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Identification of Insects, Spiders and Mites in Vegetable Crops: Workshop Manual Loopers Chrysodeixis Spp
Important pests in vegetable crops This section gives descriptions of common pests found in Australian vegetable crops. They are listed according to the insect order they belong to. Moths and butterflies (Lepidoptera) Heliothis (corn earworm, tomato budworm, native budworm) Helicoverpa spp. Heliothis larvae feed as leaf eaters and bud and fruit borers on a wide range of plants, including many weeds. Adults lay round, domed, ribbed eggs that are cream when newly laid, turning brownish (‘brown ring’ stage) as they mature. Larvae grow up to 40 mm long and vary in colour from green through yellow and brown to almost black, with a pale stripe down each side. The moths have a wing span of 35–45 mm. Heliothis moth at rest These are some examples of heliothis damage to vegetable crops: • On lettuce and brassicas, larvae feed on the outer leaves or tunnel into the heart of the plant. • In tomato crops, eggs are laid on the leaves, flowers and fruit. Young larvae burrow into flowers causing them to fall and they cause pinhole damage to very young tomato fruit. Older larvae burrow into the fruit, creating holes and encouraging rots to develop. • In capsicum, larvae feed on the fruit and the seed inside the fruit. Eggs are laid mainly on leaves, but also on flowers and buds. Heliothis eggs on tomato shoot • In sweet corn, eggs are laid on the silks and leaves. Larvae feed on the developing grains on the cob, sometimes on the leaves and often inside the tip of the corn cob. • In green beans and peas, the larvae feed on the flowers, pods and developing seed inside the pods. -
Spinosad Controls a Range of Lepidopteran Pests in Crucifers in Australia
The management of diamondback moth and other crucifer pests Spinosad controls a range of lepidopteran pests in crucifers in Australia Paul Downard Dow AgroSciences (Australia) Ltd, Locked Bag 502 Frenchs Forest NSW 1640, Australia [email protected] Abstract Spinosad is one of the most widely used products for control of diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) in Australia. Since the launch of Success* Naturalyte* in 1999, it has rapidly gained wide acceptance in all crucifer growing areas of the country. This has occurred, not only because spinosad is highly effective against diamondback moth, but because it also controls several other important lepidopteran pests such as heliothis (Helicoverpa spp.), cabbage white butterfly (Pieris rapae), cabbage centre grub (Hellula hydralis) and cabbage cluster caterpillar (Crocidolomia pavonana) at rates which provide growers with excellent value for money. Spinosad is highly active against loopers (Chrysodeixis spp.) and affords some control of cluster caterpillar (Spodoptera litura) and onion thrips (Thrips tabaci). There is no diamondback moth resistance to spinosad in Australia, the product has a favourable toxicological profile and it is selective to a range of beneficial predators and parasitoids. The value of insect control is best gauged by assessing the quality of produce at harvest of the crop. In a small scale trial, a crop of broccoli infested with P. rapae, P. xylostella, S. litura and C. pavonana received a programme of six applications of spinosad at 7-10 day intervals. Spinosad at 48 g ai/ha resulted in 97.2% marketable heads, not significantly different (P>0.05) from the standard, prothiophos, at 750 g/ha which gave 100% marketable heads. -
Potential of Parasitoids for the Control of Cabbage Moth in Augmentative Releases
OF t5- ll-ö POTENTIAL OF PARASITOIDS FOR THE CONTROL OF CABBAGE MOTH IN AUGMENTATIVE RELEASES Herminanto M.S. (The University of Jenderal Soedirman, Purwokerto, Indonesia) A thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Agricultural Science in the Department of Applied and Molecular Ecology, Faculty of Agricultural and Natural Resource Sciences, Adelaide University November 1995 Revised September 2001 ll TABLE OF CONTENTS Page DECLARATION v ABSTRACT vi ACKNOWLEDMENTS vii 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 2.0 REVIEW OF LITERÄTTJRE .... 8 2.L Introduction 8 2.2 The cabbage moth (Plutelln xylostelaL.) 10 2.2.I Introduction 10 2.2.2 Biology t2 2.2.3 Control measures 2t 2.3 Role of parasitoids in insect pest management 4I 2.3.I Introduction ....... 