DOCSLIB.ORG

Ancient British Kings and Other Significant Britons

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ancient British Kings and Other Significant Britons Ancient British kings and other significant Britons Here are the names of over 70 people who ruled in Britain c.60 BC-AD 85. Two thirds are known solely from coins, which proves the pivotal importance of coins in helping to piece together the complex politics of pre-Roman Britain. Names on coins are Red. First compiled by Chris Rudd in 2010, this unique king list includes a dozen groups of unknown rulers who minted money, such as the ‘Kings of Herts’. For more info consult ABC or [email protected] NAME IDENTITY REGION REGNAL REGNAL COINS TRIBE DATES (if known) Addedomaros Catuvellauni ‘great in chariots’ or younger brother or son North (and part of c.45-25 BC ‘great in steadfastness’ of Cassivellaunos? Thames Trinovantes) Aesu ‘lord’ or ‘holy’ pagus chief or official of Iceni East Iceni c.AD 30-43? Anglian Agr short for Agricu son or daughter or ally North Trinovantes? c.AD 35-43? ‘war dog’ of Cunobelinus? Thames or Agrippa ‘griffin’? moneyer of Scavo or sub-king East Iceni c.AD 35-45? Ale ‘rock?’ in north Norfolk? Anglian Amminus ‘friend’ son of Cunobelinus and Kent Cantiaci c.AD 30-40 supplicant to Caligula Andoco short for Andocomaros ‘the greatest’ or minor ruler associated with North Catuvellauni c.20-1 BC Andocombogios Tasciovanos, nephew of Thames ‘ace destroyer’? Cassivellaunos? Anarevitos ‘one with foresight’ a son of Eppillus? Kent Cantiaci c.AD 10-15 or ‘unforeknowable’ Anted short for Antedios ‘very Dobunnic ruler (after Corio and Western Dobunni c.AD 20-43? fiery?’ or perhaps ‘one Catti?), self-styled rig ‘king’ who sits in front?’ Antedios ‘very fiery?’ or perhaps powerful king and possible East Iceni c.AD 10-30 ‘one who sits in front?’ ally of Cunobelinus Anglian Arviragus a son of Cunobelinus North Catuvellauni ‘manly/true in battle?’ (Caratacus?) or could be Thames? and mid 1st cent. AD? fictional? Trinovantes? two minor rulers or maybe North Corieltavi c.AD 10-30? Att As[?] just one (Attasi) Eastern Aunt Cost two rulers or maybe just one North Corieltavi c.AD 15-40 (Auntcost?) Eastern Berkshire Kings rulers of small tribe in Southern unknown c.55-40 BC Berks and south Oxon Boduoc first name on Dobunnic coins, ‘of the battle crow’ ruled northern part of tribe and Western Dobunni c.25-5BC? came from Catuvellauni? Boudica wife of Prasutagus and leader of East Iceni c.AD 43-61? ‘the victorious’ British rebellion AD 60-61 Anglian Calgacus Caledonian freedom fighter North Caledoni ‘swordsman’ defeated by Agricola at battle of Scotland ‘tough guys’ c.AD 70-83 Mons Graupius Cani Duro could be two personal two co-rulers around time of East Iceni c.AD 10-20? names or just one Antedios? Anglian unknown rulers who minted some of Britain’s first coins; Cantion Kings may include Carvilius, Kent Cantiaci c.120-25 BC Cingetorix, Segovax and Taximagulus Caratacus best known son of Cunobelinus ‘the beloved’ and leader of western resistance Southern Berkshire and c.AD 40-43 AD 43-51 Atrebates Cartimandua queen of Brigantes who ‘strong pony’ surrendered Caratacus to Yorkshire Brigantes c.AD 50-70 Romans in AD 51 Cartivellaunos ‘strong ruler’ son or subordinate of Volisios North Brigantes, c.AD 40-43? Eastern Parisi or Corieltavi Carvilius Cantian king who attacked Kent Cantiaci c.60-50 BC ‘of the small stag’ Caesar’s camp in 54 BC Cassivellaunos commander of British forces in North ‘bronze commander’ 54 BC and probably king of Thames Catuvellauni? c.55-45 BC Catuvellauni Cat 1 (or Tac) short for Cattos ‘cat’ minor ruler, maybe first in North Corieltavi c.AD 10-20 or Catu- ‘battle’? North East to place his name on Eastern coins Cat 2 associate of Dias or North short for Cattos ‘cat’ Tasciovanos? Thames