Revolt Against the Romans by Tony Bradman
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Roman Conquest, Occupation and Settlement of Wales AD 47–410
no nonsense Roman Conquest, Occupation and Settlement of Wales AD 47–410 – interpretation ltd interpretation Contract number 1446 May 2011 no nonsense–interpretation ltd 27 Lyth Hill Road Bayston Hill Shrewsbury SY3 0EW www.nononsense-interpretation.co.uk Cadw would like to thank Richard Brewer, Research Keeper of Roman Archaeology, Amgueddfa Cymru – National Museum Wales, for his insight, help and support throughout the writing of this plan. Roman Conquest, Occupation and Settlement of Wales AD 47-410 Cadw 2011 no nonsense-interpretation ltd 2 Contents 1. Roman conquest, occupation and settlement of Wales AD 47410 .............................................. 5 1.1 Relationship to other plans under the HTP............................................................................. 5 1.2 Linking our Roman assets ....................................................................................................... 6 1.3 Sites not in Wales .................................................................................................................... 9 1.4 Criteria for the selection of sites in this plan .......................................................................... 9 2. Why read this plan? ...................................................................................................................... 10 2.1 Aim what we want to achieve ........................................................................................... 10 2.2 Objectives............................................................................................................................. -
The Cultural and Ideological Significance of Representations of Boudica During the Reigns of Elizabeth I and James I
EXETER UNIVERSITY AND UNIVERSITÉ D’ORLÉANS The Cultural and Ideological Significance Of Representations of Boudica During the reigns of Elizabeth I and James I. Submitted by Samantha FRENEE-HUTCHINS to the universities of Exeter and Orléans as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in English, June 2009. This thesis is available for library use on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgment. I certify that all material in this thesis which is not my own work has been identified and that no material has previously been submitted and approved for the award of a degree by this or any other University. ..................................... (signature) 2 Abstract in English: This study follows the trail of Boudica from her rediscovery in Classical texts by the humanist scholars of the fifteenth century to her didactic and nationalist representations by Italian, English, Welsh and Scottish historians such as Polydore Virgil, Hector Boece, Humphrey Llwyd, Raphael Holinshed, John Stow, William Camden, John Speed and Edmund Bolton. In the literary domain her story was appropriated under Elizabeth I and James I by poets and playwrights who included James Aske, Edmund Spenser, Ben Jonson, William Shakespeare, A. Gent and John Fletcher. As a political, religious and military figure in the middle of the first century AD this Celtic and regional queen of Norfolk is placed at the beginning of British history. In a gesture of revenge and despair she had united a great number of British tribes and opposed the Roman Empire in a tragic effort to obtain liberty for her family and her people. -
'J.E. Lloyd and His Intellectual Legacy: the Roman Conquest and Its Consequences Reconsidered' : Emyr W. Williams
J.E. Lloyd and his intellectual legacy: the Roman conquest and its consequences reconsidered,1 by E.W. Williams In an earlier article,2 the adequacy of J.E.Lloyd’s analysis of the territories ascribed to the pre-Roman tribes of Wales was considered. It was concluded that his concept of pre- Roman tribal boundaries contained major flaws. A significantly different map of those tribal territories was then presented. Lloyd’s analysis of the course and consequences of the Roman conquest of Wales was also revisited. He viewed Wales as having been conquered but remaining largely as a militarised zone throughout the Roman period. From the 1920s, Lloyd's analysis was taken up and elaborated by Welsh archaeology, then at an early stage of its development. It led to Nash-Williams’s concept of Wales as ‘a great defensive quadrilateral’ centred on the legionary fortresses at Chester and Caerleon. During recent decades whilst Nash-Williams’s perspective has been abandoned by Welsh archaeology, it has been absorbed in an elaborated form into the narrative of Welsh history. As a consequence, whilst Welsh history still sustains a version of Lloyd’s original thesis, the archaeological community is moving in the opposite direction. Present day archaeology regards the subjugation of Wales as having been completed by 78 A.D., with the conquest laying the foundations for a subsequent process of assimilation of the native population into Roman society. By the middle of the 2nd century A.D., that development provided the basis for a major demilitarisation of Wales. My aim in this article is to cast further light on the course of the Roman conquest of Wales and the subsequent process of assimilating the native population into Roman civil society. -
