Policy Brief 006

MASSIVE VOTER EDUCATION AS

A PIVOTAL PREVENTIVE TOOL

TO VIOLENCE IN 2021 ELECTIONS IN ;

A QUESTION OF ELECTION FUNDING

By

Kayemba Joseph

Luttamaguzi JohnBosco

Kiberu Jonah

Kibira Vicent

September 2020

Preventing Election Violence in Uganda

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Executive Statement candidates or aspirants, special even in the post-election periods as a

Voter education is an important interest groups such as youth, result of candidates being dissatisfied

women, People with Disabilities and aspect that promotes the credibility with the election results, voter other stakeholders. To avoid of an election as it empowers bribery, vote rigging and other forms committing the same mistakes and of election fraud. citizens with knowledge on how to ferocity over and over, massive voter exercise their right to vote in any Uganda’s elections have been education is not optional and huge election with acceptable voter commercialized and are presumed funding must be accorded priority. behaviour and integrity. In the to be an investment for returns with a minimum investment period of previous General Elections in Candidates and aspirants should five years and unknown payback strictly follow the guidelines of the Uganda, violence was cited at period and thus losing an election is almost every level of election. Electoral Commission and have seen as though it is a taboo. voter safety and security Election periods are critical Voters are used to handouts and management plans approved by the moments that need a tactical petty gifts like sugar, soap, maize Electoral Commission in order to approach to register free, fair, safe flour, beans, cooking oil and other maximize the safety and credibility and secure elections. It is the consumables in exchange for their of 2021 elections. mandate of the Electoral votes. Failure to give out these BACKGROUND AND Commission to organize, conduct Background and Introduction handouts by the aspiring candidate INTRODUCTION and supervise free and fair elections. may result into no success registered. Article 1 of the Constitution of This trend kicks out competent but The Covid-19 pandemic situation Uganda provides that “All power financially handicapped would-be has dictated the scientific manner in belongs to the people who shall leaders from the political race but which the 2021 elections have to be exercise their sovereignty in only to choose incapable though organized by embracing and accordance with the constitution”, financially strong candidates. Voters observing all the Standard Operating and that is; “The people shall are so ignorant about the Procedures(SOPs) emphasized by express their will and consent on consequences of voting incompetent the Ministry of so who shall govern them and how they leaders, the adverse effects of voter as to permit secure and safe should be governed through regular, fraud and electing opportunists. They elections. This necessitates the use free and fair elections of their are naive of what to consider before of law enforcement officers during representatives or referenda”. The choosing candidates who are not elections coupled with the massive Electoral Commission (EC) has the suitable for high profile leadership civic education even on the polling mandate to organize, conduct and positions. Voters are used as vessels days to minimize election violence. . supervise free and fair elections. This for political success and later on Sensitization should be extended to is usually done after five years under dumped. Voters are the major all stakeholders including the normal circumstances. The election victims as they sometimes lose their electorates, polling officers, security period in Uganda is such exciting but lives while fighting for their dear agencies, election observers, tensional. Sometimes elections are candidates. One of the causes of this, marred by chaos and irregularities is the insufficient voter education.

2 www.gatewayresearchcentre.org For an election to be successful and voter . In the elections expecting huge returns democratic, voters must; (i) recently concluded party primaries, upon political success. Aspiring understand their rights and malpractices and violence were candidates are the masterminds of responsibilities (ii) have sufficient intense. Perpetrators of violence election violence since they lead knowledge of the election process were imprisoned and some sustained their electorates to violence upon following the election road map and injuries. These consequences dissatisfaction. Practices of (iii) understand the roles and indicate that there is need for sectarianism, malice, defacing acceptable voter behaviour before, massive voter education as the posters, abusing others, beatings and during and after elections. pivotal preventive tool to 2021 other demeanors reduce the