Catuvellauni c.AD 1-10? or Catu- ‘battle’? Catti ‘the cat’ Dobunnic ruler (after Corio and Western Dobunni c.AD 10-20? before Anted?) Catus/Cutas minor ruler linked to Aunt Cost? North Corieltavi c.AD 15-40 Cnavo? or blundered legend? Eastern Catus means ‘battle’ Cingetorix Cantian king who attacked Kent Cantiaci c.60-50 BC ‘king of warriors’ Caesar’s camp in 54 BC Commios ‘friend’, perhaps first British king to place his Southern Regini and c.50-25 BC literally ‘one who lives name on coins, probably same Atrebates with’? person as Caesar’s Commius Comux Dobunnic ruler (after Boduoc Western Dobunni c.AD 1-15? and before Anted?) ‘friend’ Cor short for Corionos father of Vepocomes and North Corieltavi c.late 1st cent ‘army chief’? perhaps king of Corieltavi Eastern BC? Corio ‘army’ Dobunnic ruler (after Boduoc Western Dobunni c.20 BC-AD 5? and before Anted?) Cotswold Kings unknown or uncertain Dobunnic who, in addition to rulers, including Corio, Comux Western Dobunni c.50 BC-AD 43? early gold, struck and Catti masses of later silver Crab ‘claw’ as in Old Irish chieftan on Isle of Wight Southern Vectuarii c.AD 10-40? crob ‘hand, paw, claw, grip’ Cunobelinus son of Tasciovanos and most North Catuvellauni, powerful king in pre-Roman Thames and Trinovantes c.AD 8-41 ‘hound of Belenus’ Britain Kent and Cantiaci Danebury Kings unknown early rulers of Southern Belgae or c.50-40 BC Danebury hillfort and district separate tribe Dias short for Dias(s)umaros ‘great in authority’ or brother or son of Tasciovanos? North Catuvellauni c.AD 1-10 Diasulos ‘the Thames invested/initiated one’? Dubn son or associate of Cunobelinus, North Catuvellauni ‘deep’ same person as Togodumnus? or Thames and c.AD 35-43? as Dubnovellaunos? Trinovantes? Cantian king who conquered the Dubnovellaunos Trinovantes? or a Trinovantian Kent and Cantiaci and c.25 BC- king who also ruled in Kent? North Trinovantes AD10 ‘world ruler’ elder brother of Tasciovanos? Thames Dumnocoveros ‘giant of the world’ father or associate of Tigirseno, North Corieltavi c.AD 35-40 eldest son of Volisios? Eastern (northern part) Dumnovellaunos ‘commander of the son or subordinate of Volisios North Corieltavi c.AD 43-47 underworld’ Eastern (northern part) unknown rulers (some Cantian? North uncertain, Eastern Kings others Gallic War refugees? Thames mostly Essex c.55-20 BC issuing early N.Thames coins Eisu Dobunnic ruler, maybe last to Western Dobunni c.AD 20-43? issue coins ‘lord’ Epaticcus ‘leader of horseman’ son of Tasciovanos who Southern Atrebates c.AD 20-40 captured some Atrebatic territory Eppillus son of Commios, who was ‘king Southern Atrebates and c.20 BC-AD 15 of Calleva’ and then Kent and Kent Cantiaci ‘little horse’ Esico Mint-master or finance minister East Iceni c.AD 35-45? of Esuprasto Anglian ‘belonging to Esus?’ Essex Kings unknown rulers who minted the North Trinovantes c.60-40 BC first coins in Trinovantia Thames Esuprasto probably the historical ‘lord protector’ or Prasutagus ‘guardian chief’, East Iceni c.AD 35-45? ‘priest-chief’ husband of Boudica Anglian Esuprasu ‘lord protector’ or late ruler in Corieltavia, after North Corieltavi c.AD 40-47 ‘priest-chief’ Vepo Eastern Ex short for Exobnos ‘daring, without fear’? uncertain ruler in Hampshire Southern Belgae c.50-40 BC Imanuentius? father of Mandubracios and king North corrupt version of of Trinovantes before he was Thames Trinovantes c.60-54 BC Inamnuetoutos? killed by Cassivellaunos Inamn possibly short for name Dobunnic ruler (after Boduoc Western Dobunni c.AD 1-20? like Inamnuetoutos? and before Anted?) Kings of Herts unknown rulers who issued first North Catuvellauni c.60-45 BC coins in Catuvellaunia Thames Lat Ison? Lat-/Iat-/Tat- late rulers of Ratae (Leicester) North Corieltavi c.AD 40-47 (uncertain) and Ison and surrounding area? Eastern (southern