Strengthening Ties with Ivan Franko National University of Lviv
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STUDENT 1979 January
2 5 CENTS CANADA'S NEWSPAPER FOR UKRAINIAN STUDENTS Canadian University Press conference Nestor Makuch STUDENTaff iliates with student press STUDENT has tentatively been granted prospective membership status in the Canadian University Press (CUP). ( A motion, made upon the recommendation of an eight-person membership commission, to admit STU- DENT to CUP as a prospective member was passed by the plenary session of the one hundred seventy representatives from forty-seven different member newspapers attending the 41 st National CUP Conference, held in Edmonton from 26 December 1978 to 3 January 1979. However, in the last hours of the two-day plenary another motion presented by several members made Chevron issue has a lengthy history of Conference to insure that the Imprint STUDENT'S admission conditional two and one half years, and has would be able to uphold CUP's prin- upon the approval of the CUP National dominated the last two CUP National ciples. Executive, which is to examine Conferences. The matter came to a head 'Prospective membership" status is STUDENT'S application in greater detail at this year's conference following the essentially a 'probationary' period of and announce its decision by 31 March membership commission's examination membership during which the 1979. The motion passed the plenary on of the proceedings of a CUP investiga- newspaper involved enjoys all rights ancl the grounds that the initial debate on tion commission which had investigated obligations of full CUP members, except STUDENT'S admission had not been as charges that the Chevron had violated for voting privileges, for up to one year. -
Ukrainian Literature
UKRAINIAN LITERATURE A Journal of Translations Volume 2 2007 Ukrainian Literature A Journal of Translations Editor Maxim Tarnawsky Manuscript Editor Uliana Pasicznyk Editorial Board Taras Koznarsky, Askold Melnyczuk, Michael M. Naydan, Marko Pavlyshyn www.UkrainianLiterature.org Ukrainian Literature is published by the Shevchenko Scientific Society, Inc., 63 Fourth Avenue, New York, NY 10003, U.S.A. (tel.) 212–254–5130; (fax) 212–254–5239. Ukrainian Literature publishes translations into English of works of Ukrainian literature. The journal appears triennially both on the internet (www.UkrainianLiterature.org) and in a print edition. A mirror of the internet edition appears at www.shevchenko.org/Ukr_Lit. Ukrainian Literature welcomes submissions from translators. Translators who wish to submit translations for consideration should contact the editor by e-mail at [email protected]. Correspondence relating to subscriptions and the distribution of the printed journal should be addressed to the publisher (Shevchenko Scientific Society, Inc., 63 Fourth Avenue, New York, NY 10003, U.S.A.; tel.: 212–254–5130; fax: 212–254–5239). In matters relating to the content of the journal, its editorial policies, or to the internet version, please contact the editor by e- mail at [email protected]. ISSN 1552-5880 (online edition) ISSN 1552-5872 (print edition) Publication of this volume was made possible by a grant from the Ivan and Elizabeth Chlopecky Fund of the Shevchenko Scientific Society (USA). Copyright © Shevchenko Scientific Society, Inc. Contents Introduction: Maxim Tarnawsky 5 TARAS PROKHASKO The UnSimple Translated by Uilleam Blacker 7 VOLODYMYR DROZD “The Seasons” “Fame” “Everything All Over Again” Translated by Anatole Bilenko 59, 71, 79 VALERII SHEVCHUK Eye of the Abyss (Part 2) Translated by Olha Rudakevych 87 IVAN FRANKO Poem 20, 2nd Cycle from Ziv’iale lystia Translated by Ivan Teplyy 201 IVAN FRANKO “Khmelnytsky and the Soothsayer” Translated by Marta D. -
U.S. Scholars and Students in Ukraine 2019-2020