election violence because Uganda credibility of elections. „In every general election, the needs free, fair, secure and safe Electoral Commission usually Election violence especially in urban credible elections. This has always endeavours to improve its centers of Kampala, Wakiso, Jinja, been and still remains the major goal performance and service delivery Arua, Bushenyi, Mbarara, Mbale, of the Electoral Commission. Gulu, Lira and in suburbs and though there is always insufficient funding to have the best level of trading centres, involves fighting Election violence in Uganda voter education which accentuates such as between voters (voter to To win elections in Uganda, it has the existence of several controllable voter), voter to election officials, become a ‘do or die’ scenario. loopholes in pre, during as well as in agent to agent, agent to election Candidates do whatever it takes to post-election periods. These include officials, voter to security officers, emerge winners in politics. This election violence which the EC can voter to candidate and candidate to involves use of violence to distort overcome if voter education is candidate physical fighting. These the normal voting process by intensely funded to create a consequently lead to loss of lives, unscrupulous candidates by remarkable change in voter body impairments and disabilities, creating loopholes to dishonestly behaviour. Even though the election damages and nullification of the win elections. On many occasions, processes often involve polls. The physical assaults, aspiring candidates ferry voters from malpractices, loss of lives and damages and cancellation of the other areas who cause confusion and ascension of incompetent leaders elections not only cause personal, violence at the polling stations into power, it is inevitable to have family or community setbacks but claiming they are denied their right them since they are conventionally precede economic inhibitions to the to vote for their candidate or they the most trusted virtuous features of country. This is because the create anarchy if their candidate a modern democratic society. Electoral Commission has to loses. The main fueling factor for Election violence was evident in the organize by-elections that call for election violence and malpractices general elect ions of 2001, 2006, huge financial injections and hence it is the mentality that politics is a 2011 and 2016 and it is most likely has to make supplementary source of wealth and employment. to happen in 2021 if there is no adjustments in its budget to manage Aspiring candidates invest a lot of massive injection of funding in such circumstances and this is a money in nation-wide mockery

www.gatewayresearchcentre.org 3 to its reputation. This calls for they decide to revenge during the services like roads, hospitals, water Electoral Commission‟s intervention campaign period as though it is an sources are constructed don‟t to invigorate voter education to opportune time to benefit from the perform well and hence districts lag outwit politicians who may use leaders by asking for material gifts. behind in development. voters‟ ignorance to carry out No wonder, candidates are at times Possible legal implications violence in elections. lured to borrow and finance their upon violent voter behavior elections. Eventually, they have to During campaigns and election days, Most of the voters are not aware of ensure the debts are repaid. This is there is a lot of excitement among the implications of election Election Malpractices and their why they do not find time to voters as they portray their support to malpractices. This is why such impact on service delivery by mobilize resources for their candidates through awkward acts tendencies like voter bribery occur leaders electorate to develop their areas due such as over speeding, burning car without forecasting the to pressure to recover the amounts tires, over drinking hence repercussions. The Electoral spent in elections. Elections in endangering their lives. By law, all Commission and other key players Uganda have become a business as these are illegal though voters are in elections should ensure that the some people have a false belief that unaware of the legal implications electorate is aware of the possible joining politics is a passport for from the misbehavior or misdeeds forms of voter bribery or election getting free money. during election periods. There are anomalies and how these can be cases where voters resort to fighting avoided. It is unlikely that the leaders can during elections. This sometimes provide the needed services yet they Voters are for example bribed with results into imprisonment and trial or have to encroach on the coffers of material items such as sugar, liquid indictment in courts of law and their respective offices or cash and domestic consumables in a families of the accused are bound to departments in order to recoup the bid to induce them to support certain suffer the consequences of their amount lost during elections. Thus, candidates. The voters presume the family member(s) being elections are an investment to the election period as a money making incarcerated. Others end up selling extent that candidates first calculate period while candidates consider it a off their property when they are the expected returns on investment in period of sowing seeds of gold. asked to pay some money to be politics for the subsequent five years Voters deduce that they vote to send released on bail and yet such money before they decide to contest. Such people in political offices to „eat may not be available. leaders can‟t be productive to the money‟ rather than service delivery. community since they largely The Electoral commission can With the disappointments, become introverts; they use all the exercise its mandate to curb such funds for personal benefits rather occurrences and salvage the situation than social development. That‟s why only if there is sufficient funding of leaders such as voter education across Uganda. A lot Chairpersons (LCs) who are supposed to ensure that social

