Brassica information kit Reprint – information current in 2004
REPRINT INFORMATION – PLEASE READ! For updated information please call 13 25 23 or visit the website www.deedi.qld.gov.au
This publication has been reprinted as a digital book without any changes to the content published in 2004. We advise readers to take particular note of the areas most likely to be out-of-date and so requiring further research: • Chemical recommendations—check with an agronomist or Infopest www.infopest.qld.gov.au • Financial information—costs and returns listed in this publication are out of date. Please contact an adviser or industry body to assist with identifying more current figures. • Varieties—new varieties are likely to be available and some older varieties may no longer be recommended. Check with an agronomist, call the Business Information Centre on 13 25 23, visit our website www.deedi.qld.gov.au or contact the industry body. • Contacts—many of the contact details may have changed and there could be several new contacts available. The industry organisation may be able to assist you to find the information or services you require. • Organisation names—most government agencies referred to in this publication have had name changes. Contact the Business Information Centre on 13 25 23 or the industry organisation to find out the current name and contact details for these agencies. • Additional information—many other sources of information are now available for each crop. Contact an agronomist, Business Information Centre on 13 25 23 or the industry organisation for other suggested reading. Even with these limitations we believe this information kit provides important and valuable information for intending and existing growers. This publication was last revised in 2004. The information is not current and the accuracy of the information cannot be guaranteed by the State of Queensland. This information has been made available to assist users to identify issues involved in brassica production. This information is not to be used or relied upon by users for any purpose which may expose the user or any other person to loss or damage. Users should conduct their own inquiries and rely on their own independent professional advice. While every care has been taken in preparing this publication, the State of Queensland accepts no responsibility for decisions or actions taken as a result of any data, information, statement or advice, expressed or implied, contained in this publication. 311
INDEXINDEXINDEX
A Australian Insecticide Resistance Action Committee 216 acid soils 160 AUSVEG 113 action threshold 194 Avcare 258 agricultural booksellers 287 Agrotis spp. 210 B Agsafe 25 B. juncea 263 air-blast sprayer 52 B. napus 263 Albugo candida 230, 271 B. oleracea 263 ALGA 258 B. rapa 263 alternaria Babylon 16 thiram treatment 235 Bacillus thuringiensis Alternaria brassicicola 20, 148, 230 19, 52, 57, 198, 206, 298 alternaria seedling blight centre grub control 210 hot water treatment 233 control of cabbage white butterfly 211 alternaria spot 19, 20, 230 DBM resistance to 216 amaranthus 48, 242 Chapter 7 bacterial diseases Apanteles 219 monitoring for 191 Aphanomyces raphani 271 bacterial head rot 19, 55 aphids 17, 52, 55, 150, 189, 220 control 231 control of 214 problems 64 guidelines for spraying 196 bacterial head rots 57, 189, 231 monitoring for 191, 214 bacterial leaf diseases 57 natural enemies 198 bacterial leaf scald 136, 149, 227 parasitised 219 hot water treatment 233 turnip mosaic virus 232 bait stations 58 apple of Peru 238 ballhead cabbage 127 Approved Supplier Program 30, 107 packaging 66 AQIS 32, 73 bana grass 41 AQIS Certification Assurance 109 barley 44 AQIS offices 284 bed forming 46 AS2507-1998 standard 25 Bemisia tabaci 212 assassin bugs 198 beneficial insects 218 Atomic 16 suppliers 280 Australian Centre for Agricultural Health Bidens pilosa 239 and Safety 115, 149
