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De Ehrhardt Brigade En De Organization Consul De Ehrhardt Brigade en de Organization Consul Paramilitair geweld in de eerste jaren van de Republiek van Weimar Joris Bakker 0465291 0 Inhoudsopgave. Inleiding. .................................................................................................................................... 2 Hoofdstuk 1: Oorlog, revolutie en de freikörper. .................................................................. 9 Der Geist von 1914. .............................................................................................................. 9 De stormtroepen en de esthetiek van geweld. .................................................................. 15 Dolchstosslegende. .............................................................................................................. 17 De geboorte van een nieuwe Republiek. ........................................................................... 20 De Spartakusopstand. ........................................................................................................ 23 De freikörper. ..................................................................................................................... 25 Het einde van de Spartakusopstand. ................................................................................ 27 De moord op Luxemburg en Liebknecht. ........................................................................ 29 De Republiek van Weimar. ............................................................................................... 32 Het Verdrag van Versailles. .............................................................................................. 34 Diktat van Versailles. ......................................................................................................... 37 Hoofdstuk 2: De Ehrhardt Brigade en de Organization Consul. ...................................... 40 De Ehrhardt Brigade. ........................................................................................................ 40 Nieuwe opstanden. .............................................................................................................. 41 Müncher Räterepublik. ..................................................................................................... 43 Polen en de Baltische staten. .............................................................................................. 45 De Kapp-putsch. ................................................................................................................. 50 De nasleep van de Kapp-putsch. ....................................................................................... 53 De Organization Consul. .................................................................................................... 56 Jongeren. ............................................................................................................................. 59 De statuten van de O.C. en Opper-Silezië. ....................................................................... 62 De Feme. .............................................................................................................................. 65 The ‘Aftermath’ .................................................................................................................. 68 Apolitieke nihilisten. ........................................................................................................... 70 Conclusie. ................................................................................................................................ 75 Literatuurlijst. ........................................................................................................................ 79 1 Inleiding. Op de morgen van 24 juni 1922 reed Walter Rathenau, de eerste joodse minister van Buitenlandse Zaken van Duitsland, in zijn open auto naar zijn werk. Hij vertrok die ochtend wat later dan gebruikelijk, omdat hij de avond daarvoor tot diep in de nacht had vergaderd op de Amerikaanse ambassade over de Duitse herstelbetalingen aan de geallieerden. Omstreeks kwart voor elf werd Rathenau, niet ver van zijn villa in Grunewald, een lieflijk voorstadje van Berlijn, tegengehouden door drie jonge mannen in lederen jacks. Terwijl zijn auto stopte, opende een van de mannen direct met een machinegeweer het vuur op Rathenau en gooide een tweede man een handgranaat richting het slachtoffer. Door de kracht van de explosie vloog deze uit zijn stoel. Vijf kogels doorboorden het lichaam van de minister. Zijn kaak en ruggengraat werden verbrijzeld en hij was vrijwel op slag dood. De drie mannen in lederen jacks snelden in een auto weg van de plek des onheils. 