U.S. Scholars and Students in Ukraine 2019-2020 NEWSLETTER #24 September 2019 1 Fulbright Program in Ukraine Institute of International Education • Kyiv Office 20 Esplanadna Street, Suite 904, Kyiv, 01001, Ukraine Tel.: +380 (44) 287 07 77 [email protected] www.iie.org • www.fulbright.org.ua /Fulbright.Ukraine @fulbrightua /fulbright_ukraine 2 3 Dear Friends and Colleagues: Warm autumn greetings and a heartfelt This year is a banner year for the Institute of welcome to all our U.S. Fulbright scholars, International Education, the administrator fellows, students/researchers and English of the Fulbright Program in Ukraine, which teaching assistants in Ukraine for the 2019- celebrates its centennial as a global 20 academic year. educational institution. We will also toast 100 years of Ukraine’s cultural diplomacy, 2019 was a year of change, as Ukrainians as we mark the centennial of Leontovych’s elected a new president, went to the polls “Shchedryk”, (Carol of the Bells) with a gala to cast their votes for a new parliament concert in October. There will be many more and now have a new government; your events throughout the year which will show year promises to be interesting, as the richness of Ukraine’s history, the wealth Ukraine continues on its path of European and diversity of its culture. We will be happy integration, democracy building and to inform you of all these celebrations. economic reform, and as its citizens continue strengthening civil society, striving We wish you a stimulating and successful to build a better life for themselves and year in your professional endeavors and their children. -
Kyiv Kyiv Lviv Lviv ... Kyiv Kyiv Sumy ... Kyiv Zaporizhia Ternopil Kyiv
Rank University Town 1 National Technical University of Ukraine Kyiv Polytechnic Institute Kyiv 2 Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv Kyiv 3 Ivan Franko National University of Lviv Lviv 4 Lviv Polytechnic National University Lviv ... 5 Borys Grinchenko Kyiv University Kyiv 6 National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy Kyiv 7 Sumy State University Sumy ... 8 National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine Kyiv 9 Zaporizhzhya National University Zaporizhia 10 Ternopil State Medical University Ternopil 11 National Pedagogical Dragomanov University Kyiv 12 O.M. Beketov National University of Urban Economy in Kharkiv Kharkiv ... 13 V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University Simferopol 14 National Mining University Dnipro ... 15 V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University Kharkiv 16 Vinnytsia National Technical University Vinnytsia 17 National University of Pharmacy Kharkiv 18 National Aviation University Kyiv ... 19 Odessa National University Odesa ... 20 Melitopol State Pedagogical University Melitopol 21 National University of Food Technologies Kyiv 22 Uman State Pedagogical University Uman 23 National Technical University Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute Kharkiv ... 24 Ternopil National Economic University Ternopil 25 Tavria State Agrotechnological University Melitopol 26 Yaroslav Mudryi National Law University Kharkiv 27 Kremenchuk Mykhailo Ostrohradskyi National University Kremenchuk 28 Bukovinian State Medical University Chernivtsi 29 National University of Ostroh Academy Ostroh 30 Dnipropetrovsk National University -
Religious Elements in the Novels of Emma Andiyevska and Toni Morrison