GROWING GUIDE: Brassica grower’s handbook 312 Chapter 7 biological control 197 water requirements 173 control of silverleaf whitefly diamondback moth 205 yield/prices 8 213 heliothis 208 brown bead 58 carpet grass 42 biological insecticides 198, 206 brussels sprouts 120, 264 cartons birds 53 buttoning 122 in pallets 69 control of heliothis 208 labelling 68 bitter cress 119 C waxed fibreboard vegetable 66 black leg 19, 148, 226 cabbage caterpillar 17, 55, 188, 220 hot water treatment 233, 235 average yield 63 at planting 34 black rot 19, 20, 52, 55, calculating spacing 40 Cauldron 16 133–137, 139, 141, 149, control of aphids 214 cauliflower 150, 174, 188, 227 control of thrips 212 alternaria spot 230 hot water treatment 233 cooling and storage 65 average yield 64 monitoring for 191 ethylene damage 65 bacterial head rots 231 blackberry nightshade 238 grading 66 calculating spacing 40 bolt tolerant 135 green varieties 133 cooling and storage 65 boom sprayers 245 growth cycle 126 disease handy guide 303 boron 51, 156 harvesting 61, 63 downy mildew 229 deficiency 158 heliothis control 207 grading, packing 66 foliar fertiliser rates 165 hot water treatment 233 gross margin 90 Botrytis 230 marketing 71 growth cycle 126 brassica monitoring nutrients 166 handy guide 302 pest handy guide 304 packaging 66 harvesting 61, 63 Brassica oleracea planting/harvesting times 35 hot water treatment 233 var. botrytis 120 quarantine 72 marketing 71 var. capitata 120 red varieties 137 monitoring nutrients 166 var. italica 120 savoy varieties 136 peppery leaf spot 228 Brassica tournefortii 238 seedlings 151 planting/harvesting times 35 Brassicaceae family 119 sugarloaf varieties 135 quarantine 72 brassicas, weed management 239 tensiometer irrigating 59 tensiometer irrigating 59 Brevicoryne brassicae 214 time to maturity 39, 129 time to maturity 39, 130 broad-spectrum insecticides 19 transport 69 transport 69 broadleaf weeds 54, 238 turnip mosaic virus 232 turnip mosaic virus 232 management of 242 varieties 38, 127 varieties 38, 128, 138 broccoli water requirements 173 water requirements 174 average yield 63 yield/prices 4 yield/prices 6 bacterial head rots 231 zonate leaf spot 228 cauliflower mosaic virus 231 calculating spacing 40 cabbage cluster caterpillar 17 CDA sprayers 246 cooling and storage 64 control 208 centre grub 17, 52, 205 ethylene damage 65 guidelines for spraying 196 control of 209 grading 66 cabbage white butterfly 17, 55 monitoring for 192 gross margin 10 control of 211 ChemCert 24, 279 growth cycle 126 guidelines for spraying 196 ChemClear 258 harvesting 61, 63 monitoring for 191 chemical control 199 hot water treatment 233 calabrese 128 diamondback moth 207 ice pack 68 calcium 45 of heliothis 208 marketing 71 deficiency 157 chemicals monitoring nutrients 166 fertigation amounts 164 application 52 packaging 66 management 154 safe storage 25 pest handy guide 298 calculate the number of plants 41 spray failure 23 planting/harvesting times 35 calibrating sprayers 252 suppliers 278 producing/marketing costs 10 capacitance probes 179 Chenopodium album 238 quarantine 72 Cape Horn 38 Chinese broccoli 264 seedlings 151 capital costs 83 Chinese cabbage 230, 264 tensiometer irrigating 59 Capsella bursa-pastoris 238 chloride 44 time to maturity 39, 131 carbamate 19, 57, 207, 216 Chlorthal-dimethyl 48, 241 transport 69 choy sum 264 varieties 38, 128, 142 clay soils 45
