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The Discipline of Theseas INSTITUTIONEN FÖR LITTERATUR, IDÉHISTORIA OCH RELIGION The Discipline of the Seas Piracy and polity in England: 1688–1698 Johan Berglund Björk Term: Spring 2020 Course ID: LIR207, 30 HEC Level: Master Supervisor: Johan Kärnfelt 1 Abstract Master’s thesis in history of ideas Title: The Discipline of the Seas: Piracy and Polity, 1688. Author: Johan Berglund Björk Year: Spring 2020 Department: The Faculty of Arts at the University of Gothenburg Supervisor: Johan Kärnfelt Examiner: Henrik Björk Keywords: Piracy; Henry Every; Matthew Tindall; Philip Meadows; subjecthood; sovereignty; jurisdiction. This thesis is a study of the changing legal and political climate surrounding piracy in England in the years 1688-1698, between the Glorious Revolution and the passing in parliament of the Piracy Act 1698. During this time views of piracy changed in London where pirates were no longer seen as beneficial, but instead as obstacles to orderly trade. The aim of this thesis is to investigate English legal and political-theoretical writing on piracy and sovereignty of the seas to further understanding of what kinds of legal spaces oceans were in early modern English political thought, and the role of pirates as actors in those spaces. This is achieved by a study of legal and theoretical texts, which focuses on the concepts subjecthood, jurisdiction and sovereignty in relation to piracy. I show that piracy became a blanket-term of delegitimization applied to former kings as well as poor sailors and that the English struggle for the suppression of piracy was ideological as well as practical. By contrasting legal and political theory with its realpolitikal context I show that diplomatic and economic concerns often eclipsed theory when judging pirates in legal praxis. 2 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 1 Aim ....................................................................................................................................................... 3 Research questions ........................................................................................................................... 3 Sources ................................................................................................................................................. 4 Theory and method ............................................................................................................................... 5 Literature review .................................................................................................................................. 8 Outline ................................................................................................................................................ 10 The Sovereign and the Pirate .................................................................................................................. 12 The State of Nature, or the Law of Nations ........................................................................................ 12 Sovereignty of the Seas ...................................................................................................................... 13 Piracy and the Maritime State ............................................................................................................ 16 The Trials Held at the Old Bailey, 1696 ................................................................................................. 19 Speeches of the Chief Justices ............................................................................................................ 25 The Prosecution .................................................................................................................................. 28 The Piracy Act 1698 ............................................................................................................................... 36 Order and Expediency ........................................................................................................................ 39 Ebb and Flow ...................................................................................................................................... 43 Interlude .................................................................................................................................................. 47 Subjects at Sea ........................................................................................................................................ 48 Power, Authority or Jurisdiction? ........................................................................................................... 58 Floating territory ................................................................................................................................. 58 The shape of sovereignty .................................................................................................................... 62 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................................ 67 Further research .................................................................................................................................. 69 Bibliography ........................................................................................................................................... 70 Illustrations ......................................................................................................................................... 73 3 Introduction A pirate’s life is lived in liberty. At least, the cultural image of the pirate would have us think so, but there seems to be something to it. During the golden age of piracy, sea rovers cut out pieces of the earth for themselves in the Bahamas, on Madagascar and in Tortuga most notably, where they could style themselves princes and assert their own sovereignty of sorts. When the last period of the golden age commenced at the end of the War for the Spanish Succession in 1714, privateer captain Benjamin Hornigold reportedly turned pirate because he “never consented to the articles of Peace with the French and Spaniards”, rejecting the crowns authority to decide his antagonisms.1 I am a free Prince, and I have as much Authority to make War on the whole World, as he who has a hundred Sail of Ships at sea, and an Army of 100,000 Men in the Field2 The man quoted above, Samuel Bellamy, was a member of Hornigold’s crew who later went on to become one of the most successful pirates the world has ever known, at least in terms of profit. In styling himself a “prince” Bellamy intended not to exaggerate or glorify his person or mock those who hunted him. A prince had the right to the seas on his own terms without relying on commissions or swearing his life to a faraway sovereign. Lauren Benton has shown that pirates did not think themselves the outlaws they have so often been portrayed as, instead they knew that their area of operation, the oceans, was a legal grey area and at least some of them could take advantage it.3 The question of whom the freedom of the seas belonged to and by what right is central in understanding golden age piracy and one that was heavily influenced by politics, theory and commercial interests at a time when modern states were being moulded into their current form. Subjecthood, the right of sovereigns and navigation lay at the heart of this development in England at the turn of the eighteenth century. 1 Marcus Rediker, Villains of All Nations: Atlantic Pirates in the Golden Age (London: Verso, 2004), 7. 2 Daniel Defoe and Manuel Schonhorn, A General History of the Pyrates (Mineola, N.Y: Dover Publications, 1999), 587. 3 Lauren A. Benton, A Search for Sovereignty: Law and Geography in European Empires, 1400--1900 (Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010); Lauren Benton, ‘Legal Spaces of Empire: Piracy and the Origins of Ocean Regionalism’, Comparative Studies in Society and History; Cambridge 47, no. 4 (October 2005): 700–724. 1 The quotation from Bellamy is taken from the pseudonymous Captain Charles Johnsons A General History of the Pyrates, first published in 1724 and then again in 1726, the latter edition contains the story of “Black Sam”. Johnson’s book is widely regarded as the most influential work in the history of piracy – and the broader cultural history of the same – and paints Bellamy as someone who is acutely aware of the social and political context of his crimes,4 as someone who understands that princedom is a pivotal matter in his ventures, even armies and navies are secondary to it. When Bellamy was only a child another pirate, likewise rich and successful, made great “Noise in the world”, Henry Every.5 … he was represented in Europe, as one that had raised himself to the Dignity of a King, and was likely to be the Founder of a new Monarchy6 Every is regarded by many historians to have been the source of inspiration for a later generation of pirates, like Bellamy, who attained “half-legendary” status for his robberies and not least because he was never captured and brought to justice, to the shame of the English government and the East-India Company.7 Every’s actions had created a diplomatic crisis for England in relation to its trading partner in India. He had exceeded his rights as an actor on the high seas by robbing ships belonging to the Mughal empire. When Every reached his zenith in
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