Religious and Sacred Poetry : An International Quarterly of Religion, Culture and Education No. 4 (4) October-November-December 2013 pages 139 - 153 LÛDMILA VÌKTORÌVNA UGLÂJ [(ЛЮДМИЛА ВIКТOРIВНА УГЛЯЙ), LÛDMILA VIKTOROVNA UGLÂJ, (ЛЮДМИЛА ВИКТОРОВНА УГЛЯЙ), LYUDMYLA VIKTORIVNA UHLYAY] (Ukraine) E-mail: lv_uhlyay[at]mail.ru and ÌVAN MIKOLAJOVIČ ZIMOMRÂ [(IВАН МИКОЛАЙОВИЧ ЗИМОМРЯ), ÌVAN NIKOLAEVIČ ZIMOMRÂ, (ИВАН НИКОЛАЕВИЧ ЗИМОМРЯ), IVAN MYKOLAYOVYCH ZYMOMRYA] (Ukraine) E-mail: zimok[at]ukr.net Religious Elements in the novels of Emma Andiyevska and Toni Morrison 1. The Role of Religion in Ukrainian Writings In fiction religious beliefs have a symbolic, as well as psychological and emotional meaning1, which explains a constant interest of various national literary systems in these problems. As far as Ukrainian literature is concerned, it should be underlined that emphasis is placed here primarily on the moral and ethical content of the Christian doctrine. Thus the images of Christ, of the Virgin Mary, and, what is more, biblical stories and motifs are organically woven into the structure of the texts. In Ukrainian writings religion plays an especially important role. It is actu- ally demonstrated by the multi-genre art of Petro Hulak-Artemovsky, Taras Shevchenko, Panteleymon Kulish, Yuriy Fedkovych, Mykhaylo Starytsky, Ivan Franko, Olha Kobylyanska, Pavlo Hrabovsky, Mykhaylo Kotsyubynsky, Lesya 1 C. Brooks, Community, Religion, and Literature: Essays, Columbia 1995, p. 17; А.М. Лещенко, Роль мистецтва в процесі становлення релігійної віри, «Мультиверсум: філософський альма- нах. Збірник наукових праць», відп. ред. В.В. Лях, р. 2008, № 72, p. 234 [A.M. Leŝenko, Rol′ mistectva v procesì stanovlennâ relìgìjnoї vìri, «Mul′tiversum. Fìlosofs′kij al′manah. -
Literary History Conceptions of B
Journal of Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University 92 Stepan Khorob http://jpnu.pu.if.ua Vol. 6, No. 2 (2019), 92-98 UDC 82(091):821.161.2 doi: 10.15330/jpnu.6.2.92-98 LITERARY HISTORY CONCEPTIONS OF B. LEPKY STEPAN KHOROB Abstract: The article addresses the issue of the methodological conceptualism developed by Ukrainian literary historian Bohdan Lepky. The analysis proves that his textbook Nacherk istorii ukrainskoi literatury (An Essay on the History of Ukrainian Literature) retains its literary value and its place among the textbooks and study guides published in the first half of the 20th century. Keywords: B. Lepky, national writings, methodology, conceptions, history of Ukrainian literature. It appears that until recently, only literary critics have been able to discuss the activity of Bohdan Lepky as a historian of Ukrainian national literature. And it does not look as if it had been their main scientific interest (see the literary critical essays of Zenon Kuzela, Vasyl Simovych, Mykola Ilnytskyi, Roman Hromiak, Volodymyr Kachkan; and the general critical reviews of Mykola Yevshan, Bohdan Romanenchuk, Marian Kozak, Mykhailo Naienko, Oleksa Myshanych). The scholars who studied Bohdan Lepky’s literary-historical legacy often made references to the works of Ivan Franko, Dmytro Chyzhevsky, Mykhailo Vozniak, Yevhen Pelenskyi; the latter discussed, in one way or another, the factor of methodological conceptualism in the history of Ukrainian literature. Yet the methodological conceptions of Bohdan Lepky as a historian of Ukrainian literature have not been studied comprehensively. Now, in the light of researches carried out by national literary critics and diaspora scholars (Serhiy Yefremov, Mykola Zerov, Pavlo Fylypovych, Dmytro Chyzhevsky, Leonid Biletsky, Mykola Hnatyshak, Yevhen Pelenskyi, Marian Jakóbiec), the importance of this aspect of Bohdan Lepky’s activity has become evident; it is clear that the study of his methodological instruments requires a new approach. -
波蘭亞捷隆大學 Jagiellonian University