part) probably two people Lincolnshire Kings unknown rulers who struck first North Corieltavi c.60-1 BC coins in Corieltavia Eastern Lugotorix Cantian nobleman captured by Kent Cantiaci c.60-50 BC ‘king of mice’ Caesar in 54 BC Mandubracios son of Imanuentius who fled to North Trinovantes c.54-50 BC ‘pony breeches’ Caesar for help; may have Thames minted coins Norfolk Kings unknown rulers who minted East Iceni c.60 BC-AD 43 many coins in Icenia, including Anglian Norfolk God type Prasutagus client king of Iceni and probably East Iceni c.AD 43-60? ‘guardian chief’ same person as Esuprasto ‘lord Anglian protector’ Rues ruler of eastern Catuvellaunia, North subject to Tasciovanos? Thames Catuvellauni c.AD 1-10 ‘the red’ Saenu ‘the old’ pagus chief or administrator East Iceni c.AD 30-43? of Iceni Anglian Sam short for Samognatios Cantian ruler whose reign may ‘born in summer’ or have overlapped that of Kent Cantiaci c.AD 1-10 Samorix ‘king of Dubnovellaunos; family link summer’? with Cunobelinus? Scavo ‘left handed’ or ‘seer’? late ruler in north Norfolk, post East Iceni c.AD 35-45? conquest perhaps? Anglian (northern part) Sego ‘victorious or strong’ mint site in Kent? or Cantian Kent Cantiaci c.AD 5-15 ruler, son of Tasciovanos? Segovax Cantian king who attacked Kent Cantiaci c.60-50 BC ‘victorious fighter’ Caesar’s camp in 54 BC Sia? part of personal name? father of Antedios? East Iceni c.AD 10-30? Anglian Solidus son of Cunobelinus who ruled in Kent Cantiaci c.AD 40-43 Cantion after Amminus? ‘firm’ or ‘enduring’ unknown rulers who struck South Hants Kings coins in Solent area and Southern Belgae c.60-30 BC hinterland Tasciovanos father of Cunobelinus and North Catuvellauni c.25 BC-AD 10 perhaps a son of Addedomaros Thames ‘killer of badgers’ Taximagulus Cantian king who attacked Kent Cantiaci c.60-50 BC ‘young badger’ Caesar’s camp in 54 BC Tigirseno son of Dumnocoveros or North Corieltavi c.AD 25-35 subordinate ruler or joint Eastern (northern part) ‘old lord’ magistrate? Tincomarus probably eldest son of Commios Southern Regini and c.25 BC-AD 10 who ruled
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Women in Criminal Trials in the Julio-Claudian Era
    Women in Criminal Trials in the Julio-Claudian Era by Tracy Lynn Deline B.A., University of Saskatchewan, 1994 M.A., University of Saskatchewan, 2001 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Classics) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) September 2009 © Tracy Lynn Deline, 2009 Abstract This study focuses on the intersection of three general areas: elite Roman women, criminal law, and Julio-Claudian politics. Chapter one provides background material on the literary and legal source material used in this study and considers the cases of Augustus’ daughter and granddaughter as a backdrop to the legal and political thinking that follows. The remainder of the dissertation is divided according to women’s roles in criminal trials. Chapter two, encompassing the largest body of evidence, addresses the role of women as defendants, and this chapter is split into three thematic parts that concentrate on charges of adultery, treason, and other crimes. A recurring question is whether the defendants were indicted for reasons specific to them or the indictments were meant to injure their male family members politically. Analysis of these cases reveals that most of the accused women suffered harm without the damage being shared by their male family members. Chapter three considers that a handful of powerful women also filled the role of prosecutor, a role technically denied to them under the law. Resourceful and powerful imperial women like Messalina and Agrippina found ways to use criminal accusations to remove political enemies. Chapter four investigates women in the role of witnesses in criminal trials.
