bukopin pada era 1980-an hingga krisis keuangan dan perekonomian tahun 1997-1998, menggambarkan bahwa kerugian dari semua anggaran nonbujeter, BUMN/BUMD, serta yayasan-yayasan yang terkait dengan kedinasan itu telah menjadi contingent liabilities keuangan negara yang membebani rakyat banyak. Hutang pemerintah yang membubung tinggi sekarang ini, setelah krisis ekonomi tahun 1997-1998, terutama bersumber dari pengambilalihan hutang-hutang di luar APBN resmi itu. Pembatasan ruang gerak BPK telah mengurangi transparansi fiskal dan akuntabilitas pada keuangan negara di luar APBN resmi. Pada gilirannya, hal ini meredusi hak bujet yang dimiliki
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