4 www.gatewayresearchcentre.org of lessons should be drawn from Given the complexity and sensitivity follow campaigns on media other African countries such as the of electoral processes, it is of great platforms since it is expensive in post-election violence of 2017 in importance that all electoral actors terms of buying internet data bundles Kenya, 2019 in Democratic are acquainted with the procedures and some have no TVs and radios. Republic of Congo, 2018 in and have relevant, timely and Potential voters may lose the passion Zimbabwe and others like Guinea accurate information, in particular to vote unless the Electoral Bissau, Cameroon, Cote d‟Ivoire, about the registration, polling and Commission does intensive Nigeria, Angola, Sierra Leone, counting processes (IDEA, 2018). nationwide voter education prior to Gambia and Mali (NAI, 2013). Adequate knowledge and skills voting days for a reputable election These have had many ill-behaved about the electoral process reduce process. electorates ending up in prison and the likelihood of procedural Election Irregularities in the in some instances others killed in the anomalies that may arise. Previous Elections process of post-election violence. Voter education should continue In the 2016 general elections, fifteen Strengthening Voter even during post-election periods. million two hundred seventy-seven Education: A Catalyst to a Families breakup, relationships end, thousand one hundred ninety-eight Reputable Election Process in bankruptcy, hatred, loss of jobs (15,277,198) were the confirmed 2021 The goal of voter education is to arises and therefore to preclude such registered voters. With a voter make information available and circumstances, there has to be a turnout of 67.62% for the accessible to all voters. Voter strong voter education for Uganda to presidential elections, the total education campaigns should seek to attain a reputable election process in number of ballot papers counted achieve universal coverage of the 2021. The Electoral commission were 10,329,131, the total number of electorate (Birch S & Muchlinski D, resolved that due to the breakdown valid votes cast was 9,851,812, 2018). To do this effectively, it of COVID-19 pandemic in Uganda rejected (invalid) ballot papers requires reaching out to the and the world at large, 2021 477,319, spoilt ballots 29,005 (EC, disadvantaged groups as well as elections will inevitably be scientific August 2016). There were 135 mainstream voters. For example, and strong measures have been put in parliamentary election petitions filed voter education should take into place to control the spread of the in the High Court and 85 Local account factors such as high rates of virus. However, the electorates need Government Council election illiteracy or the use of different much voter education to minimize petitions filed in courts of law. languages. Effective and the violation of regulations towards Comprehensive voter education is having safe and secure elections. The common grounds for the needed to improve stakeholders’ There will be no public rallies and petitions following the general participation in the electoral gatherings but rather use media parliamentary elections included process and promote principles of houses like TVs, radios and social among others; bribery by candidates, democratic governance. media. It‟s not easy for people to fighting and vote rigging. The high

5 www.gatewayresearchcentre.org numbers of invalid and spoilt votes Policy Recommendations to Covid-19 social distancing and other with low voter turnout and high Prevent Violence in 2021 health regulations. There is need to rates of voter bribery by candidates General Elections in Uganda have daily announcements across all are attributed to inadequate voter i) The general elections should be media houses and platforms on education due to the limited budget considered a project such that they prevention of election violence. The allocation accorded to the activity are funded and executed in phases. EC can also use Short Message during the election period. A total of Voter education should form a Service (SMS) to convey 805 National and 101 International strong part of the election project information about elections on Press while 1,436 national observers and thus huge funding should be cellphones. and 404 International Election solicited. Credit has to be accorded iii) Develop and disseminate Observers observed the 2016 to International agencies and comprehensive programmes of voter General Elections (EC, August developed countries such as education, starting well before each 2016). Election Observers especially Government of the Peoples‟ election and continuing throughout international observers should go Republic of China, The European the election process, and ensure that beyond observing elections and Union, Danish International the material used is accurate and unreservedly fund the general Development Agency (DANIDA) politically neutral. Also printed elections specifically voter who extended financial and non- material about the election process, education to minimize election financial assistance in the 2015/2016 common predictable malpractices violence. Election flaws and general elections. International and their impact have to be violence arise largely due to voter agencies should not only send distributed to the electorates in all ignorance. With a total expected election observers at the time of parts of Uganda and well customized expenditure of Uganda Shillings elections, but also mobilize a large of in the respective local languages. One Trillion Five Hundred Two pool of finances to have successful Billion Four Hundred Eighty-Eight comprehensive voter education iv) Special interest groups such as Million Three Hundred Ten before and after elections and to women, youths, Persons With Thousand Five Hundred Seventeen streamline voter behaviour. Disabilities (PWDs) and the elderly only (UGX 1,502,488,310,517) (EC have to be considered during voter ii) The Electoral Commission should Strategic Plan, 2015/16-2021/22), a education. These are marginalized carry out massive voter education large part of the strategic plan‟s groups which are sometimes not and sensitization to create awareness funding needs to be allocated to given priority yet they contribute a about the possible and common voter education though the entire big percentage of the voters. Each election malpractices and their electoral process is paramount. The group has to be trained impact on individuals, society and 2021 general elections in Uganda independently because they need the nation at large. Voter education need huge voter education funding different appropriate sensitization has to be done intensely and and execution like never before to approaches given their varying extensively on radios, Televisions, minimize violence especially from capacities to grasp concepts. YouTube, social media platforms youths.