    [Show full text]
  • Four Kings of Kent
    Four kings of Kent In 54 BC (de bello Gallico 5.22) Caesar's naval camp was attacked by Cingetorix, Carvilius, Taximagulus, and Segovax, four kings of districts in Kent, upon the orders of Cassivellaunus. Little more is known of any of them as individuals. Cingetorix Cingetorix was a name also borne by a chief of the Treveri, a Belgic tribe living near the Rhine, whom Caesar encountered (5.3) just before invading Britain properly. It also formed part of Vercingetorix, who led the Gauls’ revolt in 52 BC. These names are commonly likened to Old Irish cing ‘warrior, champion’ and cingid ‘he steps’ appropriate for a leader walking in front, but this does not necessarily imply Celtic speech since PIE *gheng- ‘to step, to march’ had descendants in many language families. (The word king is probably different, being related to kin. C and G were well-nigh interchangeable on coins in that period.) The element –rix is often claimed to be diagnostic for Celtic speech, because of its vowel I, but actually it was just a conventional name element in the shadow of Latin rex. Elements with which –rix coupled in ancient names tend to have better parallels in later Germanic languages and its post-Roman usage was greatest among Germanic tribes. Carvilius Carvilius was a name borne by a gens (clan) in Rome for more than two centuries before Caesar. There seems to be no accepted etymology for that Roman name, but perhaps it came from PIE *gerbh- ‘to scratch, to carve’. In 54 BC it is unlikely that many British chieftains had sent sons to be educated in Rome, so presumably Caesar Latinised an indigenous name, possibly based on words for ‘deer’, such as Welsh carw and Latin cervus, derived from PIE *ker- ‘horn’, like the Carvetii people.
    [Show full text]
  • Oppida: a Settlement Phenomenon of the Later Iron Ages of Britain and Temperate Europe: an Analysis of Colchester, Titelberg, and Canterbury
    Oppida: A Settlement Phenomenon of the later Iron Ages of Britain and Temperate Europe: An Analysis of Colchester, Titelberg, and Canterbury Volume Two The Sites: Later Iron Age Occupation at Colchester, Titelberg and Canterbury Emma Louise Jackson Classical and Archaeological Studies School of European Culture and Language Thesis Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Kent March 2017 7: Colchester The modern town of Colchester, (often referred to as Camulodunum in literature pertaining to the site’s later Iron Age, and Iron Age/Roman transitional period, occupation), has a long and vibrant history, with secure but not continuous evidence for occupation dating back to the Bronze Age (Crummy 1995b, 131-133). Flints dating to the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods have also been recovered through excavation (Brooks and Masefield 2006, 4; Brooks et al. 2007, 1); however, these are so limited in number that it is impossible to state definitively whether occupation was actually present at these times. Despite this early evidence for human activity it was not until the later Iron Age (Hawkes and Hull 1947, 5; Hawkes 1995, 4-6; Niblett 1985; 1-3) that Colchester truly became a flourishing centre of occupation. This is particularly true of the last c.50 years of the later Iron Age, (from c.15/10 BC1), when Colchester, (Figure 7.1), became one of Britain’s most significant settlements. Unsurprisingly, therefore, the archaeology associated with this period is both extensive and exciting; with, as N. Crummy rightly notes, ‘enormous research potential’ (2013, 38). Consequently, it was an ideal case study for the present thesis (see Chapter 1.2.3.1).
