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Environmental Magnetism and Magnetostratigraphy of the Pliocene and Pleistocene Sediments of the Heidelberg Basin

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Environmental Magnetism and Magnetostratigraphy of the Pliocene and Pleistocene Sediments of the Heidelberg Basin Environmental magnetism and magnetostratigraphy of the Pliocene and Pleistocene sediments of the Heidelberg Basin DISSERTATION zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) in der Bayreuther Graduiertenschule für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften (BayNAT) der Universität Bayreuth vorgelegt von Stephanie Scheidt aus Offenbach am Main, Germany Bayreuth, 2018 Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde in der Zeit von Februar 2012 bis Dezember 2017 im und in Kooperation mit dem Gesteins- und Paläomagnetiklabor Grubenhagen des Leibniz Institut für Angewandte Geophysik (LIAG) in Einbeck, Deutschland, angefertigt. Die Betreuung vor Ort oblag Herrn Dr. Christian Rolf (LIAG). An der Universität Bayreuth wurde die Arbeit durch Herrn Professor Dr. Ludwig Zöller und Herrn Dr. Ulrich Hambach (beide angehörige des Lehrstuhl Geomorphologie sowie BayCEER) betreut. Dissertation eingereicht am: 08.01.2018 Zulassung durch das Leitungsgremium: 29.01.2018 Wissenschaftliches Kolloquium: 05.06.2018 Amtierender Direktor: Prof. Dr. Dirk Schüler Prüfungsausschuss: Prof. Dr. Ludwig Zöller (Gutachter) Prof. Dr. Helga de Wall (Gutachterin) Prof. Dr. Daniel Frost (Vorsitz) Prof. Dr. Martin Obst I II Content Content ............................................................................................................................................... III List of Figures ...................................................................................................................................... VI List of Tables ..................................................................................................................................... VIII List of Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................... IX Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... 1 Zusammenfassung ................................................................................................................................... 3 1. Synopsis ........................................................................................................................................... 7 1.1. Objectives and working hypotheses........................................................................................ 7 1.2. An overview of the Heidelberg Basin ...................................................................................... 7 1.3. The Heidelberg Basin Drilling Project ...................................................................................... 9 1.4. State of the research ............................................................................................................. 10 1.4.1. Scientific work conducted at sediments of the Heidelberg Basin ................................. 11 1.4.2. Late Pliocene and Pleistocene climatic conditions in northwestern and central Europe………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………12 2 1.4.3. Rock magnetic and palaeomagnetic techniques applied to fluvial sediments ............. 13 1.5. Sample materials ................................................................................................................... 15 1.6. An outline of the applied methods of rock magnetism ........................................................ 16 1.6.1. Magnetic polarity stratigraphy ...................................................................................... 17 1.6.2. Magnetic mineralogy ..................................................................................................... 19 1.6.3. Environmental magnetism ............................................................................................ 21 1.7. Results and discussion ........................................................................................................... 22 1.7.1. Magnetic polarity stratigraphy ...................................................................................... 22 1.7.2. Magnetic mineral characterisation ............................................................................... 25 1.7.3. Climatic and environmental implications of the rock magnetic results ........................ 29 1.8. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 31 1.9. Contributions and contributors to this PhD work ................................................................. 32 1.10. References ......................................................................................................................... 35 2. Study 1: A consistent magnetic polarity stratigraphy of late Neogene to Quaternary fluvial sediments from the Heidelberg Basin (Germany): A new time frame for the Plio-Pleistocene palaeoclimatic evolution of the Rhine Basin ....................................................................................... 47 Abstract ............................................................................................................................................. 48 2.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 49 2.2. Geological settings ................................................................................................................ 51 2.3. Sites and drilling procedures ................................................................................................. 52 III 2.3.1. Viernheim ...................................................................................................................... 52 2.3.2. Heidelberg ..................................................................................................................... 53 2.3.3. Ludwigshafen Parkinsel P36 .......................................................................................... 53 2.4. Sampling ................................................................................................................................ 54 2.5. Methodology ......................................................................................................................... 54 2.6. Results of the demagnetisation experiments ....................................................................... 56 2.7. Carriers of the magnetic remanence ..................................................................................... 58 2.8. Magnetic polarity stratigraphy .............................................................................................. 61 2.9. Discussion .............................................................................................................................. 64 2.10. Conclusions ........................................................................................................................ 71 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................... 72 References ......................................................................................................................................... 72 Remarks to study 1 ............................................................................................................................ 77 3. Study 2: A mineral magnetic characterization of the Plio-Pleistocene fluvial infill of the Heidelberg Basin (Germany) ................................................................................................................ 79 Summary ........................................................................................................................................... 80 3.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 81 3.2. Geological setting, cores and samples .................................................................................. 82 3.2.1. The Viernheim drill core ................................................................................................ 84 3.2.2. The Heidelberg drill core ............................................................................................... 84 3.2.3. The Ludwigshafen drill core .......................................................................................... 85 3.2.4. Magnetic extraction procedure ..................................................................................... 85 3.2.5. Samples for the vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) .............................................. 85 3.3. Measurement procedures ..................................................................................................... 85 3.4. Results and Interpretation .................................................................................................... 88 3.4.1. EDX / SEM ...................................................................................................................... 89 3.4.2. Thermomagnetic analyses ............................................................................................. 93 3.4.3. Magnetic susceptibility .................................................................................................. 96 3.4.4. Magnetic hysteresis ....................................................................................................... 98 3.4.5. First order reversal curves (FORCs) ............................................................................
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