European Inland Fisheries ICES Advisory Committee on Fisheries ISSN 0258-6096 Advisory Commission Management EIFAC Occasional Paper No. 38 ICES CM 2006/ACFM:16 Ref. DFC, LRC, RMC Report of the 2006 session of the Joint EIFAC/ICES Working Group on Eels Rome, 23–27 January 2006 Report of the 2006 session of the Joint EIFAC/ICES Working Group on Eels Rome, 23–27January 2006 European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome International Council for the Exploration of the Sea Copenhagen FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2006 INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL FOR THE EXPLORATION OF THE SEA Copenhagen, 2006 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. 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Applications for such permission should be addressed to Chief, Electronic Publishing Policy and Support Branch Information Division FAO Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy or by e-mail to: [email protected] © FAO and ICES, 2006 EIFAC/ICES WGEEL Report 2006 | i Preparation of this document This publication is the report of the 2006 session of the Joint European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission (EIFAC) and International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) Working Group on Eels which was held at FAO headquarters in Rome from 23 to 27 January 2006. The Working Group on Eels consisted of experts from EIFAC, whose Secretariat is located in the Fisheries Department of the FAO, and ICES experts. The draft was prepared by the Working Group. This report has been divided into seven sections to cover the material reviewed and discussed, focussing on the European eel. Sections 1 and 2 examine the status of the stock and fisheries; Section 3 looks at the quality of spawners; Sections 4 and 5 explore methodology for recovering the stock based on spatial distribution and management considerations; Sections 6 and 7 study restocking as an option. The Working Group would like to acknowledge ICES for undertaking the editing and formatting of this publication. Contact addresses: European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Viale delle Terme di Caracalla 00153 Rome, Italy Telephone (+39) 06 5705 4376 Telefax (+39) 06 5705 3360 www.fao.org [email protected] International Council for the Exploration of the Sea H.C. Andersens Boulevard 44-46 DK-1553 Copenhagen V, Denmark Telephone (+45) 33 38 67 00 Telefax (+45) 33 93 42 15 www.ices.dk [email protected] EIFAC/ICES WGEEL Report 2006 | iii Abstract This publication is the report of the 2006 session of the Joint European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission (EIFAC) and International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) Working Group on Eels which was held in Rome from 23 to 27 January 2006. The Working Group, after reviewing the available information on the status of the stock and fisheries of the European eel, supported the view that the population as a whole has declined in most of the distribution area, that the stock is outside safe biological limits and that current fisheries are not sustainable. Recruitment is at a historical low and most recent observations do not indicate recovery. Opportunities for protection and restoration of spawner escapement are fading. Earlier reports indicate that anthropogenic factors (e.g. exploitation, habitat loss, contamination and transfer of parasites and diseases) as well as natural processes (e.g. climate change, predation) may have contributed to the decline. Measures aimed at recovery of the stock are well known and may include control of exploitation, restocking of recruits and restoration of habitats (including access to and from). Recent research shows that the quality of the spawners escaping from the continent might be seriously impaired by pollution, diseases and parasites. Additionally, the quality of spawners varies with biological characteristics such as size and fat content. None of these quality parameters is currently included in the assessment of the status of the stock or in setting management targets. Implementation of basic field sampling programmes, i.a. within the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) and National Management Plans, and further analysis will be required, in order to include quality aspects in future management advice. The objective of recovery of the stock necessitates restoration of the spawning stock, for which the European Commission has proposed a target of 40% of the potential production under unfished, unpolluted and unobstructed conditions. Methodology for elaboration of this reference level is described, but actual implementation requires field data and analysis for each spatial management unit. Analysis of stock dynamics under different fisheries management regimes indicates that recovery times may vary from 20 up to 200 years, depending on the intensity of implemented fisheries restrictions. However, restrictions on fisheries alone will be insufficient, and management measures aimed at other anthropogenic impacts on habitat quality, quantity and accessibility will also be required. The continental population extends throughout Europe and northern Africa and fisheries are scattered over many large and small water bodies, both marine and freshwater. The overall objective will have to be achieved by implementation of protective measures at a regional scale, presumably at the level of River Basin Districts (RBDs as defined for the WFD). The compilation of information on the spatial distribution of the current eel fisheries in this report shows that almost all RBDs will be involved. Spatial differentiation in targets, controls and post-evaluation procedures might facilitate the implementation. Restocking has been practised by some countries for decades, generally to maintain fisheries rather than improve the stock or recruitment. There are concerns over the unknown risks of moving fish between rivers. Restocking may be beneficial to rebuilding the stock, but it is highly unlikely that the 40% objective will be met in all European river basins in the medium term by restocking alone. Only a combination of several measures can be expected to bring the stock out of its current critical state. The current glass eel catches are probably insufficient to restock inland waters, and any further decline in glass eel recruitment could result in total loss of the option to use restocking as a measure. Recommendations to protect the stock, and suggestions for a forward focus of the work of this group are presented. iv | EIFAC/ICES WGEEL Report 2006 FAO European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission; International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. Report of the 2006 session of the Joint EIFAC/ICES Working Group on Eels. Rome, 23–27 January 2006. EIFAC Occasional Paper. No. 38, ICES CM 2006/ACFM:16. Rome, FAO/Copenhagen, ICES. 2006. 352p. EIFAC/ICES WGEEL Report 2006 | v Executive summary This report summarises the presentations, discussions and recommendations of the 2006 session of the Joint EIFAC/ICES Working Group on Eels which took place in Rome (Italy) from 23 to 27 January 2006. In this section, the findings in this report are summarised, a forward focus for the Working Group is suggested, and main recommendations are presented. Summary of this report Review of the available information on the status of the stock and fisheries of the European eel supports the view that the population as a whole has declined in most of the distribution area, that the stock is outside safe biological limits and that current fisheries are not sustainable. Recruitment is at a historical minimum and most recent observations do not indicate recovery. The level observed since 1990 is below 20% of the level observed not more than three generations ago; the European eel therefore qualifies for the IUCN Red List of endangered species. Opportunities for protection and restoration of spawner escapement are fading (Section 2). Evidence has been given in earlier reports that anthropogenic factors (e.g. exploitation, habitat loss, contamination and transfer of parasites and diseases) as well as natural processes (e.g. climate change, predation) may have contributed to the decline. Measures aimed at recovery of the stock are well known and may include control of exploitation, restocking of recruits and restoration of habitats (including access to and from). Recent research reviewed in this report has indicated that the quality of the spawners escaping from the continent might be seriously impaired by pollution,