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Roman Yorkshire
    ROMAN YORKSHIRE: PEOPLE, CULTURE, LANDSCAPE By Patrick Ottaway. Published 2013 by The Blackthorn Press Chapter 1 Introduction to Roman Yorkshire ‘In the abundance and variety of its Roman antiquities, Yorkshire stands second to no other county’ Frank and Harriet Wragg Elgee (1933) The Yorkshire region A Roman army first entered what we now know as Yorkshire in about the year AD 48, according to the Roman author Cornelius Tacitus ( Annals XII, 32). This was some five years after the invasion of Britain itself ordered by the Emperor Claudius. The soldiers’ first task in the region was to assist in the suppression of a rebellion against a Roman ally, Queen Cartimandua of the Brigantes, a native people who occupied most of northern England. The Roman army returned to the north in about the years 51-2, once again to support Cartimandua who was, Tacitus tells us, now under attack by her former consort, a man named Venutius ( Annals XII, 40). In 69 a further dispute between Cartimandua and Venutius, for which Tacitus is again the (only) source, may have provided a pretext for the Roman army to begin the conquest of the whole of northern Britain ( Histories III, 45). England south of Hadrian’s Wall, including Yorkshire, was to remain part of the Roman Empire for about 340 years. The region which is the principal subject of this book is Yorkshire as it was defined before local government reorganisation in 1974. There was no political entity corresponding to the county in Roman times. It was, according to the second century Greek geographer Ptolemy, split between the Brigantes and the Parisi, a people who lived in what is now (after a brief period as Humberside) the East Riding.
    [Show full text]
  • Roman Conquest, Occupation and Settlement of Wales AD 47–410
    no nonsense Roman Conquest, Occupation and Settlement of Wales AD 47–410 – interpretation ltd interpretation Contract number 1446 May 2011 no nonsense–interpretation ltd 27 Lyth Hill Road Bayston Hill Shrewsbury SY3 0EW www.nononsense-interpretation.co.uk Cadw would like to thank Richard Brewer, Research Keeper of Roman Archaeology, Amgueddfa Cymru – National Museum Wales, for his insight, help and support throughout the writing of this plan. Roman Conquest, Occupation and Settlement of Wales AD 47-410 Cadw 2011 no nonsense-interpretation ltd 2 Contents 1. Roman conquest, occupation and settlement of Wales AD 47410 .............................................. 5 1.1 Relationship to other plans under the HTP............................................................................. 5 1.2 Linking our Roman assets ....................................................................................................... 6 1.3 Sites not in Wales .................................................................................................................... 9 1.4 Criteria for the selection of sites in this plan .......................................................................... 9 2. Why read this plan? ...................................................................................................................... 10 2.1 Aim what we want to achieve ........................................................................................... 10 2.2 Objectives.............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • A Very Rough Guide to the Main DNA Sources of the Counties of The
    A Very Rough Guide To the Main DNA Sources of the Counties of the British Isles (NB This only includes the major contributors - others will have had more limited input) TIMELINE (AD) ? - 43 43 - c410 c410 - 878 c878 - 1066 1066 -> c1086 1169 1283 -> c1289 1290 (limited) (limited) Normans (limited) Region Pre 1974 County Ancient Britons Romans Angles / Saxon / Jutes Norwegians Danes conq Engl inv Irel conq Wales Isle of Man ENGLAND Cornwall Dumnonii Saxon Norman Devon Dumnonii Saxon Norman Dorset Durotriges Saxon Norman Somerset Durotriges (S), Belgae (N) Saxon Norman South West South Wiltshire Belgae (S&W), Atrebates (N&E) Saxon Norman Gloucestershire Dobunni Saxon Norman Middlesex Catuvellauni Saxon Danes Norman Berkshire Atrebates Saxon