4L 2.3.2 Utilisation of parasitoids ..... 42 2.3.3 Classical biological control 43 2.3.4 Augmentation 47 2.3.5 Conservation 55 2.4 The parasitoid Cotesìn plutellae Kurdjumov 60 2.4.I Introduction 60 2.4.2 Morphology and life history 6I 2.4.3 Host range 6t 2.4.4 Hyperparasitoids ...... 63 2.5 The parasitoid Díadegma semiclausun Helen 63 2.5.1 Introduction 63 2.5.2 Morphology and life history 63 2.5.3 Host range 65 i 2.5.4 Hyperparasitoids 65 I lll 3.0 EFFBCTIVEI{ESS OF PARASITOIDS AT VARIOUS PARASITOID DENSITIES AGAINST DIFFERENT HOST INSTARS 67 3.1 Introduction 67 3.2 Materials and Methods 68 3.2.1 Insect source 68 3.2.2 Parasitoid effectiveness 68 3.3 Results and Discussion 72 3.3.1 Rate of parasitism 72 3.3.2 Killing capacity 75 3.3.3 Searching efficiency 79 3.3.4 Number of encounters 80 4.0 EFFECT OF CONSTANT TEMPERATLTRES PARASITISATION, DEVELOPMENT, SLZE AND FECITNDITY OF PARASITOIDS 83 4.1 Introduction 83 4.2 Materials and Methods ...... -
Bt Crops: Predicting Effects of Escaped Transgenes on the Fitness of Wild Plants and Their Herbivores
Environ. Biosafety Res. 2 (2003) 219–246 © ISBR, EDP Sciences, 2004 DOI: 10.1051/ebr:2003014 Bt crops: Predicting effects of escaped transgenes on the fitness of wild plants and their herbivores Deborah K. LETOURNEAU1,*, Gaden S. ROBINSON2 and Joy A. HAGEN1 1 Department of Environmental Studies, University of California, Santa Cruz, USA 2 Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, London, UK One prominent concern about genetically modified crops is the possibility of environmental impacts from the movement of fitness-enhancing traits to wild plant populations. Decisions to deregulate Bt crops in the USA have relied strongly on arguments that these crops will not interbreed with wild relatives in the permitted growing regions. Limited attention therefore has been directed to analyses of the consequences of gene flow. To provide a transparent evaluation process for risks associated with insecticidal transgene escape, we crafted a series of questions designed to guide this aspect of the risk assessment. We then explored the current knowledge base available for answering such risk-related questions for three Bt crops (cotton, rapeseed, and rice). First, we generated a list of wild relatives of these crops. A definitive list of potential transgene recipients is not yet possible for some crops. Sufficient data are not available for some crops to eliminate certain related plant species from consideration of fertile hybrid formation, thus making lists for these crops subject to speculation. Second, we queried the HOSTS database (UK) to obtain a worldwide listing of lepidopteran species that feed on these crops and their wild relatives, and to determine the host range of the larvae. -
Host Specificity of Cotesia Rubecula and Cotesia Plutellae, Parasitoids of White Butterfly and Diamondback Moth
Biology of Fruit and Vegetable Pests 236 HOST SPECIFICITY OF COTESIA RUBECULA AND COTESIA PLUTELLAE, PARASITOIDS OF WHITE BUTTERFLY AND DIAMONDBACK MOTH P.J. CAMERON and G.P. WALKER New Zealand Institute for Crop and Food Research Ltd, Private Bag 92169, Auckland ABSTRACT Cotesia rubecula and Cotesia plutellae were assessed as potential biological control agents for white butterfly (Pieris rapae) and diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella), respectively, in New Zealand. Some literature records indicated a wider host range for C. plutellae compared with C. rubecula. The specificity of these parasitoids was evaluated by rearing collections of Lepidoptera from natural parasitoid habitats overseas, and by laboratory testing of their host preferences for related Lepidoptera and species from brassica habitats. C. rubecula showed strong preferences for white butterfly and developed in no other species. This parasitoid has now been released and its effectiveness and specificity are being confirmed in the field. Whereas C. plutellae demonstrated preferences for diamondback moth in oviposition rate and suitability for development, it was capable of developing in several other Lepidoptera in the laboratory. Current laboratory tests require very careful interpretation for predicting the field host range of species such as C. plutellae. Keywords: Host-specificity, parasitoids, white butterfly, Pieris rapae, diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella INTRODUCTION Recent attempts to improve biological control of vegetable brassica pests in New Zealand led to the consideration of Cotesia rubecula (Marshall) and Cotesia plutellae Kurdjumov (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) as candidates for introduction against white butterfly (Pieris rapae L.) and diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella (L.)), respectively. Information on their host specificity obtained from the catalogue compiled by Shenefelt (1972) indicated that C. -