GROWING GUIDE: Brassica grower’s handbook Index 313 climate 11 damping off 19, 52, 148, 223 Enviroveg 31, 113 club root 19, 20, 37, 52, 55, damsel bugs equipment costs 12 153, 174, 187, 225 control of aphids 214 equity 84 controlling 225 Dangerous Goods Safety Manage- Eretmocerus 219 prevent spread of 20 ment Act 116 Erwinia 20, 231 cluster caterpillar 17, 55 Datura spp. 238 Escale 16 control 208 deadnettle 238 establishment fertiliser 162 guidelines for spraying 196 degree days 130 ethylene 65 monitoring for 191 Diadegma 198, 219 EurepGAP 31, 112 cobbler’s peg 239 centre grub control 210 excessive cultivation 43 codes of practice 112 Diadegma semiclausum 205 export 32 ‘coffin’ ice pack 28, 66 Diadegma wasps 206 export associations 284 common sowthistle 239 Diadromus collaris 219 container-grown transplants 146 diagnostic services 279 F contour drain 42 diamond back moth F.O.R.M. 87, 90, 93 controlled droplet applicator 52 monitoring for 191 F1 hybrid varieties 121 copper deficiency 161 pheromone trap 192 farm hygiene 187 copper foliar fertiliser rates 165 diamondback moth farm safety 31, 115 corkiness 158 3, 17, 23, 52, 55, 56, 203, 219 Farmcare Code of Practice 113 corn earworm 207 at planting 34 Farmsafe Queensland 115 Coronopus didymus 238 guidelines for spraying 196 FarmsafeAustralia 118 costs insecticide resistance 215 fat hen 22, 48 example of total 84 life cycle 204 fertigation 164 typical production costs 79 management 205 fertiliser 25, 59, 161 Cotesia 198, 219 monitoring 195, 204 establishing the crop 50 control of heliothis 208 direct seeding 16, 38, 48, 146 establishment 26, 47, 162 Cotesia glomerata 211 direct suppliers 105 foliar 164 couch 42 discolouration 159 rates for NPK mix 162 cover crops 44, 154 Discovery 16 requirements for various soils Crocidolomia pavonana 208 disease management 55, 223 51 crop checklist 232 side dressing 163 cover 44 diseases 17, 57 suitable for fertigation 164 direct seeded 48 broccoli handy guide 299 time of application 163 establishing 50 foliar 227 fertilising seedlings 149 monitoring 56 soil-borne 223 field layout 46 rotation 36, 37, 42 virus 231 fixed costs 83 scheduling 39 dolomite 43, 45, 162 fluorescent dye 249 scout 56 downy mildew foliar diseases 189, 227 time to maturity 39 19, 52, 148, 150, 229 foliar fertilisers 164 crop monitoring 189 hot water treatment 235 Food Marketing Institute 108 action threshold 194 monitoring for 191 food safety 102 chemical control 199 drip irrigation Food Safety Standards 105 how to 191 maintenance of 180 forage sorghum 41, 44 insect traps 192 drumhead 127 forced-air cooling 28, 64 what is involved? 190 drumMUSTER 258 Frankliniella occidentalis 211 crop scheduling 128 ducks 17 freezing injury 65 curd E Fremont 16 discolouration 133 Freshcare 29, 30, 107, 113 initiation 122 egg parasitoids 219 frosts 35 cutworm 17, 52 electric fence 53 Fumaria spp. 238 control of 210 Electrical Safety Act 116 fumitories 238 monitoring for 192 Encarsia 219 fungal seed infections 149 Cyperus rotundus 238 Endeavour 38 fungicides D environmental management effective use 235 111, 282 fungus 224 daikon 265 Environmental Management furrow irrigation 171 Damage Mitigation Permit 53 System (EMS) 30 Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. Enviroscan® 169, 180 conglutinans 226
GROWING GUIDE: Brassica grower’s handbook 314 Chapter 7 fusarium yellows hollow stem 133, 158 K 133, 134, 135, 136 horseradish 265 hot water seed treatment kale 120, 264 G 149, 233 Kameron 16, 38 kangaroos 17 Galinsoga parviflora 239 hoverfly larvae kikuyu 42 glossary of terms 81 control of aphids 214 knots and swellings on roots 52 government services 286 hybrid cultivars 132 knotweed 48, 238, 242 grading standards 65 hydraulic boom sprayers 23, 52 kohlrabi 120, 265 grass weeds 21, 54, 242 hydraulic nozzles 247 green cabbage varieties 133 hydrocooling 28 L green manure crops 44 systems 64 labour needed 13 green peach aphid I control of 214 lacewings 52, 198 insecticide resistance 214, 215 ice packs 27 control of aphids 214 Greenbelt 16 broccoli 8 lady beetles 198 grey mould 19, 230 'coffin' 28 control of aphids 214 gross margins 82 in pallets 69 ladybirds 52 winter broccoli 93 polystyrene 67 Lamium amplexicaule 238 winter cabbage 87 ideal temperature 34 land preparation 41, 46 winter cauliflower 90 impact sprinklers 35 leaf analysis 26, 60 grower associations 277 Indian hedge mustard 119 monitoring