Norman Hampshire Belgae (S), Atrebates (N) Saxon Norman Surrey Regnenses Saxon Norman Sussex Regnenses Saxon Norman Kent Canti Jute then Saxon Norman South East South Oxfordshire Dobunni (W), Catuvellauni (E) Angle Norman Buckinghamshire Catuvellauni Angle Danes Norman Bedfordshire Catuvellauni Angle Danes Norman Hertfordshire Catuvellauni Angle Danes Norman Essex Trinovantes Saxon Danes Norman Suffolk Trinovantes (S & mid), Iceni (N) Angle Danes Norman Norfolk Iceni Angle Danes Norman East Anglia East Cambridgeshire Catuvellauni Angle Danes Norman Huntingdonshire Catuvellauni Angle Danes Norman Northamptonshire Catuvellauni (S), Coritani (N) Angle Danes Norman Warwickshire Coritani (E), Cornovii (W) Angle Norman Worcestershire Dobunni (S), Cornovii (N) Angle Norman Herefordshire Dobunni (S), Cornovii
    [Show full text]
  • Middlewich Before the Romans
    MIDDLEWICH BEFORE THE ROMANS During the last few Centuries BC, the Middlewich area was within the northern territories of the Cornovii. The Cornovii were a Celtic tribe and their territories were extensive: they included Cheshire and Shropshire, the easternmost fringes of Flintshire and Denbighshire and parts of Staffordshire and Worcestershire. They were surrounded by the territories of other similar tribal peoples: to the North was the great tribal federation of the Brigantes, the Deceangli in North Wales, the Ordovices in Gwynedd, the Corieltauvi in Warwickshire and Leicestershire and the Dobunni to the South. We think of them as a single tribe but it is probable that they were under the control of a paramount Chieftain, who may have resided in or near the great hill‐fort of the Wrekin, near Shrewsbury. The minor Clans would have been dominated by a number of minor Chieftains in a loosely‐knit federation. There is evidence for Late Iron Age, pre‐Roman, occupation at Middlewich. This consists of traces of round‐ houses in the King Street area, occasional finds of such things as sword scabbard‐fittings, earthenware salt‐ containers and coins. Taken together with the paleo‐environmental data, which hint strongly at forest‐clearance and agriculture, it is possible to use this evidence to create a picture of Middlewich in the last hundred years or so before the Romans arrived. We may surmise that two things gave the locality importance; the salt brine‐springs and the crossing‐points on the Dane and Croco rivers. The brine was exploited in the general area of King Street, and some of this important commodity was traded far a‐field.
    [Show full text]
  • Annals of the Caledonians, Picts and Scots
    Columbia (HnitJer^ftp intlifCttpufUmigdrk LIBRARY COL.COLL. LIBRARY. N.YORK. Annals of t{ie CaleDoiuans. : ; I^col.coll; ^UMl^v iV.YORK OF THE CALEDONIANS, PICTS, AND SCOTS AND OF STRATHCLYDE, CUMBERLAND, GALLOWAY, AND MURRAY. BY JOSEPH RITSON, ESQ. VOLUME THE FIRST. Antiquam exquirite matrem. EDINBURGH PRINTED FOR W. AND D. LAING ; AND PAYNE AND FOSS, PALL-MALL, LONDON. 1828. : r.DiKBURnii FIlINTEn I5Y BAI.LANTTNK ASn COMPAKV, Piiiri.'S WOKK, CANONGATK. CONTENTS. VOL. I. PAGE. Advertisement, 1 Annals of the Caledonians. Introduction, 7 Annals, -. 25 Annals of the Picts. Introduction, 71 Annals, 135 Appendix. No. I. Names and succession of the Pictish kings, .... 254 No. II. Annals of the Cruthens or Irish Picts, 258 /» ('^ v^: n ,^ '"1 v> Another posthumous work of the late Mr Rlt- son is now presented to the world, which the edi- tor trusts will not be found less valuable than the publications preceding it. Lord Hailes professes to commence his interest- ing Annals with the accession of Malcolm III., '* be- cause the History of Scotland, previous to that pe- riod, is involved in obscurity and fable :" the praise of indefatigable industry and research cannot there- fore be justly denied to the compiler of the present volumes, who has extended the supposed limit of authentic history for many centuries, and whose labours, in fact, end where those of his predecessor hegi7i. The editor deems it a conscientious duty to give the authors materials in their original shape, " un- mixed with baser matter ;" which will account for, and, it is hoped, excuse, the trifling repetition and omissions that sometimes occur.