Created: 2010.10 Last Updated: 2018.08.03 波蘭亞捷隆大學 Jagiellonian University 校園圖片 校園所在位置 Capital Campus 簡介1 亞捷隆大學(波蘭文:Uniwersytet Jagielloński,英 文:Jagiellonian University), 前身為克拉科夫學院(波蘭文:Akademia Krakowska,英文 Cracow Academy), 創建於西元 1364 年 5 月 12 日,波蘭國王卡齊米日三世(Kazimierz Wielki,英文 Casimir the Great) 當時在首都克拉科夫市( Kraków / Cracow)創建克拉科夫學院, 並於 1400 年正式改制為大學,成為波蘭首學。現今,約八十萬人口的克拉科夫 市擁有著近 20 萬位大學生,以及 23 所高等院校,為名符其實的大學城。 曾於亞捷隆大學求學之相關歷史名人有:天文學家哥白尼(Mikołaj Kopernik / Nicolaus Copernicus)、卡羅、沃伊蒂瓦(Karol Wojtyła,已故教宗若望 1 http://ppt.cc/azV8 1 Created: 2010.10 Last Updated: 2018.08.03 保祿二世 John Paul II)、人類學大師馬林諾夫斯基(Bronisław Malinowski)、諾 貝爾文學獎得主辛波絲卡(Wisława Szymborska,曾於此校就學,但未畢業)等。 亞捷隆大學各學院分散座落於市區,其中的 Collegium Maius 是全波蘭最古老的 大學建築,現已成為博物館。 背景說明(關係建立) 2010 年 10 月 28 日國際事務委員會審查通過(4 票)。兩校代表曾於 2010 年 9 月在法國南特舉辦的歐洲教育者年會中會晤。此外,該校校長 Prof. Dr. Wojciech Nowak 與中東及遠東研究所所長 Ks dr hab. Krzyszto Koscielniak、前任 所長暨現任波蘭駐馬來西亞、汶萊、菲律賓大使 Prof. dr hab. Adam W. Jelonek 等 3 人,於 2014 年 9 月 1 日由教育部代表陪同來訪本校。 規模2 1. Number of students in the academic year 2017/2018:43,961 students:38,860 Post diploma students:2,105 PhD students:2,996 2. Number of programmes of study and specialisations fields of study:86 Specialities:117 faculties:16 3. Number of staff (including Medical College) – FTE:7199 academic teachers:3811 professors (ordinary): 271 professors (extraordinary): 388 visiting professors:0 docents:0 adjunct academics:1885 assistants:685 2 http://www.en.uj.edu.pl/en_GB/about-university/facts-and-figures 2 Created: 2010.10 Last Updated: 2018.08.03 lecturers and senior lecturers:491 language teachers and instructors:70 certified librarians, information and documentation staff:21 others:3388 組織建制 1. -
Mathematics Calendar
Mathematics Calendar Please submit conference information for the Mathematics Calendar through the Mathematics Calendar submission form at http://www.ams.org/cgi-bin/mathcal-submit.pl. The most comprehensive and up-to-date Mathematics Calendar information is available on the AMS website at http://www.ams.org/mathcal/. March 2010 the department of Mathematics, Kakatiya University, in collabora- tion with the Von Karman Society, West Bengal, India. The conference 1–May 28 Doc-Course IMUS, IMUS, University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain. (Dec. 2009, p. 1478) will encompass the general area of wave mechanics and vibrations. The mathematical modeling procedures in this area contribute to a 8–12 AIM Workshop: Mock Modular Forms in Combinatorics and considerable number of engineering and health care problems over Arithmetic Geometry, American Institute of Mathematics, Palo Alto, a large number of length scales. The objective of the conference is to California. (Jun./Jul. 2009, p. 770) bring together scientists, engineers, and researchers on a common 8–12 Graphs and Arithmetic, Centre de recherches mathématiques, platform for “knowledge transfer”. Université de Montréal, Pavillon André-Aisenstadt, 2920, Chemin de Information: http://www.kakatiya.ac.in, www.kuwarangal. la tour, room 5357, Montréal (Québec) H3T 1J4, Canada. com. 8–12 Workshop on Graphs and Arithmetic, Centre de recherches mathématiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada. (Oct. 2009, 14–17 2010 Interpore Conference and Annual Meeting, Texas A&M, p. 1148) Mar 2010, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas. (Feb. 2010, p. 304) 8–June 11 Long Program: Model and Data Hierarchies for Simu- lating and Understanding Climate, Institute for Pure and Applied 15–19 Arizona School of Analysis with Applications, University of Mathematics (IPAM), UCLA, Los Angeles, California. -
The Phenomenon and Poetry of the New York Group: Discourses, Disguises, and Liminality
