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A Grammar of Limilngan: a Language of the Mary River Region, Northern Territory, Australia

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A Grammar of Limilngan: a Language of the Mary River Region, Northern Territory, Australia A grammar of Limilngan A language of the MaryRiver region Northern Territory Australia Harvey, M. A grammar of Limilngan: A language of the Mary River Region, Northern Territory, Australia. PL-516, xii + 209 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 2001. DOI:10.15144/PL-516.cover ©2001 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. Also in Pacific Linguistics David Rose, 2001, The Western Desert code: an Australian cryptogrammar. Jane Simpson, David Nash, Mary Laughren, Peter Austin and Barry Alpher, eds, 2001, Forty years on: Ken Hale and Australian languages. Heather Bowe and Stephen Morey, 1999, The Yorta Yorta (Bange rang) language of the Murray Goulburn including Yabula Yabula. Lois Carrington and Geraldine Triffit, 1999, OZBIB: a linguistic bibliography of Aboriginal Australia and the To rres Strait Islands. L.A. Hercus, 1999, A grammar of the Wirangu languagefr om the west coast of South Australia. Rachel Nordlinger, 1998, A grammar of Wambaya, Northern Te rritory(A ustralia). Jean Kirton and Charlie Bella, 1996, Further aspects of the grammar of Yanyuwa, northern Australia. Anna Shnukal, 1988, Broken: an introduction to the Creole language of Torres Strait. Pacific Linguistics is a publisher specialising in grammars and linguistic descriptions, dictionaries and other materials on languages of the Pacific, the Philippines, Indonesia, Southeast and South Asia, and Australia. Pacific Linguistics, established in 1963 through an initial grant from the Hunter Douglas Fund, is associated with the Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies at The Australian National University. The Editorial Board of Pacific Linguistics is made up of the academic staff of the School's Department of Linguistics. The authors and editors of Pacific Linguistics publications are drawn from a wide range of institutions around the world. Publications are refereed by scholars with relevant expertise who are usually not members of the editorial board. The 470 publications before Publication 501 were numbered in four series, A, B, C and D, but the series were merged from the beginning of the year 2000 because the rationale for them had gradually disappeared. FOUNDING EDITOR: Stephen A. Wurm EDITORIAL BOARD: Malcolm D. Ross and Darrell T. Tryon (Managing Editors), I Wayan Arka, John Bowden, Andrew Pawley, Paul Sidwell. Pacific Linguistics 516 A grammar of Limilngan A language of the Mary River region Northern Territory Australia Mark Harvey Pacific Linguistics Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies The Australian National University Canberra Published by Pacific Linguistics Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies The Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200 Australia Copyright © The author First published 2001 National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry: Harvey, Mark. A grammar of Limilngan: a language of the Mary River Region, Northern Territory, Australia Bibliography. ISBN 0 85883 461 8. 1. Limilngan language. 2. Limilngan language - Grammar. 3. Australian languages - Northern Territory - Mary River Region. 4. Australian languages - Northern Territory - Mary River Region - Grammar. I. The Australian National University. Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies. II. Title (Pacific Linguistics) 499.15099429 Copyedited by Paul Sidwell Typeset by Margaret Forster Printed and bound by Union Offset Printers, Canberra Table of contents List of tables andfigures lX Acknowledgements x Abbreviations xi Map 1: Limilngan and neighbouring languages xii 1. The language and its speakers 1 1.1 Historical background 1 1.2 Linguistic type 1 1.3 Language names 2 1.4 Territory, neighbours and relationships 3 1.5 Consultants and sources 10 2. Phonology 11 2.1 Consonantal phonemes and their realisations 11 2.1.1 Stops 11 2.1.2 Retroflexion 14 2.1.3 Word-initial alternations between /j/ and /d/ 15 2.1.4 Lenition of the velars 15 2.1.5 The palatal lateral 17 2.1.6 Sequences of the alveolar lateral and stop 18 2.1.7 Realisations of the labial continuant 20 2.1.8 Realisations of the palatal continuant 21 2.1.9 Secondary palatalisation 22 2.2 Vowel phonemes and their realisations 23 2.3 Phonotactics 24 2.4 Root-level and word-level morphology 27 2.5 Reduplication 28 2.6 Stress 31 2.6.1 Stress placement in uninflected words 32 v vi 2.6.2 Stress placement in words involving only root-level inflection 35 2.6.3 Stress placement in words involving word-level suffixation 38 2.6.4 Stress placement in words involving