The Ancient Britons and the Roman Invasions 55BC-61AD
Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. The Ancient Britons and the Roman Invasions 55BC- 61AD: An Analysis of Tribal Resistance and Response. Carl Meredith Bradley B.A. (Hum). December 2003. A thesis submitted towards the degree of Master of Arts of Massey U Diversity. ABSTRACT. The aim of this thesis is to analyse the response to the Roman invasions of 55BC to 61AD from the tribal groupings of southern Britain. Much has been written of the activities of the Roman commanders and soldiers, but this thesis looks to analyse this period of invasion from the position of the tribes of southern Britain. The opening chapters will provide a descriptive account of the land and people who occupied southern Britain and a survey of tribal response to the Roman invasions. The reasons behind the differing responses to Rome will be offered with an analysis of th~ tribal politics that existed in southern Britain between Caesar's invasions of 55-54BC and the Claudian invasion of 43AD. Three case studies consider the central response to the Roman incursions. The first looks at the resistance offered to Caesar by the British warlord Cassivellaunus. The second case study highlights the initial response to Rome in 43AD by Caratacus and his brother Togodumnus. Following the initial fighting to stop the Roman invasion, Caratacus moved westward to carry on resistance to Rome in Wales. -
Boudicca's Rebellion
Boudicca’s Rebellion: Re-Evaluating the Popular Narrative Word Count: 4,316 (including footnotes) Abstract: Boudicca’s apparently spontaneous rebellion against Roman rule in the 1st century AD established her as one of Britain’s greatest national heroes and cultural icons. Revered for her bravery, resolve and unwillingness to yield to tyranny, she is regarded as a paragon of fighting spirit, and to this day her name is invoked for a variety of political and ideological causes. When a figure is so central to modern national identity, an accurate understanding of history is crucial to properly evaluate the inevitable attempts to appropriate and politicise his or her legacy. An examination of the source materials in the works of Tacitus and Dio, however, shows that a sudden uprising, predicated on a few specific acts of Roman brutality, is highly unlikely. Rather, this paper presents an alternative hypothesis - that Boudicca had been fomenting insurrection for some time prior to the death of her husband Prasutagus and did so in response to a long pattern of Roman abuse and exploitation. Supporting this hypothesis is an examination of the client status of Prasutagus using parallels with another British client monarch in Queen Cartimandua. This highlights the paradoxical attitude of Rome towards its client rulers and the precarious positions of clients’ consorts and subjects. Additional evidence includes the Romans’ disproportionately violent treatment of Boudicca and her daughters, the timing of key events, and the logistics of such a large uprising. A fuller understanding of her narrative moves Boudicca beyond the gendered stereotype of a reactive, emotionally-motivated warrior queen. -
Boudicca's Rebellion Against the Roman Empire in 60 AD Daniel Cohen Union College - Schenectady, NY
Union College Union | Digital Works Honors Theses Student Work 6-2016 Boudicca's Rebellion Against the Roman Empire in 60 AD Daniel Cohen Union College - Schenectady, NY Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalworks.union.edu/theses Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons, Celtic Studies Commons, European History Commons, and the Military History Commons Recommended Citation Cohen, Daniel, "Boudicca's Rebellion Against the Roman Empire in 60 AD" (2016). Honors Theses. 135. https://digitalworks.union.edu/theses/135 This Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Work at Union | Digital Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of Union | Digital Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. i Boudicca’s Rebellion Against the Roman Empire in 60 AD By Daniel Cohen ********* Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Honors in the Department of History UNION COLLEGE June, 2016 ii ABSTRACT Cohen, Daniel Boudicca’s Rebellion Against the Roman Empire in 60 AD This paper examines the rebellion of Boudicca, the queen of the Iceni tribe, during the Roman Empire’s occupation of Britannia in 60 AD. The study shows that had Boudicca not changed her winning strategy in one key battle, she could have forced the Roman Empire to withdraw their presence from Britannia, at least until it was prudent to invade again. This paper analyzes the few extant historical accounts available on Boudicca, namely those of the Roman historians Tacitus and Cassius Dio, to explore the effectiveness of tactics on both sides of the rebellion. -
THE EVIDENCE of TACITUS: Roman Historian Writing in the First Century AD