1 De moord op Rathenau is niet atypisch voor de roerige jaren in Duitsland na de Eerste Wereldoorlog. De gevolgen van het verlies en de daaropvolgende chaos hielden de jonge Republiek van Weimar jaren in hun greep. Tussen 1918 en 1922 werden er honderden politieke moorden gepleegd. 2 Verspreid over het hele land waren er revoluties, stakingen, contrarevoluties, putschen en opstanden. Bovendien heerste er een ernstige economische malaise en moesten duizenden gedemobiliseerde militairen terugkeren in de maatschappij. Duitsland moest onder druk van de geallieerden een vernederend vredesverdrag ondertekenen en kreeg grote hertelbetalingen opgelegd. Ook moest Duitsland de verantwoordelijkheid voor het uitbreken van de oorlog op zich nemen. De voorlopige regering die na de oorlog de leiding over het land moest nemen kon nauwelijks controle houden over de situatie in het land. Het leger was bijna volledig gedesintegreerd en moest onder de bepalingen van het vredesverdrag gereduceerd worden tot hooguit 100.000 man. 3 De regering had geen enkele machtsbasis waarop ze kon terugvallen. 4 1 Carole Fink, “The Murder of Walter Rathenau”, Judaism 3 (Juni 1995) 264. 2 Howard Stern, “The Organisation Consul”, The Journal of Modern History (Maart 1963) 20. 3 Richard Evans, The coming of the Third Reich , (Londen, 2004) 65. 4 Wil Deac, “Germany’s Freikorps helped pave the way for Adolf Hitler in the troubled years between World Wars.”, World War II (Maart 1997) 1. 2 De minister van Defensie, Gustav Noske schakelde, de zogenaamde vrijkorpsen, of freikörper, in om de orde in het land te herstellen. 5 De freikörper waren rechtse paramilitaire groeperingen die door officieren uit de Eerste Wereldoorlog waren opgezet en bestonden uit vrijwilligers die zich om verschillende redenen ook na de oorlog wilden organiseren in een militaire beweging. Hoewel de freikörper de regering inderdaad meermaals hielpen de orde te herstellen, waren ze zelf ook veelal debet aan de chaos in het land. Sommige van de freikörper waren verantwoordelijk voor acties tegen de regering. De verschillende freikörper die opgezet werden namen meestal de naam aan van hun militaire leider, zo was bijvoorbeeld de Ehrhardt Brigade vernoemd naar Hermann Ehrhardt en was de Hindenburg freikorps vernoemd naar veldmaarschalk Paul von Hindenburg. 6 De Ehrhardt Brigade in het bijzonder was een freikorps dat zijn stempel heeft gedrukt op de Republiek van Weimar. Bij bijna alle gebeurtenissen waar paramilitaire organisaties een rol speelden was de Ehrhardt Brigade aanwezig. Hierbij werd veelal zeer gewelddadig opgetreden. Uit de Ehrhardt Brigade kwam ook de zogenaamde Organization Consul voort. De Organization Consul was een ultranationalistische terreurorganisatie waartoe ondermeer de moordenaars van Walter Rathenau behoorden. 7 De Organization Consul was vernoemd naar Consul Eichmann, een alias van Ehrhardt dat hij aannam nadat hij gezocht werd door de politie vanwege zijn rol in een putsch. 8 De eerste helft van de twintigste eeuw werpt nog altijd zijn schaduw op de Duitse geschiedenis. Meer dan een halve eeuw na het einde van de Tweede Wereldoorlog is er onder historici nog steeds geen consensus over hoe men de verschrikkingen uit deze periode moet uitleggen. In de zoektocht naar de wortels van het nazisme is er nauwelijks een aspect binnen de Duitse geschiedenis dat niet een inspectie heeft moeten doorstaan. De freikörper vormen hierop geen uitzondering. De freikörper worden vaak gezien als de voorlopers van de paramilitaire organisaties van de nazi’s en hun leden als nazi’s in spe. Dat dit beeld bestaat is niet erg vreemd. Veel leden van een freikorps sloten zich later aan bij de nazi’s en vervulden belangrijke functies binnen het Derde Rijk. Ook historiografisch is de oorsprong van het label 5 James Diehl, Paramilitary Politics in Weimar Germany (Bloomington 1977) 38. 6 Robert Waite, Vanguard of Nazism: the Free Corps Movement in postwar Germany, 1918-1923 (Cambridge 1952) 33. 7 Robert Gerwarth, “The central European counter-revolution: paramilitary violence in Germany, Austria and Hungary after the Great War”, Past and Present , nummer 200 (Augustus 2008) 175. 8 Stern, “The Organisation Consul”, 21. 3 op de leden van de freikörper als een soort van protofascisten niet moeilijk terug te vinden. De eerste geschiedenisboeken over de freikörper werden in de jaren dertig geschreven door nazi’s die hen vaak glorieus afschilderden als voorlopers van de SA. 9 Een goed voorbeeld hiervan is het boek Ernstes und Heitere aus dem Putschleben van Manfred von Killinger. 10 Von Killinger was de leider van de militaire afdeling van de Organization Consul en later een belangrijke politicus binnen de NSDAP. Het beeld van de freikörper als voorlopers van de nazi’s is vervolgens sindsdien blijven bestaan en voor historici is het altijd een probleem gebleken om in hun onderzoek naar de
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