Subject Index
Index (unless species name stated otherwise, all index words apply to diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella) Symbols B 3-V strategy 230 Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) 3, 6, 17, 21, 29, 104, 109, 206, 14-deoxyandrographolide 134 294, 298, 302, 314 effects on eggs 109 A in Hawaii 295 Abamectin 18, 28, 75 in Victoria, Australia 294 AC303,630 19, 190 effect on Diadegma sp. 314 Acephate 104, 107 genetic traits of resistance 303 safety to Cotesia plutellae 107 resistance mechanisms 206 Acetylcholinesterase 201 stability of resistance 302 Action threshold 158 susceptibility due to stress factors 298 Agree® 67, 69 (see Bacillus thuringiensis) studies of inheritance 302 Agrotis ipsilon 3, 86, 173, 281 transgenic crops 23 Agrotis sp. 38 in IPM program 257 Agrotis ypsilon 3 (see Agrotis ipsilon) field resistance monitoring system 332 Allozymic polymorphism 322 Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai (Bta) 17, 107, 158, Alternative agriculture 10 295 Amaranthus 313 Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki 17, 288 Amaranthus viridis L. 233 Bacillus thuringiensis var. entomocidus HD-110 207 Aminocarb 28 Bacilex® 303 (see Bacillus thuringiensis) Amitus sp. 80 Barbarea vulgaris R. Br 90 Anaphaeis java 279 Basaris itea ex Australia 86 Andrographis paniculata 134 Bassaris itea F. 86, 279 antifeedant activity 136 Bean aphid (see Aphis fabae) Anopheles gambiae 221 Beauveria bassiana 17 Anti-resistance strategy 185 Beet armyworm (see Spodoptera exigua) Ants, Tapinoma melanocephalum 236 Bemisia argentifolii Apanteles eriophyes (Nixon) 56 biological control 78 Apanteles halfordi Ullyett 56 Benzoylureas Aphanogmus fijiensis (Ferrière) 58 in resistance management 227 Aphanogmus reticulatus 312 Berteroa incana (L.) D.C. 90 Aphid development Biobit® 104, 314, 332 (see Bacillus thuringiensis) on brassica species/cultivars 288 Biodynamic farming 7 Aphidoletes aphidimyza 284 Biological control 8, 21, 26, 71 Aphids in Benin 312 population score 37 in Central Kenya 37 Aphis fabae 19, 173 in Indonesia 262 Apis mellifera 174 in Kenya 47 Argyropylax sp. -
Witchelina Reserve SA 10–23 October 2010
BUSH BLITZ SPECIES DISCOVERY PROGRAM Witchelina Reserve SA 10–23 October 2010 Australian Biological Resources Study What is Contents Bush Blitz? What is Bush Blitz 2 Abbreviations 2 Summary 3 Bush Blitz is a four-year, multi-million dollar Introduction 4 partnership between the Reserve Overview 5 Australian Government, Methods 6 BHP Billiton and Earthwatch Results 8 Australia to document plants Discussion 11 and animals in selected Appendix A: Species Lists 19 properties across Australia’s Fauna 20 Vertebrates 20 National Reserve System. Invertebrates 27 Flora 34 This innovative partnership Appendix B: Threatened Species 41 harnesses the expertise of many Fauna 42 of Australia’s top scientists from Flora 43 museums, herbaria, universities, Appendix C: Exotic and Pest Species 45 Fauna 46 and other institutions and Flora 47 organisations across the country. Glossary 49 Abbreviations ANIC Australian National Insect Collection EPBC Act Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Commonwealth) IBRA Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia NPW Act National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 (South Australia) NRS National Reserve System 2 Bush Blitz survey report Summary A two week Bush Blitz biodiversity survey was Five species that are listed under South conducted at Witchelina Reserve in South Australia Australia’s National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 during October 2010. In total, 695 species were (NPW Act) as of conservation significance identified, of which 475 had not previously been were documented at Witchelina, all for the recorded at the reserve. Added to existing records, first time. Eichler’s Saltbush (Atriplex eichleri), 928 species are now known from this area. Of Lee’s Swainson‑pea (Swainsona leeana), Western these, 175 are putative species new to science, Tar‑vine (Gilesia biniflora) and Australian Broomrape including 1 gecko (Gekkonidae), 27 bees and (Orobanche cernua var. -