THE EVIDENCE OF TACITUS: Roman historian writing in the First Century AD. The capture of Caratacus … the wife and daughter of Caratacus were captured, and his brothers too … There is seldom safety for the unfortunate, and Caratacus, seeking the protection of Cartimandua, queen of the Brigantes, was put in chains and delivered up to the conquerors, nine years after the beginning of the war in Britain. (Tacitus, Annals Book XII) Caratacus’ speech before Emperor Claudius in Rome This is Caratacus’ plea to Claudius as reported by the Roman author Tacitus. Caratacus had been a powerful and wealthy king and a brave enemy. His reputation had preceded him to Rome and his demeanour during the enforced triumphal parade through the streets of Rome had impressed the crowds. ‘My present situation is as glorious to you as it is degrading to myself. I had men and horses, arms and wealth. What wonder if I parted with them reluctantly? If you Romans choose to lord it over the world, does it follow that the world is to accept slavery? Were I to have been at once handed over as a prisoner, neither my fall nor your triumph would have become famous. My punishment would be soon forgotten, whereas, if you save my life, I shall be an everlasting reminder of your mercy.’ (Adapted from Tacitus Annals, Book XII) Queen Cartimandua and the Brigantes Cartimandua was ruler over the Brigantes in her own right. After she captured King Caratacus and betrayed him to Claudius Caesar she became even more powerful. Emperor Claudius was pleased with his captive whom he took to Rome to be part of his triumph, and he richly rewarded Cartimandua. -
Tacitus the Annals of Imperial Rome
TACITUS THE ANNALS OF IMPERIAL ROME TRANSLATED WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY MICHAEL GRANT Revised Edition PENGUIN BOOKS Penguin Books Ltd, Harmondsworth,Middlesex, England PenguinBooks, 625 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10022, U.S.A. Penguin Books Australia Ltd, Ringwood, Victoria, Australia Penguin Books Canada Ltd, 41 Steelcase Road West Markham, Ontario, Canada Penguin Books (N.Z.) Ltd, 182-190Wairau Road, Auckland 10, New Zealand This translation first published 1956 Reprinted with revisions 1959 Reprinted 1961, 1962, 1964, 1966, 1g68 Revised edition 1971 Reprinted 1972 Reprinted with revisions 1973 Reprinted with revisions 1975 Reprinted 1975, 1976 Copyright @Michael Grant Publications Ltd, 1956. 1959, 1971 Made and printed in Great Britain by HazellWatson & Viney Ltd, Aylesbury, Bucks Set inMonotype Bembo Except in the United States of America, this book is :old subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent re-sold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher's prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser TACITUS: ANNALS XII. 29 * In Britain1 the situation inherited by the imperial governor Publiw Ostorius Scapula was chaotic. Convinced that a new commander, with an unfamiliar army and with winter begt.m, would not fight them, hostile tribes had broken violently into the Roman province. But Ostorius knew that initial results are what produce alarm or con fidence. So he marched his light auxiliary battalions rapidly ahead, and stamped out resistance. The enemy were dispersed and hard I. -
Romans & Tribes
THEME 2: ROMANS & TRIBES AIMS There is a common 'stereotype' that all Romans came from Rome. By the time the Romans invaded Britain, the Empire covered large parts of Europe, North Africa and parts of the Middle East and this was reflected in the composition of the army. These sessions aim to help students appreciate the cultural diversity of the Roman era in the north of Britain i.e. that not all Romans came from Rome, or even Italy. At the time of the invasion in AD 43 Britain was not a unified country but populated by many tribes each with their own territorial area and ruled by a leader or ‘King’. Several of the southern tribes had been trading with the Romans for many decades and counted themselves allies. The early part of the story of Cartimandua links in with that of Caratacus. It provides an interesting opportunity to examine the complex relationship between the Romans and their client kings and queens, and the impact their arrival had on British tribes. Further scope for discussion centres on issues of morality and changing ideas of what is acceptable behaviour and what is not. PART 1: WHO WERE THE ROMANS? AIMS Students will populate a map of Europe with people inside the Roman Empire, demonstrating that the Empire was not just Rome but covered large parts of Europe, North Africa and parts of the Middle East. Students will understand that the concept of nationality is relative i.e. in the Roman era you belonged to your tribe/kinship group and the Empire. -
Who Was Caratacus? How a New Discovery Helps to Resolve an Old Controversy