and physically though observing the 6 www.gatewayresearchcentre.org v) Ensure the training for election This would minimize the chances of especially facebook, WhatsApp and officials is of high standard and these agents indulging in any form of twitter. During election periods, timely. These should then provide violence since they are aware of the social media has increasingly voter education at national and sub- minimum acceptable election ethics. become a platform for cyber-crimes national levels to voters, political Viii) The Electoral Commission such as “cyber-bullying”, stalking, party representatives, aspiring should make it a requirement for defamation and malice to demean candidates, media houses, Civil the candidates to present a voter political opponents. These channels Society Organizations, security safety and security management are turned into pseudo tally centres forces and electoral observers. plan before the voting days as a pre- which voters especially youths and requisite by every aspiring other propaganda-vulnerable persons vi) The Electoral Commission candidate. This would include the claim to be the basis for winning should maximize privacy and conduct of polling agents if violence elections. This unauthentic neutrality. Employees stand high arises and a mitigation strategy. The information can incite violence risks of being fired because they security agencies should enforce this before authentic results are released may support candidates different at village level and all local leaders by the EC. This calls for frequent from those of their bosses. They right from LC.1 to L.C 5 need to be sensitization sessions on social should be sensitized on how to have well sensitized by the Electoral media usage by the electorates. maximum emotional intelligence to Commission. This calls for massive prevent workplace xi) The scientific voting practice injection of funding and use of well- misunderstandings arising from which is to be executed in the 2021 trained human capital to run this differences in political ideologies. elections needs to be accorded the activity across Uganda. desired attention. With the danger of vii) The Electoral Commission ix) Voters should be sensitized on exposing the electorates to Covid-19 should amend its policies to include the quality of manifestos candidates and other communicable diseases and emphasize official training of present to vote for them in order to during election periods, the EC agents of candidates before elections elect competent leaders with the should relentlessly sensitize the and awarding certificates of merit desired qualities to address their electorates about the dangers of upon completion of the training. society development problems. The gathering for campaigns, failure to They should have these certificates electorates may not be aware of how use masks and taking social to be allowed to serve as agents. to identify competent leaders and distancing as though it is for granted. Candidates who fail to have their hence a need for intense voter agents trained, should not raise xii) The Electoral Commission education. queries on any irregularities at should come up with conflict polling stations where they have no x) Educate the electorates on social prevention policies and strategies in agents trained in supervising the media usage and the mushrooming advance as opposed to post, ad hoc voting process. election propaganda. A lot of junk, and reactionary measures which fabricated and concocted information instead worsen election violence and

is spread via social media channels kill the integrity and efficacy of the electoral

www.gatewayresearchcentre.org 7 Election Process. Conclusion References xiii) The Electoral Commission 1. Birch S & Muchlinski D should conduct conflict analysis of (2018) Electoral violence the local context in each polling area prevention: what works? to have a clear understanding of the Democratization, 25:3, 385- local dynamics so as to determine 403, DOI: 10.1080/13510347.2017.136 the best polling approach to use to prevent election violence. This can The General elections should be 5841 help in minimizing the chances of treated as a project and not just an 2. Constitution of the Republic by-elections arising from violence. event. Much emphasis should be put of Uganda (1995) on the entire election process in the 3. International Institute for xiii) The Electoral Commission pre, during and post-election periods Democracy and Electoral should make mobile audio-visual since all of them especially during Assistance (2018) Electoral display messages and short video and after elections, can be marred by Risk Management Tool-The films by engaging experts in Prevention and Mitigation of violence. A lot of funding should be performing arts especially drama to Election-related Violence injected in voter education to have produce video clips in line with the 4. The Electoral Commission massive civic education and election process. These should (2016) The Republic of sensitization to minimize violence in clearly show the acceptable voter Uganda 2015/2016 General Uganda’s 2021 elections. Donor behaviour, forms of election Elections Report agencies and international malpractices, how they can be 5. The Electoral Commission- stakeholders should go beyond avoided and the possible legal EC (2018) Strategic Plan sending election observers during implications of election violence (2015/16 – 2021/22) election periods, but ought to start among the electorates and 6. The Nordic Africa Institute with heavy funding in voter candidates. These should be (2013) Electoral Violence in education to maximize nation-wide displayed on screens at village level, Africa: Policy Notes sensitization of the electorate prior streets as well as on Televisions. 2012/2013; Retrieved from to, during and after elections as well This is quite expensive and needs a as having continuous voter http://www.diva- lot of funding using both domestic education. This is what would lead to portal.org/smash/get/diva2:5 and international funds. 81667/FULLTEXT01.pdf credible safe and secure elections in 2021. The Electoral Commission

should be funded to an optimal level

like it has never been before in order to streamline voter behaviour especially among youths.

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