    [Show full text]
  • A Sarc O P Hagu S F Rom T H E Family of Herodes Atticus
    HESPERIA 70 (200I) ICONOG RAPHY Pages46z-492 AND THE DYNAMIGS O F PATRO NAG E A SARCO P HAGU S FROM T H E FAMILYOF HERODESATTICUS ABSTRACT A sarcophagusfiom the estateof HerodesAtticus in Kephisiacommemo- ratesthe intimate connections ofthe familywiththe cityof Sparta,the Battle of Marathon,and the cultstatue of Nemesisat Rhamnous.Theiconographic allusionsto Marathonalso reflect the prioritiesof the SecondSophistic, an intellectualmovement that appealed to the pastto establishcultural and po- liticalsuperiority. The unusualand meaningfill decorative program suggests thatthe family commissioned this sarcophagus. The earlierview that the more unusualAttic sarcophagiwere prefabricated, but that theirthemes simply provedunpopular, should be modifiedin lightof this study. INTRODUCTION In Septemberof 1866,during the construction of a housein the Kephisia suburbof Athens,workers discovered a marbleburial chamber, roughly squarein plan.1Robbers had long since plundered the chamber, removing thedeceased and most ofthe portable possessions. In 1866,the significant remainingartifacts included four carved marble sarcophagi and only a handfillof smallobjects.2 Otto Benndorf,who wrotethe firstcomplete descriptionof the chamberand its contents,was also the firstto suggest 1. I thankthe Universityof Mich- andNeel Smithfor discussing with me this study,still stand in the tomb iganfor support that allowed me to someof the ideaspresented here. Photo- today.Cramped space in the tomb undertakepreliminary research in graphswere kindly provided byJan San- makesit difficultto providea complete Athensfor this article;and the College ders;the BritishMuseum; the Deutsches photographicrecord. I thereforerefer of the Holy Crossboth for funds to ArchaologischesInstitut, Rome; the in manyinstances to the line drawings purchasephotographs and for a leaveof GreekArchaeological Service; and the of the Ledasarcophagus produced by absencethat allowed me to continue KunsthistorischesMuseum, Vienna.
    [Show full text]
  • 'J.E. Lloyd and His Intellectual Legacy: the Roman Conquest and Its Consequences Reconsidered' : Emyr W. Williams
    J.E. Lloyd and his intellectual legacy: the Roman conquest and its consequences reconsidered,1 by E.W. Williams In an earlier article,2 the adequacy of J.E.Lloyd’s analysis of the territories ascribed to the pre-Roman tribes of Wales was considered. It was concluded that his concept of pre- Roman tribal boundaries contained major flaws. A significantly different map of those tribal territories was then presented. Lloyd’s analysis of the course and consequences of the Roman conquest of Wales was also revisited. He viewed Wales as having been conquered but remaining largely as a militarised zone throughout the Roman period. From the 1920s, Lloyd's analysis was taken up and elaborated by Welsh archaeology, then at an early stage of its development. It led to Nash-Williams’s concept of Wales as ‘a great defensive quadrilateral’ centred on the legionary fortresses at Chester and Caerleon. During recent decades whilst Nash-Williams’s perspective has been abandoned by Welsh archaeology, it has been absorbed in an elaborated form into the narrative of Welsh history. As a consequence, whilst Welsh history still sustains a version of Lloyd’s original thesis, the archaeological community is moving in the opposite direction. Present day archaeology regards the subjugation of Wales as having been completed by 78 A.D., with the conquest laying the foundations for a subsequent process of assimilation of the native population into Roman society. By the middle of the 2nd century A.D., that development provided the basis for a major demilitarisation of Wales. My aim in this article is to cast further light on the course of the Roman conquest of Wales and the subsequent process of assimilating the native population into Roman civil society.