Insight CHRIS RUDD Who Was CarataCus? How a new discovery helps to resolve an old controversy or over 400 years people have been trying to attribute coins to Caratacus—some rightly, others wrongly. In 1581 the antiquarian historian William Camden illustrated a gold stater of Epaticcus (ABC 1343) in his monumental Britannia, misread the legend as CEArITIC and said it was “a coine of that warlike prince, Caratacus”. Another antiquarian, Freverend William Stukeley (1687–1765), copied Camden’s drawing of the Epaticcus stater onto his own plates, but changed the inscription to CArATIC, which better suited Stukeley’s equally mistaken attribution to CArATICVS, as he called the prince. In 1846 a numismatist who should have known better, reverend Beale Poste, republished Stukeley’s stupid error in The coins of Cunobeline and of the ancient Britons. Worse was to follow. In 1862 Poste published engravings of two silver units of Epaticcus (both ABC 1346), misread both inscriptions as KErATI (supposedly a mixture of Greek and Latin letters), declared both coins to be of “Caractacus” and accused his critics of “the grossest misrepresentations”. Three years later John Evans, the father of Ancient British numismatics, delightfully debunked these early attempts to donate the gold and silver coins of Epaticcus to his nephew Caratacus. In his seminal book The coins of the Ancient Britons (1864) Evans said Poste and others “sinned against light” because cartographer John Speed (1542–1629) had previously published a virtually correct reading of the Epaticcus stater legend. He added: “When any coins of Caratacus are discovered, if such an event ever takes place, we may, at all events, expect to find that Roman letters will have been used upon them, as they always are, without exception, on the coins of his father, Cunobeline, and his grandfather, Tasciovanus.” Little did Evans know that some years later he would acquire a silver coin inscribed CARA, probably found near Guildford, Surrey, now in the British Museum (Hobbs BMC 2378, ABC 1376). -
Tacitus, the Defeat of Caratacus
TACITUS ACCOUNT OF THE DEFEAT OF CARATACUS The army then marched against the Silures, a naturally fierce people and now full of confidence in the might of Caratacus, who by many an indecisive and many a successful battle had raised himself far above all the other generals of the Britons. Inferior in military strength, but deriving an advantage from the deceptiveness of the country, he at once shifted the war by a stratagem into the territory of the Ordovices, where, joined by all who dreaded peace with us, he resolved on a final struggle. He selected a position for the engagement in which advance and retreat alike would be difficult for our men and comparatively easy for his own, and then on some lofty hills, wherever their sides could be approached by a gentle slope, he piled up stones to serve as a rampart. A river too of varying depth was in his front, and his armed bands were drawn up before his defences. Then too the chieftains of the several tribes went from rank to rank, encouraging and confirming the spirit of their men by making light of their fears, kindling their hopes, and by every other warlike incitement. As for Caratacus, he flew hither and thither, protesting that that day and that battle would be the beginning of the recovery of their freedom, or of everlasting bondage. He appealed, by name, to their forefathers who had driven back the dictator Caesar, by whose valour they were free from the Roman axe and tribute, and still preserved inviolate the persons of their wives and of their children. -
Roman North-West England: the Process of Annexation
ROMAN NORTH-WEST ENGLAND: THE PROCESS OF ANNEXATION David Shatter Read 19 October 1996 A quarter of a century ago it was the normal practice of historians to attribute the annexation of north-west England without question to Gnaeus Julius Agricola, governor of Britain between A.D. 77 and 83. This was in effect a ringing endorsement of the art of the 'spin doctor'; for Tacitus, Agricola's son-in-law and biographer, successfully omitted or relegated into the background evidence which would have supported the propositions that the process of annexation was more cumulative and gradual and that others, besides Agricola, made significant contributions to it. Further, in his Histories (published c. A.D. 106), Tacitus presented as fact the suggestion that, after Agricola's recall from Britain (which, in the Life of Agricola, he had indicated as an extremely devious and unreasonable act), Roman activities in Britain represented, at best, a lost opportunity and, at worst, a sell-out.' It is the purpose of the present paper to re-examine these views in the light of the greater body of evidence that is now available to us; whilst it will concentrate on the area of north-west England, this will, where appropriate, be related to the wider context of northern Britain. Since the late 1960s, archaeologists and historians have come increasingly to question older propositions, subjecting Tacitus, Histories, 1.2,1; Tacitus, Life of Agricola, 39 II 2 David Shatter them to the evidence resulting from new programmes of survey and excavation, and from greater refinement in handling the artefactual material.- Consequently, we can now appreciate that the annexation of the north-west not only pre dated Agricola's governorship, but also in some aspects the Flavian period (A.D.