THE PHENOMENON AND POETRY OF THE NEW YORK GROUP: DISCOURSES, DISGUISES, AND LIMINALITY MARIA G.REWAKOWCZ A thesis submitted in confonrgty with the requirernents for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Graduate Department of SIavic Languages and Literatures, in the University of Toronto National Library Bibliothèque nationale a*i of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. nie Weilimglan OttawaON KlAON4 OnawaON KlAûN4 canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence aiiowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/fïlm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni La thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be p~tedor otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduit. sans son permission. autorisation. Canada ABSTRACT THE PHENOMENON AND POETRY OF THE NEW YORK GROUP: DISCOCTRSES, DISGUISES, AND Lih4INALITY Maria G. Rewakowicz Doctor of PMosophy 200 1 Graduate Department of Slavic Languages and Literanires The New York Group is a circle of Ukrainian avant-garde émigré poets, most of whom began to wcite and publish in the second halfof the 1950s in New York City. -
CIUS Newsletter (2020)
focus ON UKRAINIAN STUDIES CIUS Newsletter 2020 Second International Conference on Canadian Studies Canada–Ukraine: Past, Present, Future 12–13 September 2019 Chernivtsi, Ukraine The Conference is organized by the Ramon Hnatyshyn Canadian Studies Centre at Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University in cooperation with the Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies at the Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi University of Alberta, Edmonton, National University the Embassy of Canada in Ukraine, 2 Kotsiubynsky Street and the Embassy of Ukraine in Canada. Chernivtsi 58012 Ukraine For more information please contact Dr. Vitaliy Makar, Director of the Presentation and donation of books published by the Petro Jacyk Program for the Study Посольство України в Канаді Embassy of Canada in Ukraine Canadian Studies Centre, at: Embassy of Ukraine in Canada Ambassade du Canada en Ukraine of Modern Ukrainian History and Society (Jacyk Program) at the Stefanyk Ciscarpathian Ambassade d’Ukraine en Canada Посольство Канади в Україні [email protected] National Univ., Ivano-Frankivsk, on 5 November 2019. CIUS organized or co-sponsored many events L-r: Oksana Dmyterko, Jacyk Program; Oleh Pavlyshyn, Lviv Franko National Univ.; Halyna over the course of 2019–20; see pages 16–18. Horban, Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast Universal Scientific Library; Yaroslav Hrytsak, Jacyk (Poster designs by Halyna Klid/CIUS) Program; Liubov Fedyk, Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast Library; and Volodymyr Velykochyi, Stefanyk National Univ. In this issue (Credit: Jacyk Program) CIUS programs in focus: 1 Digital Archives Project CIUS News: Archival acquisition of new CIUS Digital Archives Project: 2 Rudnytsky materials Holodomor Research and Education Challenges and achievements 3 Consortium 4 Director’s message Formally launched in 2016, the CIUS Digital Archives Project builds on a long history Visit to Ukraine by U of A Dean of Arts of philanthropy and collaboration. -
Interconf» | № 67 Geological Narrative of Historical
SCIENTIFIC COLLECTION «INTERCONF» | № 67 DOI 10.51582/interconf.19-20.07.2021.050 Stasyuk Olena Ph.d doc. Of the department of Architecture and Conservation “Lviv Politechnic’ National University, Ukraine Bornyak Ulyana Ph.d doc. Of the department of Mineralogy, Petrography and Geochemistry Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Ukraine GEOLOGICAL NARRATIVE OF HISTORICAL GALICIAN CEMETERIES IN TERMS OF RESTORATION Abstract. The historic cemetery is an integral part of the architectural landscape of each city, the confirmation of ideology, the spiritual and economic life of its time. Cemeteries dating back to the second half of the 18th century have been preserved in many cities of Galicia. Now we call them historical cemeteries. Most of them are no longer in use and are filled not only with historical but also artistic monuments made mainly of stone. Such cemeteries require constant care and uninterrupted supervision. Preserving the physical substance of these cemeteries is a great challenge and a difficult task. To do this, it is necessary to conduct mineralogical and petrographic studies