nutrients 166 growth cycle 121 indirect suppliers 105 leaf miner 150, 204 growth stages insect management in the field leaf scald 19, 20, 52, 228 sensitivity to pests 196 202 Leptospaeria maculans 224, 226 grubs, controlling 18 insect pests 56 lesser swinecress 238 gypsum 43, 45, 158, 162 insecticide resistance levies 71 application rates 153 managing 214 lime 43, 45, 162 minimising risk 216 application rates 153 H insecticides Lipaphis erysimi 214 London rocket 238 H. punctigera 207 impact on pests & natural ‘Longlife’ bags 28 HACCP 29, 107, 113, 117 enemies 222 lucerne 42 quality assurance schemes 108 internet sites 292 lures 280 hard pans 43, 45 Interstate Certification Assurance hares 17 109 M harvesting 61 interstate movement 285 techniques 62 IPM 18, 21, 56, 184 machinery requirement costs 12 times 35, 131 action level table 196 magnesium 45 head rots 20, 133 advantages 186 deficiency 158 Helicoverpa armigera 207 iron management 154 heliothis 17, 23, 55, 56, chelate 161 Malva parviflora 238 150, 188, 205, 206 deficiency 161 Managing Farm Safety program at planting 34 foliar fertiliser rates 165 31, 117 biological control 208 sulphate 161 manganese control 207 irrigation 35, 156 deficiency 160 guidelines for spraying 196 drip, trickle 171 foliar fertiliser rates 165 insecticide resistance 215 furrow 171 toxicity 161 monitoring for 191 management 168 manure–animal 44 natural enemies 198 monitoring system 172 MAP pheromone trap 192 overhead 170 fertigation amounts 164 Hellula hydralis 209 scheduling 36, 58 market information 282 herbicides solid-set 49 marketing 32, 34, 70 handy guide 306 ISO 14001 31, 112 chain 101 minimise use of 22 ISO 9002 109 different strategies 98 options 266 pre-emergent 48, 54 J damage 22 overseas 72 strategies for weed manage- Japanese mustard spinach 264 plans 96 ment 239 journals and magazines 292
GROWING GUIDE: Brassica grower’s handbook Index 315 markets domestic 71 optimum leaf levels 166 pheromone traps 190, 192 for profit 78 removal table 156 phosphatic fertilisers 153 volume 78 supplementary requirements phosphogypsum 45, 153 wholesale 71 163 phosphorous 26 markets business directory 292 total requirements table 162 phosphorus 51, 154, 162 Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) nutrition 152 deficiency 157 24 fertigation amounts 164 melon thrips 211 O phytosanitary certificate 32, 72 insecticide resistance 215 oats 44 Pieris rapae 211 Metolachlor 48, 240 Ombudsman 283 pigweed 48, 238 mice 58 onion thrips 211 pirate bugs Microplitis 219 optimum leaf nutrient levels 166 control of aphids 214 control of heliothis 208 organic additives 154 plant testing 281 mist sprayer 52 organic grower associations 277 plant types 119 mizuna 264 organic matter–increasing 154 planting 16 modified atmosphere packaging organochlorine 207, 216 arrangement 40 28 organophosphates 19, 57, decisions 186 molybdenum 51, 158, 160 207, 216, 222 times 34, 35, 131 foliar fertiliser rates 165 control of silverleaf whitefly when to plant 128 monitoring 58 213 plants action threshold 194 overhead sprinkler systems 170 calculate the number 41 crops 191 Oxyfluorfen 48, 239 calculating spacing 17, 40 log 196 irrigation when young 35 system 172 P pests and diseases 34 tensiometer 59 packing 65, 66, 67 root system 120 MRL 24 modified atmosphere 28 stunted 19 mummies 219 two-row arrangement 68 Plasmodiophora brassicae 225 mustard greens 264 pak choy 264 Plutella xylostella 203 Mycosphaerella brassicicola 229 pallets 69 Polygonum aviculare 238 Myzus persicae 214 parasitic wasp 52, 198, 205 polystyrene ice pack 67 Portulaca oleracea 238 N parasitoids 219 alternative food source 220 post-emergence grass herbicides narrow spectrum insecticides 19 important 221 54 national associations 277 pastures 42 postharvest weed management natural enemies 198, 218 pathogens 220 243 effectiveness of 220 Pendimethalin 48, 240 potassium 26, 51, 156, 