A Species List and Bibliography of the Insects Recorded from Norfolk Island
ISSN 1031-8062 ISBN 0-7313-9500-X A Species List and Bibliography ofthe Insects Recordedfrom Nor:folk Island C.N. Smithers Technical Reports of the Australian Museum Number 13 TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM Editorial Committee: The Australian Museum's mission is to increase understanding of, and influence public debate on, the Chair: J.M. Leis (VERTEBRATE ZooLOGY) natural environment, human societies and human interaction with the environment. The Museum has V.J. Attenbrow (ANTHROPOLOGY) maintained the highest standards of scholarship in these D.J. Bickel (INVERTEBRATE ZooLOGY) fields for more than 100 years, and is one of Australia's G.D. Edgecombe (PALAEONTOLOGY) foremost publishers of original research in anthropology, geology and zoology. A.E. Greer (VERTEBRATE ZooLOGY) The Records of the Australian Museum (ISSN 0067- F.L. Sutherland (GEOLOGY) 1975) publishes the results of research that has utilised G.D.F. Wilson (INVERTEBRATE ZooLOGY) Australian Museum collections and studies that relate in other ways to the Museum's mission. There is an emphasis on research in the Australasian, southwest Pacific or Indian Editor: S.F. McEvey Ocean regions. The Records is released as three issues of [email protected] one volume annually, volume 50 is published this year. Monographs are published about once a year as Records Director: D.J.G. Griffin of the Australian Museum, Supplements. Supplement 24 (ISBN 0-7313-8807-0) was published in June 1998. Catalogues, lists and databases have, since 1988, been published as numbered Technical Reports ofthe Australian Museum (ISSN 1031-8062). Technical Report number 13 was published in 1998. -
Spymaster 300 WG Insecticide LEAFLET
SPYMASTER 300 WG – 16PP LEAFLET FLAT SIZE: 332 MM WIDE X 448 MM DEEP FOLDS TO: 83 MM WIDE X 112 MM DEEP FILENAME: 84786/111430_LEAFLET_MPL_V1 DATE: 01/10/2017 SCALE SIZE: PRINT AT 50% ON A4/75% ON A3 PAPER FARMALINX CROP PEST RATE CRITICAL COMMENTS. Apricot, Apply by dilute or concentrate spraying equipment. Apply the same total amount of product to the target crop whether applying this product by Nectarine, Peaches, dilute or concentrate spraying methods. Refer to Application section of the label. Spymaster 300 WG Plums Budworms (Helicoverpa spp.) Dilute spraying: Target sprays against eggs and newly hatched larvae before they become INSECTICIDE 25 g/100 L water entrenched. A maximum of 3 applications of SPYMASTER 300 WG is to be applied at 10 day intervals to each crop. Further treatments should be made DIRECTIONS FOR USE: Concentrate with alternative mode of action insecticides (non-group 22A). Thorough Restraints spraying: coverage is essential. Best results are obtained with SPYMASTER 300 WG DO NOT apply if rainfall is expected within 2 hours of application. Refer to Mixing/ treatments are applied consecutively. DO NOT use on container, hydroponic, greenhouse or glasshouse grown crops. Application section DO NOT apply within 20 m upwind of water bodies. Oriental fruit moth (Grapholita molesta) Thorough coverage is essential. When treating the first generation, apply DO NOT apply by aircraft (tomatoes excepted). the initial treatment before 110 Degree Days after Oriental fruit moths are DO NOT apply less than 300 m (aerial application) or 80 m (ground application) upwind of land potentially producing feed for livestock. -
Identification of Insects, Spiders and Mites in Vegetable Crops Sue Heisswolf, Iain Kay and Walsh Bronwyn Workshop Manual Second Edition PR10–5258
Employment, Development Economic Innovation and Employment, Development Economic Innovation and Department of Identification of insects, spiders and mites in vegetable crops Workshop manual Second edition Sue Heisswolf, Iain Kay and Bronwyn Walsh PR10–5258 First published 1997 Second edition 2010 © The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2010. Commercial and non-commercial reproduction: The Queensland Government supports and encourages the dissemination and exchange of information. However, copyright protects this document. The State of Queensland has no objection to this material being reproduced or made available online or electronically, but only if it is recognised as the owner of the copyright and this material remains unaltered. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice. The copyright owner shall not be liable for technical or other errors or omissions contained herein. The reader/user accepts all risks and responsibility for losses, damages, costs and other consequences resulting directly or indirectly from using this information. Enquiries about reproduction, including downloading or printing the web version, should be directed to [email protected] or telephone 13 25 23 (Queensland residents) or +61 7 3404 6999. Contents Acknowledgements iii Introduction 1 Workshop summary 2 Field collection list 3 Collecting and preserving 4 Collecting techniques 4 Killing the insects 4 Mounting and preserving your insects 4 Labels 5 Collecting and preserving -
A DNA-Based Approach to Study Predator-Prey Trophic Interactions
irr r,lo1 t f L A DNA-based approach to study predator-prey trophic interactions within Brassica crops: a search for predators of diamondback moth (Plutella xylostellal Reza Hosseini A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of PhilosoPhY Department of Plant and Food Sciences Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Wine Adelaide UniversitY September 2007 To my wife "sharareh" and daughter "Romina" Table of Contents Chapter 1: Literature Review and Aims of Study... 1 1. Introduction .......... 1 2. Brassica crops and their pests I 2.I Pieris rapae (Linnaeus) J 2.2 H e li c ov e rp a pun cti g er a (W allengren) . .. 4 2.3 Hellulq hydralis Guenée 5 2.4 B r ev i coryn e br as s i c ae (Linrøeus) .... ....... 5 2.5 Myzus persicae (Sulzer)..... 6 3. Biology, ecology and management of diamondback moth '.. 7 3.1 Diamondback moth as a pest 7 3.2 Life cycle ............ 8 3.3 Host plants 1 I 3.4 Seasonal dynamics and migration. 11 3.5 Mortality factors affecting diamondback moth l2 3.6 IPM of diamondback moth.. 13 4. Role of natural enemies in IPM of diamondback moth........ 13 4. I Pathogens............ .14 4.2 P arcsitoids................. 15 15 5. Assessment of a predator's potential to control a pest .... 18 5. I Functional response ............... t9 5.2Prey preference t9 5.3 Predator exclusion .... .20 5.4. 1 Introduction and augmentation ........'.... 2l 5.4.2 Removal techniques............. 2I 5.4.3 Direct observation............... 2t 5.4.4 Chemical evidence of natural enemy feeding...'..'... -
Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
Chemical Ecology and Management of Yellowmargined Leafbeetle Microtheca ochroloma Stal (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) by Rammohan Balusu A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Auburn University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Auburn, Alabama August 6, 2011 Copyright 2011 by Rammohan Balusu Approved by Henry Fadamiro, Chair, Associate Professor of Entomology Arthur Appel, Alumni Professor of Entomology David Held, Assistant Professor of Entomology Joseph Kloepper, Professor of Plant Pathology Abstract Cruciferous vegetable production is an important industry in Alabama and other parts of the southern United States (U.S.). Many farmers in the region grow various kinds of cruciferous crops (e.g., turnip, radish, mustard, napa cabbage, cabbage, collards, arugula, and Japanese leafy vegetables, such as mizuna and mibuna) as mixed cropping systems in the spring and fall using organically acceptable practices. The yellowmargined leaf beetle, Microtheca ochroloma Stål (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is the most damaging pest of organic cruciferous crop production in the region. The goals of this project are to investigate the ecology of M. ochroloma and develop alternative and organically acceptable management practices, in particular biorational insecticides and attractant-based strategies for managing M. ochroloma in the southern U.S. In chapter II, I investigated the mechanism of host plant selection and preference in M. ochroloma. The host plants investigated were napa cabbage (Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis cultivar Minuet F1), collards (Brassica oleracae var. acephala cultivar champion), cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata cultivar Farao F1), and turnip (Brassica rapa var. rapa cultivar purple top white globe). The results showed that turnip and napa cabbage are highly preferred by M.