Access to Berlin, 90, 96, 202, 204, 206–207 Acheson, Dean, 24, 27

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85824-3 - Kennedy in Berlin Andreas W. Daum Index More information

Index

access to Berlin,90,96,202,204,206–207 Albertz,Heinrich,18,196 Acheson,Dean,24,27,35,44,50 Alexanderplatz,185 Ackermann,Volker,190 Allemann,Fritz Ren e,204´ Adenauer,Konrad,16,50,81,103,126, Allied Control Council,96–98 136,148,156,168,183 Allied Museum,222 de Gaulle visits to Germany,64–65,174 Alternative Liste,209 France visit (1962),35,61–63,85,170 America Institute,160 Franco-German relationship,34–36 America Memorial Library,44 invitation to JFK,70–71,75,76,79–80 American Academy,222 and JFK motorcade,1,111,119,127–30 American Berliners,48–50,56,60,126, and Khruschev,186 145,150,158 LBJ visit (1961),51 American Council on Germany,47,48 politics of,23–25,29,31,36,66,86–87, American Federation of Labor–Congress of 89,98,107,126,174 Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO), and protocol,70,93,95,98–99,105–11, 48,149 113 American Friends of the Captive Nations, relationship,meetings with JFK,14,16, 47,48 34–36,66–67,69–70,84–87,90–91, American Jewish Committee,222 113,132,162 American Memorial Library,135 retirement of,22,76,200,216 American University at Schoneberg¨ City Hall,136,138–39, June 10,1963,speech by JFK,81–82, 145,147 93,142,146,159,172,173 as symbol of an older generation,18,34, Americanization,19–20,168–69,218 66–67,84 Americans for Democratic Action (ADA), and Willy Brandt,3,28,29,33,98–99, 48 126,200 Amerika Haus,Berlin,60,129,205,206 Adenauer,Max,85 Amrehm,Franz,46 AEG (Allgemeine Anhalter Bahnhof,134 Elektrizitats-Gesellschaft),102,203¨ anthems. See national anthems Air Force One,3,78,81,125,163 anti-Americanism,32–33,204–14,220 Airlift. See Berlin Airlift following erection of Berlin Wall,3, Airlift Memorial,43,135,191,203, 27–28 206–208 student protests of 1968,160–62,183

283

284 Index

anti-communism,37,42,48–50,142–44, erection of,3,15,16,25,27–33,122, 155–56,172,174,200,210 141,145 antitotalitarianism,48,60,66,114,200, JFK visit and its effect on him,132, 204 134–35,142–43,146,153–55,165, appeasement politics,67 176 architecture,6,8,10,42,43,100,103, Berlin,as capital,97–98,107,211,221 128,135,158,213,219 Berliner Luft,127,163 ARD (Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Berliner Morgenpost,120,176 Rundfunkanstalten Deutschlands),116 Berliner Zeitung,105,183 Arlington National Cemetery,193,197 Berlin’s legal status. See law,legal issues Armageddon (Uris),41 Berlin-Saigon analogy,85–86,206 armament,arms,22–24,76 Bernauer Strasse,59,101,138 arms control,36,78,89,94,156,186, Beuys,Joseph,166 208 Big Lift, The,40 U.S./Soviet missile gap,22,183–84 Bild,27 see also nuclear weapons; military Birch Grove,Sussex,77,163 assassination of JFK,1,3,8,187–97,220 Birmingham,Alabama,77 eulogies and memorials,18,188–97 Bitburg,208 Associated Press,116,150 Blackbourn,David,6 Atlantic Community,17,36,77–79,94, blockade of West Berlin (1948–49),2,6, 157,162,218 11,39,57,143,176,191,207,212, Atlanticists,3,30,35,76,81 220 Auer company,Berlin plant,60 Blumenthal,Roy,48 autobahn,84,85 Bohlen,Charles,51 Bolz,Lothar,183 B.Z. Berlin,176 Bonn,3,28,51,52,64,65,69,71,79,96, Bach,Otto,110,126,136,138 99,107,169,170,174,178,192,208, Bad Godesberg,86,90 211 Bahnhof Zoo,104,128,205 JFK visit,71,79,83,85,91,162,178, Bahr,Egon,28,38,47,90,105,146,202 216 balance of payments. See economic and Bonn city hall square,85 ﬁscal policies Bonner General-Anzeiger,171 Ball,George W.,94,216 Boston,Massachusetts,21,24,67,150, Bastille,6 176,203 Beatles,168 Brandenburg Gate,46,59,101,103,105, Benjamin Franklin Foundation,42 113,117–18,132,172,202,210–12, Berghahn,Volker R.,19 219 Berlin Airlift,2,5,7,11,38–41,51,100, Brandt,Rut,59,68 139,199,201,212,220 Brandt,Willy,45,47,75,79–81,86,90, Berlin Brieﬁngs,38,171,197 122–23,156,162,216 Berlin city archives,151 assassination of JFK,190–91,197 Berlin lobby,48–50,70,72–73,103,200, de Gaulle visit to Germany (1962),64 220,221 erection of Berlin Wall,27–29 Berlin Senate. See Senate,West Berlin Harvard lectures (1962),68 Berlin Wall,10,46–47,51,52,57–59,71, and JFK itinerary,100–102,105 90,100,102,105,115,186,207,221 and JFK motorcade,1,111,119, dismantling of in 1989,3,15,211,221 127–30