162 impact of insecticides 222 peppercress 119 deficiency 157, 227, 229 nematodes 227 peppery leaf spot 19, 20, 228 fertigation amounts 164 Neptune 38 Peronospora parasitica 229 sap testing for 167 nettles 238 pest and disease management side dressing 163 Nicandra physalodes 238 37, 52, 183 supplementary requirements nitrogen 26, 44, 51, pest control 163 149, 154, 156 contact details 279 potato weed 239 deficiency 156 pesticides pre-emergent herbicides 22, 48 fertigation amounts 164 compatibility 251 pre-planting sap testing for 167 safe disposal 258 weed management 238 side dressing 163 storage 256 predators 198, 220 supplementary requirements pests 17, 18, 55 alternative food source 220 163 animal 53 important 221 NPK fertilisers 158 brassica handy guide 304 predatory bugs nut grass 238 broccoli handy guide 298 control of heliothis 208 nutrients cauliflower handy guide 302 problem identification 56 availability 153 insect 56 product identification 106 leaching 163 management in the field 202 production management of 155 pH 45 designing the system 188 monitoring 166 soil nutrition 152 selecting the right time 188
GROWING GUIDE: Brassica grower’s handbook 316 Chapter 7 production in Queensland 2 rows, spacing 40 Solanum nigrum 238 profits runoff 42 solid-set irrigation 49 maximising 76 Solubor 159 Propachlor 48, 240 S Sonchus oleraceus 239 Pseudomonas 20 salt levels 36 sowthistle 22 Pseudomonas chichorii 228 salt toxicity 161 Speedling trays 148 Pseudomonas spp. 231 sap analysis 26, 60, 167 spiders 198, 205, 220 Pseudomonas syringae pv. savoy cabbage 127 control of heliothis 208 maculicola 228 packaging 66 spinosad 216 Pteromalus puparum 211 varieties 136 Spodoptera litura 208 Pteromalus species 219 Scerotinia sclerotiorum 224 spray accreditation 24 publications 292 sclerotinia rot 19, 20, 55, 189 records 25 pumpkin, as cover crop 44 monitoring for 191 spray application 244 pycindia 226 sclerotium base rot 19, 227 spray drift 251, 252 pycnidia 229 Sclerotium rolfsii 227 sprayers pyrethroid 57, 207 seed company identification 133 boom 245 control of silverleaf whitefly seed, hot water treatment 149 calibration of 252 213 seed suppliers 277 CDA 246 Pythium 148, 223 seedling nurseries 278 cleaning 255 hot water treatment 235 seedlings hydraulic boom 52 selecting the sprayer 245 Q container-grown 148 damping off 223 spraying 18 QFVG 113 fertilising 149 effect on crop 19 QRAA 96 grow your own 146 keeping records 25 quality 16 hot water treatment 233 selecting insecticides 215 assurance 282 protection 150 sprinklers assurance standard 29 raising mix 148 jet size 35 management 29, 71 ready for planting out 151 young plants 35 of product for profit 77 transplanting 49, 150 SQF 1000CM 108 variety characteristics 132 seeds SQF 2000CM 108 quality assurance systems direct seeding 146 stem girdling 102, 104 Sshepherd’s purse 57, 119, 238 in transplants 45 costs 109 side dressings 163 stem rot 224 quarantine, interstate 72 sideshoots 133 sticky traps 190, 192 silverleaf whitefly positioning 193 R 17, 55, 56, 188, 219 yellow 193 radish 265 control of 213 sugarloaf cabbage 38, 127 Raphanus raphanistrum 238 guidelines for spraying 196 income 4 Rapistrum rugosum 238 insecticide resistance 215 packaging 67 record keeping 98 monitoring for 191 varieties 135 red cabbage 127 single knocker 35 sulphate of ammonia 158 packaging 67 Sisymbrium irio 238 sulphur 156, 158 varieties 137 site selection 187 fertigation amounts 164 references 289 weed management 237 Sunrise 38 Registered Export Establishment slope 11 superphosphate 158 (REE) 32, 72 small-flowered mallow 238 sweet corn, as cover crop 44 reports 291 sodic soils 45 SWOT 97 Rhizoctonia 148, 154 sodium molybdate 160 SWOT for brassica industry 3 hot water treatment 235 soil 11, 34 synthetic pyrethroids Rhizoctonia solani 223 analysis at planting 45 19,216,222 riceyness 126 erosion 42 T ring spot 19, 229 getting ready 152 ripping 43 preparation 42 tachinid fly 219 rodenticide 58 testing 281 root galls 52 soil-borne diseases 223 roots, swollen 19 soil-borne fungus 227 rotation crops 42 Solanaceae 240