of the stone material of the historic cemeteries of Galicia. The state of preservation of natural stone, which is most common in the historical cemeteries of Galicia, was analyzed, the types of this stone damage were investigated. Also, preventive measures to preserve the stone material of the historic cemeteries of Galicia are proposed. Keywords: architecture, restoration, cemetery, heritage, work of art, natural stone, geology Our ancestors, having accepted Christianity for the burial of the dead, adapted to the traditions of the new religion. It was also a way of honoring the deceased which was customary to bury (od sanctos) in the holy land - in the church or near it. -
HISTORY of UKRAINE and UKRAINIAN CULTURE Scientific and Methodical Complex for Foreign Students
Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine Flight Academy of National Aviation University IRYNA ROMANKO HISTORY OF UKRAINE AND UKRAINIAN CULTURE Scientific and Methodical Complex for foreign students Part 3 GUIDELINES FOR SELF-STUDY Kropyvnytskyi 2019 ɍȾɄ 94(477):811.111 R e v i e w e r s: Chornyi Olexandr Vasylovych – the Head of the Department of History of Ukraine of Volodymyr Vynnychenko Central Ukrainian State Pedagogical University, Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate professor. Herasymenko Liudmyla Serhiivna – associate professor of the Department of Foreign Languages of Flight Academy of National Aviation University, Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate professor. ɇɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɨɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɧɢɣɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɨɡɝɿɞɧɨɪɨɛɨɱɨʀɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɢɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɨʀɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɿɧɢ "ȱɫɬɨɪɿɹ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɬɚ ɭɤɪɚʀɧɫɶɤɨʀ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɢ" ɞɥɹ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɿɜ, ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɨʀ ɧɚ ɡɚɫɿɞɚɧɧɿ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɨʀ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɿɤɢɬɚɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɨɝɭɦɚɧɿɬɚɪɧɢɯɧɚɭɤ (ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥʋ1 ɜɿɞ 31 ɫɟɪɩɧɹ 2018 ɪɨɤɭ) ɬɚɫɯɜɚɥɟɧɨʀɆɟɬɨɞɢɱɧɢɦɢ ɪɚɞɚɦɢɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɟɬɿɜɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɭ, ɥɶɨɬɧɨʀɟɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɿʀɬɚɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹɩɨɜɿɬɪɹɧɨɝɨɪɭɯɭ. ɇɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɩɨɫɿɛɧɢɤ ɡɧɚɣɨɦɢɬɶ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɿɜ ɡ ɿɫɬɨɪɿɽɸ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ, ʀʀ ɛɚɝɚɬɨɸ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɨɸ, ɨɯɨɩɥɸɽ ɧɚɣɜɚɠɥɢɜɿɲɿɚɫɩɟɤɬɢ ɭɤɪɚʀɧɫɶɤɨʀɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨɫɬɿ. ɋɜɿɬɭɤɪɚʀɧɫɶɤɢɯɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯɬɪɚɞɢɰɿɣ ɭɧɿɤɚɥɶɧɢɣ. ɋɬɨɥɿɬɬɹɦɢ ɪɨɡɜɢɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɪɢɬɭɚɥɿɜ ɿ ɜɿɪɭɜɚɧɶ, ɹɤɿ ɧɚ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɨɦɭ ɟɬɚɩɿ ɧɚɛɭɜɚɸɬɶ ɧɨɜɨʀ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɿ. Ʉɧɢɝɚ ɪɨɡɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ ɩɪɨ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɧɿ ɫɜɹɬɚ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ: ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɿ, ɪɟɥɿɝɿɣɧɿ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɿ, ɧɚɪɨɞɧɿ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɪɿɡɧɿ ɩɚɦ ɹɬɧɿ ɞɚɬɢ. ɍ ɩɨɫɿɛɧɢɤɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɿ ɪɿɡɧɨɦɚɧɿɬɧɿ ɞɚɧɿ ɩɪɨ ɮɥɨɪɭ ɿ ɮɚɭɧɭ ɤɥɿɦɚɬɢɱɧɢɯ