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The Resistance Councils in Uganda a Study of Rural Roskilde University The resistance councils in Uganda a study of rual politics and popular democracy in Africa Tidemand, Per Publication date: 2013 Citation for published version (APA): Tidemand, P. (2013). The resistance councils in Uganda: a study of rual politics and popular democracy in Africa. Roskilde Universitet. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain. • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 04. Oct. 2021 The Resistance Councils in Uganda A Study of Rural Politics and Popular Democracy in Africa Volume I: Main Text PhD Dissertation by Per Tidemand Roskilde University International Development Studies 1994 P.O. Box 260 Roskilde, Denmark www.ruc.dk Acknowledgements The research of which this report is a main product has for the better or worse filled the major part of my life the last three years. A huge number of persons and institutions have been involved who gave me academic, practical and personal assistance. My research interest of rural local politics and democracy stems initially from an attempt of studying local politics in Zimbabwe 1986-88 as part of my M.A. thesis at International Development Studies (IDS) RUC. Later I worked for a bit more than a year in Uganda as a sociologist on a water project. Here I became attracted to the idea of conducting a research project on the Resistance Councils. However, the language and experiences of consultancy work are not easily transferable to research. Thus I really needed the encouragement from Preben Kaarsholm who came to visit me in Uganda in 1989 before I seriously pursued the thorny road of proposal writing. Fortunately I also got encouragement and critique from the very start from the Director of Makerere Institute of Social Research the late Dan Mudoola as well as the Director of Centre for Basic Research: Mahmood Mamdani. That same year I also met Expedit Ddungu with whom I throughout my research the next three years had some of the best discussions concerning the RCs - not to speak of memorable times at Nakivubu stadium and the club house of FC Villa at Entebbe road. Thanks for providing me with my first understanding of the RCs, for introducing me to Luwero district Head Quarters, for the stimulating theoretical discussions, for coming to Denmark in the summer 1993, for your comments on my draft papers and for always sharing your views. The research project received funding from the Danish Research Council for Development Research. A triangle of institutions in Denmark gave me an ideal framework for my preparations as well as final write up: IDS with regular supervision of Preben Kaarsholm and an extremely inspiring range of research seminars within the framework of Political and Cultural Institutions in Development; Centre for Development Research (CDR), its theme of Local institutions and Rural Development headed by Kirsten Westergaard and its expertise on third world local governments, where I also received supervised from Ole Therkildsen, and finally an Uganda group constituted by Holger Bernt Hansen, Susan and Michael Whyte and a number of younger Ugandan and Danish researchers and students from University of Copenhagen. In Uganda I benefited highly from my affiliation at Makerere Institute of Social Research (MISR) and Centre for Basic Research. I received many useful comments and critiques from my presentations here, just as MISR helped me with all practical problems concerning research permits etc. A special thanks to late Dan Mudoola who in spite of extreme pressure took time to socialise over a beer and discussions of "hidden transcripts" at the informal bars at Wandageya. Most of my time in Uganda was spent in Luwero and Mukono districts - especially the villages of Namasujju and Kamira. Here I would especially thank Jajja Kaliika, John Kaliika and John Kalyowa as no day passed without their assistance; guidance, advice, comments and interpretations of events and answers. Jajja Kaliika furthermore fed me and took me in her household as another son. At district level, I would especially thank Luwero RC5 Chairman Deo Nsereko and Chairman of Mukono Works Committee Keefa Ssengendo Kaweesa who took time to give their comments to draft versions of chapter three and seven when I returned to Uganda in August 1993. Juliet Kiguli from MISR was my invaluable research assistant throughout the 15 months of fieldwork; she reviewed Luganda newspapers, she worked as a translator during interviews, she transcribed and translated tapes, she conducted the largest part of the questionnaire interviews for the village surveys, assisted with SPSS data entry and usually had stamina to make us continue when I otherwise felt fed up with looking for some particular evasive informants, walking in rain or afternoon sun or simply tired of village life. I wish you the best luck with your master studies in the Netherlands. Fred Kapkomwey assisted with an election study in Nakisunga Sub-county, Richard Senwewo and Anderson Kebba assisted in shorter periods with interviews and archival works. MISR associate research fellow Mikael Karlström from Chicago gave very useful comments both under our stay in Uganda as well as later - thanks a lot and best wishes with your thesis writing: I have a strong suspicion that this thesis might have benefited a great deal from your future writings. Many other people at MISR also helped in periods with typing etc. I thank you all. During my year of thesis writing in 1993 I spent five months at Yale University at Agrarian Studies Programme under Professor James Scott. It was an extremely enriching experience to be exposed to a research milieu so different from what I had been used to. The great comparative perspective from the inclusion of the many different disciplines, geographical areas and historical times was exceedingly enlightening - in combination with the fantastic research libraries at Yale it made me re-appreciate the value of scholarly work for its own sake. Many thanks to Jim, for the extremely enriching weekly colloquiums, for providing the relaxed social environment and the dinners at your farm. At Yale also special thanks to Angelique Hagerud, Anton Blok and the other fellows at Agrarian Studies Programme for their comments on my so very tentative drafts. Particularly during the final months of writing in Denmark I drew heavily on my supervisors Preben Kaarsholm and Ole Therkildsen. During the last two months I also received extensive comments from Professor John Martinussen and Professor Holger Bernt Hansen on the draft manuscript. Emmanuel Nabuguzi, Pernille Sørensen and Harriet Birungi also commented on chapters. Ingrid Jensen from RUC has drawn the maps and Ane Toubro from CDR masterly edited the final version. Needless to say, in spite of all the support received, I remain responsible for whatever errors and mis-interpretations the readers may find. ii Photos Nomination of candidates, RC1 election in Namasujju. Men and women Photo 1: are seated on each side of the three and its shadow. A name has been proposed for one of the posts in the RC1 Committee: “Secretary for Youth”. By raising their hands, villagers show if they support the nomination. A candidate needs at least two supporters. RC 1 Election in Namasujju. The electorate casts their votes simply by Photo 2: lining up behind the candidates that they support. This is a cheap and simple method of conducting elections. Rigging of elections through manipulation of ballot boxes (as in the 1980 elections) is in this way avoided, but e.g. politicians that the higher levels of the RC system express concerns about the problems of lack of secrecy. Head of Household: Mussa Ngobi, Kamira Village. Compare the picture Photo 3: with the portrait of Ngobi 1965 in Robertson (1978). The centrality and status of the male head of household remains largely unchallenged. Waiting for the Kabaka. The heir to the Buganda throne (the Kabaka) Ronald Photo 4: Mutebi came one day to visit Nakaseke. Everyone, or rather all Baganda, was extremely exited about the visit. Here I stand with Jajja Kaliika and John Kaliika on my right. An auntie of the family and Juliet Kiguli (my research assistant) on my left. We are all dressed up in traditional Kiganda style for the occasion. The Most Common Abbreviations DA District Administrator; politically appointed by the President to give "political guidance" to the districts. DP Democratic Party; originally established to advance the interests of the marginalised Catholics. NRA National Resistance Army; the guerrilla army fighting in Luwero 1981-86, since the victory in 1986, the national army. NRM National Resistance Movement. Officially the name of the political wing of the NRA army during the war. Currently the name of the present government in Uganda. Everybody in Uganda is today part of "the movement", but still the term is used in more or less exclusive ways. Thus if for instance a DA refers to "us in the movement" he would refer to a core of politicians and people committed to the present system of "no-party rule". Similarly in Kampala we also find a NRM Secretariat that for instance is involved in giving political education at mass rallies and activities such as the publication of Museveni's speeches etc.
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