GROWING GUIDE: Brassica grower’s handbook Index 317
control of heliothis 208 selecting 39, 189 X taproot 120 Viper 16 target spot 19, 135, 230 virus diseases 231 Xanthomonas campestris pv. temperatures 16 VMDA 258 campestris 227 effect on growth 126 Y tensiometers 58, 174 W guide for irrigation 59 wallabies 17 Yellow Pages 288 installing 176 Warrior 16, 38 yellow sticky traps to control reading 177 wasp parasites 198 thrips 212 troubleshooting problems 178 wasp parasitoids 206 yellows 19, 226 testing services 281 control of aphids 214 yield range 63 thiram treated seed 235 water 174 yields 27 thornapples 238 conductivity threshold Z thrips 17, 55, 188, 205, 220 12, 168 control of 211 for fertigation 164 zinc deficiency 160 guidelines for spraying 196 logging 160 zinc sulphate heptahydrate Thrips palmi 211 quality 26, 36, 149 159, 160 Thrips tabaci 211 requirements 26, 172 zinc sulphate monohydrate 160 tipburn 58, 132, 134, 137, 174 runoff 42 zonate leaf spot 19, 20, 228 tomato grub 207 saline 36 trace element deficiencies stress 58 foliar fertiliser rates 165 supply 11 trace elements 51, 158 testing 281 trace-back 106 water sensitive cards 249 transplanting 17 watermelon, as cover crop 44 container-grown plants 146 waterways 42 decisions 38 waxed cartons 67 seedlings 49 weed management 237 transport 69 in direct-sown plants 241 traps 280 postharvest 243 Trichogramma 198, 219 weed seedbanks 237 control of heliothis 208 weeds 21 Trichogramma pretiosum broadleaf 238 219, 221 control 54 trickle irrigation 35, 171 management strategy 36 Trifluralin 48, 242 pre-emergent herbicides 48 triticale 44 seed bank 21 turnip aphid 214 Western flower thrips 56, 211 turnip mosaic virus 231 insecticide resistance 215 turnip weed 48, 119, 238 white blister 230 turnips 265 whitefly 220 U wholesaler information 283 wild radish 48, 57, 119, 238 under watering 174 wild turnip 57, 119, 238 urea 44, 51 wilting 65 fertigation amounts 164 wind 41 Urtica spp. 238 wirestem 19, 52, 224 wireweed 238 V withholding period (WHP) 24 Australian Centre for Agricultural Woolworths Quality Assurance Health and Safety 48 Standard 108 varieties 127 Woolworths Vendor Quality broccoli 142 Management Standard 30 cauliflower 138 workplace health and safety 279 descriptions 133 obligations 31, 116 listing 38 Workplace Health and Safety Act 116
GROWING GUIDE: Brassica grower’s handbook 318 Chapter 7
GROWING GUIDE: Brassica grower’s handbook 297
Chemical Handy GUIDESGUIDESGUIDES
The Chemical Handy Guides list common pests and diseases of brassicas and the chemicals registered or on permit for their control in Queensland. A handy guide for brassica herbicides is also included. Withholding periods are indicated for individual chemicals. The Chemical Trade Name Handy Guide lists the trade names and the registration status in the different states of Australia of chemicals listed in the Chemical Handy Guides. These registrations and APVMA permits are current in August 2004, but are subject to continuous change. Always check the label or permit before purchase or use of a product to ensure that the product complies with regulations in your state and to ensure it endorses use on your brassica crop. Note that before using a chemical under
ChapterAPVMA permit, 6 you must hold a copy of that permit and follow its directions.
Disclaimer This is a guide only. The product label is the official authority—use it to confirm all data relating to use of a chemical. In no event shall the authors or their respective organisations be liable for any damages whatsoever resulting from use of the data in this handy guide.
GROWING GUIDE: Brassica grower’s handbook 298 Chemical handy guide Chapter 6
Chemical handy guide—broccoli pests phorate