compounding or reduplication 39 2.7 Syllable structures 40 2.8 The historical phonology of Limilngan 41 2.8.1 Lenition 41 2.8.2 Vowel shift 41 3. Nominals 44 3.1 Parts of speech 44 3.2 The noun class system 44 3.2.1 Variation in agreement classing 46 3.3 The structure of nominal lexemes 49 3.3.1 Number-based stem variation 50 3.4 Pronouns 51 3.5 Kin nouns and kinship terminology 54 3.6 Demonstratives 59 3.6.1 The definite demonstratives 60 3.6.2 The interrogative demonstratives 61 3.6.3 Indefinite reference 63 3.7 Adjectives 64 3.8 Body part nouns 66 3.9 Temporals 68 3.10 Root-level nominal suffixes 69 3.10.1 Another -ini 69 3.10.2 Characteristic -ngan 70 3.11 Nominal word-level suffixation and phrasal compounding 71 3.11.1 Oblique =bungan 71 3.11.2 Locative =lakgami 72 3.11.3 Source =ulang 75 3.11.4 Comitative =inyan 76 3.11.5 Privative b/m/d-ajan 77 3.11.6 Prominence =ji 78 3.11.7 Contrastive =jiyak 79 VB 4. Verbs 80 4.1 The verbal complex 80 4.2 Verb roots 81 4.2.1 Verb root ablaut 82 4.3 The prefix complex 83 4.3.1 The subject number prefix 86 4.3.2 The irrealis prefix 87 4.3.3 The future prefix 88 4.3.4 The imperfective reduplicative prefix 88 4.3.5 Cross-reference 89 4.3.6 Number marking and agreement 90 4.4 Tense, aspect and mood categories 92 4.4.1 The past perfective and the past imperfective 92 4.4.2 The present 93 4.4.3 The irrealis tenses 94 4.5 Verbal negation 97 4.6 Verbal suffixation 98 4.6.1 Here -iji 98 4.6.2 Durative =wany 99 4.6.3 Delimited =mirl 100 5. Syntax 102 5.1 Proposition classes and clause types 102 5.2 Cross reference and transitivity 102 5.3 Part-whole relations 105 5.4 Detransi tivi sati on 106 5.5 Phrasal verbs, inchoatives, and causatives 108 5.6 The noun phrase 112 5.7 Ascriptive, equational, existential and possessive propositions 113 5.8 Interclausal relations 115 5.9 Grammatical relations 116 Appendix A: Te xts 117 Texts on the activities and journeys of creative beings 117 Text 1: Old man Wanyjuwanyjuwa and his children 118 Text 2: The mermaid sisters (version a) 120 viii Text 3: The mennaid sisters (version b) 122 Text 4: The mennaid sisters (version c) 125 Autobiographical texts 132 Text 5: Working on Koolpinyah (account a) 132 Text 6: Working at Koolpinyah (account b) 135 Text 7: The bombing of Darwin 138 Text 8: Working at Linnguli (Humpty Doo Station) 144 Text 9: Working in Kununurra and Darwin 146 Text 10: The 1960s-1983 149 Appendix B: Vocabulary 155 Limilngan-English nominals 155 English-Limilngan nominals by semantic fields 168 Appendix C: Verb paradigms 174 Appendix D: Verbal complex paradigms 181 References 208 Tables and fi gures Tables Table 1.1: Potential Limilngan reflexes of PA verb roots 4 Table 1.2: Northern proto-pronouns and Limilngan prefixes 4 Table 2.1: Consonant phonemes 11 Table 2.2: Stop length measurements (in ms) 12 Table 2.3: Phonotactics 25 Table 3.1: The Limilngan noun class system 45 Table 3.2: Base pronoun paradigm 52 Table 3.3: =nijani 'alone, self' Pronoun paradigm 52 Table 3.4: Possessive pronoun paradigm 53 Table 3.5: Predicative possessive pronoun paradigm 53 Table 3.6: The demonstrative paradigms 59 Table 3.7: Adjectival prefixes 65 Table 3.8: Body part prefixes 66 Table 4.1: Potential auxiliary paradigms 82 Table 4.2: Intransitive prefix paradigms 84 Table 4.3: Transitive prefix paradigms with a 3rd person object 84 Table 4.4: Transitive prefix paradigms with a 3rd person subject 85 Figures Figure 3.1 Limilngan kinship terminology (man speaking) 57 Figure 3.2 Limilngan kinship terminology (woman speaking) 58 ix Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to thank Felix Holmes, without whom this grammar would not have been possible. He gave a great deal of time towards this project, much of it spent laboriously rechecking materials that he had already provided. Especial thanks must also go to Lena Henry. She provided much assistance, particularly with the identification of animal and plant names, kinship terminology, and with interpretation of textual materials. She, and her family, Eileen, William (dec), Samson, and Irene, have made me welcome over the years, and their contributions to various fieldtrips and fieldwork more generally have been much appreciated. For assistance with work in and around Darwin, I would like especially to thank David Ritchie and other staff at the Aboriginal Areas Protection Authority. The Authority supported much of the fieldwork on which this grammar is based. The staff also provided a convivial place to be, and helped with the development of analyses in many discussions. David Ritchie provided the materials on Felix's life history, which appear in this grammar, based on work of his own with Felix. He also provided more general information on the history of station life on and around Koolpinyah.
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