    [Show full text]
  • Summary of Motions California State Retirees (Csr) Board of Directors Meeting
    SUMMARY OF MOTIONS CALIFORNIA STATE RETIREES (CSR) BOARD OF DIRECTORS MEETING Holiday Inn, Sacramento February 22, 2018 7. Approval of October 26, 2017 Board Meeting Minutes CSR 1/18/1 MOTION: Oliveira, second by Hueg - that the CSR Board of Directors approve the minutes of the October 26, 2017 meeting as printed. CARRIED. 11. Program Reports - HQ CSR 2/18/1 MOTION: Fountain, second by Hueg – that the CSR Board of Directors buy the three promotion items, hats, totes and lapel pins, in bulk and send out numbers to chapters. CARRIED. 12. Political Action Committee CSR 3/18/1 MOTION: Oliveira, second by Fountain – that the CSR Board of Directors endorse incumbents Controller Betty Yee and Secretary of State Alex Padilla for reelection. CARRIED. CSR 4/18/1 MOTION: Umemoto, second by Jimenez – that the CSR Board of Directors endorse Treasurer Fiona Ma. CARRIED. CSR 5/18/1 MOTION: Jimenez, second by Oliveira – that the CSR Board of Directors endorse the following Assembly incumbents seeking reelection: AD 01 Brian Dahle (R-Bieber), AD 02 Jim Wood (D-Healdsburg), AD 03 James Gallagher (R-Nicolaus), AD 04 Cecilia Aguiar-Curry (D-Napa), AD 05 Frank Bigelow (R-O’Neals), AD 06 Kevin Kiley (R-El Dorado Hills), AD 07 Kevin McCarty (D-Sacramento), AD 08 Ken Cooley (D-Rancho Cordova), AD 09 Jim Cooper (D-Elk Grove), AD 10 Marc Levine (D-San Rafael), AD 11 Jim Frazier (D-Oakley), AD 12 Heath Flora (R-Modesto), AD 13 Susan Eggman (D-Stockton), AD 14 Tim Grayson (D-Concord), AD 16 Catharine Baker (D-Dublin), AD 17 David Chiu (D-San Francisco), AD 18 Rob Bonta (D-Alameda), AD 19 Phil Ting (D-San Francisco), AD 20 Bill Quirk (D- Hayward), AD 21 Adam Gray (D-Merced).
    [Show full text]
  • (CSR) BOARD of DIRECTORS MEETING Embassy Suites Hotel
    SUMMARY OF MOTIONS CALIFORNIA STATE RETIREES (CSR) BOARD OF DIRECTORS MEETING Embassy Suites Hotel - San Francisco Airport, Burlingame February 27, 2014 4. Introductions, Agenda Changes/Corrections and Unscheduled Items CSR 1/14/1 MOTION: Sears, second by Walgenbach – that the CSR Board of Directors accept the agenda as modified. CARRIED. 5. Approval of the November 8, 2013 Meeting Minutes CSR 2/14/1 MOTION: Lease, second by Evans – that the CSR Board of Directors approve the minutes of the November 8, 2013 meeting as printed. CARRIED. 11A. Finance Committee CSR 3/14/1 MOTION: Rose, second by Walgenbach – that each chapter may retain a maximum of twelve months of estimated dues income in its bank account at any one time. When a chapter accumulates a greater amount based upon a quarterly assessment, the chapter shall send the excess funds to the Corporation or the Chief Financial Officer will cause the withholding of further dues payments to the chapter until its total funds falls below the threshold. CARRIED. 11E. PAC Committee CSR 4/14/1 MOTION: Behrens, second by Waggoner – that the CSR Board of Directors endorse the following Assembly incumbents seeking reelection: Ken Cooley (AD 8), Marc Levine (AD 10), Jim Frazier (AD 11), Susan Eggman (AD 13), Susan Bonilla (AD 14), Rob Bonta (AD 18), Phil Ting (AD 19), Bill Quirk (AD 20), Adam Gray (AD 21), Kevin Mullin, AD 22), Rich Gordon (AD 24), Nora Campos, AD 27), Mark Stone (AD 29), Luis Alejo (AD 30), Henry Perea (AD 31), Rudy Salas Jr. (AD 32), Katcho Achadjian (AD 35), Steve Fox (AD 36),
    [Show full text]