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2010Psj 356 7..10 Forward: Developments in Policy Prosopography, 2010psj_356 7..10 Paul Rich President, Policy Studies Organization This is the second edition of the Public Policy Yearbook, fathered by Professor Hank Jenkins-Smith, and this year being distributed both as a special issue of the Policy Studies Journal and as a stand-alone volume for reference collections. A yearbook ideally should have something to say about current topics and indeed there are important developments in policy scholarship that deserve mention. If I were asked to single out one, it would be the impact of the Internet and web on policy research and teaching. In fact, the Yearbook is made possible by the new technology. Of course, all scholarship is being impacted by technology. However, policy studies by their nature are more contemporary than some other disciplines. This is not to say that there aren’t constant developments in Shakespeare studies or research into the Egyptian Middle Kingdom, and in fact one of the challenges in teaching is to convince students that there is no such thing as static knowledge. History and literature are not fossilized. However, one way to view policy is as knowledge brought to action, academia working with the hope of change and improvement in society. Most policy students would agree that much of the time policy discourse has a contemporary flavor. So inevitably the ability of the new technology to provide information more rapidly does have a special impact on policy. All eleven journals of the Policy Studies Organization are available online, and the online versions appear before the paper versions can make their way through the mail. Increasingly, libraries prefer the electronic versions because they can have multiple readers and are not on lost in the post. Librarians tell me that on a large campus, a single paper copy is a frustration to both faculty and students. Every year despite a very small difference in price we find more libraries opt for the electronic only version of the journals. Inevitably this new media will change the way in which scholars write. Graphs and charts, video clips, color photographs—these formerly either expensive or impossible amplifications are now becoming easier and less costly. It has to be conceded that articles still do not reflect the versatility that the web permits. It may be that some older scholars simply don’t feel comfortable working in the new world, vii and that we shall have to wait for more use of the web before the balance tips and the numbers prevail of those who, because of age, grew up with computers. The issue is not simple word processing but the whole style of writing permitted by computer innovation. We simply cannot estimate what Google Voice, Chrome, Android, the Espresso Book Machine and other innovations of 2010 are going to do for us or to us. Cloud computing and YouTube seem tame compared to what might be around the corner. What can be said is that it is reasonable to expect the changes of the last ten years to be minor compared to the changes of the next ten years. Many academic units still advise newly minted professors to write books for tenure, but how long will that continue. We still regard journal articles as the Swiss francs of the tertiary world, but is that a currency in danger of becoming obsolescent? Many of us find these frontiers to be challenging but not threatening. And the Yearbook is an example of how the activities of scholars are being favorably influ- enced by electronics. The authorities listed in this year’s volume are geographically diverse band, with amazingly varied interests. A generation ago, knowing about their work and being able to contact them would have been a major challenge. Now, if you are searching for advice or a cohort, the Yearbook permits you in a few minutes to reach around the world to a colleague and companion enthusiast. Do you need a teacher to fill a sabbatical hole, or summer institute faculty, or a peer reviewer? Well, here is a source. Knowing the ingenuity of Hank Jenkins-Smith, I have no doubt that the Yearbook will always be a work in progress. It certainly has already been tremendously useful. Let me suggest a way in which we will find it useful that perhaps has not been appreciated—as a running history of policy studies, as in a sense prosopography. Prosopography, which is in some respects collective biography, is closely asso- ciated with the problems of causality and the way a profession or discipline is shaped by individuals. Categories are created by prosopographers and can elicit character- istics and attitudes from a group who were Puseyites or Rotarians, or attended Oxford, or that all came from Devon, or in this case are policy mavens—the impli- cations can be explored. At the heart of successful prosopography is finding an accurate list of the members of a group, one that is as inclusive as possible, as it will be difficult in the middle or the end of a study to go back and look for information for those that were missed. As Professor Jenkins-Smith develops the Yearbook his criteria for selection of entries will become increasingly of interest. Sherlock Holmes in The Red-Haired League (1892) was a tongue-in-cheek prosopographer when he remarked, “Beyond the obvious fact that he has at some time done manual labor, that he takes snuff, that he is a Freemason, and that he has been in China, and that he has done a considerable amount of writing lately, I can deduce nothing else.” Sir Lewis Namier (1888–1960) in The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III (1929) and other work on British parliamentarians demonstrated the technique’s effectiveness. Of course, there are dangers as prosopography’s proponents often have been attacked for claiming too much on basis of the study of too small a selection. The inherent problem is that successful prosopography is necessarily limited in the size of group that can be studied. The selection can be nonrepresen- tative and too small, but on the other hand biographical analysis of large groups not only requires enormous resources but often is inconclusive. One of the best uses of prosopography is for the study of a special group such as the members of a legisla- ture or club. A good example is R. Neale’s Class and Ideology in the Nineteenth Century (1972) that examined the governors and executive councilors of the Australian colo- nies in 1788–1856. The Yearbook is an ideal base for prosopography. Since Namier’s time the tech- nique has not featured as prominently in the mainstream of scholarship as it should. This neglect is unfortunate, because when the subject of study fits the criteria of not being too voluminous and of being fairly well documented, it is a highly successful research tool. The Yearbook is going to prove very significant to policy studies as it profiles policy scholars and practitioners. For the first time we can study those who create the subject. This is not the place to go into details, but it is an interesting subject—for controversies over the proper use of techniques see Gertrude Himmel- farb, The New History and the Old (1987); and David Fischer, Historians’ Fallacies (1970). A significant scholar who has successfully employed prosopography is R.S. Neale, History and Class (1983). Examples of the use of the technique would include David Potter, India’s Political Administrators, 1919–1983 (1986) and Robin Bidwell, ″The Political Residents of Aden″, Arabian Studies V, (1979). I hope someone will take up the challenge that the Yearbook presents, invoking the time saving that computers now give us, and start to use the Yearbook’s to profile policy scholars. Whether they all like malt or are partisans of the New York Yankees, one is curious as to their principles and prejudices. How far Professor Jenkins-Smith personally chooses to go down the road traveled by Sir Lewis is of course his choice, and he has a number of important policy projects on his plate. But we are all most grateful to him for starting something of such worth as the yearbook. 2010 Public Policy Yearbook psj_350 11..14 This issue marks the second edition of the annual Public Policy Yearbook. As was the case in 2009, the 2010 edition of the Yearbook contains a detailed international listing of active public policy scholars, with contact information, fields of specialization, research references1 and a short statement of research interests for each scholar. Within the next few months, in addition to the annual hard-copy version, the Year- book will be accessible online for review by those interested in identifying scholars by field and interest. The Yearbook is provided free of charge to members of the Policy Studies Organization and subscribers to the Policy Studies Journal, and is now avail- able as a stand-alone volume. The Yearbook is designed with several objectives in mind. The intent is to provide a resource for scholars and practitioners of public policy that will permit an accessible reference to who is studying what, where, and how in the field of public policy. The Yearbook is designed to be more than a “phonebook” listing of policy scholars and their programs. The design of the Yearbook permits scholars and practitioners to easily locate other scholars working in areas of theoretical and substantive interest, to identify the most pertinent and recent work published in these areas, and to provide a means to assess in what direction the research in these areas is going.
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