Index 285

and Konrad Adenauer,3,33,98–99, CDU. See Christian Democratic Union 126,200 Champagne,62 LBJ visit to Berlin (1961),52–54 Champs-Elysees,105´ politics of,30,49–50,68–69,78,102, charisma,65,179–80,208 126,173,200 of JFK,18–19,68,79,176–79,188–89, and protocol,95,98–99,105–11 217–18,222 relationship,meetings with JFK,14, of LBJ,54–56 27–29,34–66,73,84,86,91–92,126, of Willy Brandt,68,145,197 174 Charlottenburg,206 RFK visit to Berlin (1962),57,59–60, Charlottenburg Palace,101,162,205,209 173 Checkpoint Charlie,32,101,103,113, RFK visit to Berlin (1964),202–203 116–18,134,209,222 at Schoneberg¨ City Hall,136–38, 1961 armed face-off,29,36,101,134, 144–47,149,178 207 Breitscheidplatz,129 Cherne,Leo,48 Bruce,David K. E.,51 Chicago,37,58 Bucerius,Gerd,97 Chicago Tribune,172 Buchholz,Horst,40 Christian Democratic Union (CDU),3, Budapest,47,68 30,66,69,71,79,81,107,114 Bundesgrenzschutz (Federal Border Police), Christian Social Union (CSU),35 97 CIA (Central Intelligence Agency),42,44 Bundestag,97,107,208,221 Cicero,Marcus Tullius,152,192 Bundeswehr (German Armed Forces),64, “City upon a Hill,” 2, 221 111 civil rights. See racial unrest,civil rights Bundy,McGeorge,64,136,140,149–51, issues in the U.S. 156,172 “Civis Romanus sum,”141,144,150–55 Burauen,Theo,85,216 Clay,Lucius D.,5,30,33,41,44,47–49, Burton,Richard,41 73,80,101,102,112,126,138,139, Bush,George H. W.,211 144,150,167,173,222 Bush,George W.,204,213 Berlin visit with LBJ (1961),28–29, Bykovski,Valery,184 51–55,60 Byrd,Robert C.,37 Checkpoint Charlie armed face-off (1961),29,134 Cafe´ Kranzler,129 and RFK Berlin trip (1962),57–58 Cagney,James,40 at Schoneberg¨ city hall,141–42,147 Camelot,192 Viability Program,90 capital,issue of Germany’s capital city, Clayallee,126 97–98,107,211,221 Clinton,William Jefferson (Bill),211–13 Carnival,carnivalesque behavior,3,85, coexistence policy of JFK,69,78,82, 168–69,219 142–43,146–47,155–56,158–60, Carre,John´ le,41 186 Carstens,Karl,71,81 Cold War,2–4,10,22,37–38,155–56,208 Carter,Jimmy,207–208 strategies,82,183,186 Castro,Fidel,22 symbols,100–102 Catholics,Catholicism,21,62,85 Cologne,64,66,99,135,178 CBS (Columbia Broadcasting System), JFK visit,81,84–86,91,144,167,168, television,116 176,178,216

286 Index

Cologne Cathedral,64,85,167 Declaration of Independence,U.S.,56 Cologne city hall,85 decolonialization,22,160 Cologne Civic Hall (Gurzenich¨ ),64 defense budgets. See military,military issues Cologne-Bonn Airport,3,79,82,163, deﬁcits. See economic policies 170,184 detente,24–26,29–30,78,91,146–47,´ Columbia University,157 155–56,158–60,173,216,221 communism. See anti-communism Deutsch,Karl W.,17,217 community building. See transnationalism Deutsche Wochenschau,202 Conant,James B.,147,158 DGB. See German Federation of Trade Congo,22 Unions Congress for Cultural Freedom,42,130 Dibelius,Otto,191 Congress Hall,42,103,105,113,130–32, Die Welt,33,175,176 207 Die Zeit,209 Congress,U.S.,211 Diefendorf,Jeffrey M.,43 Constitutional Court Diem,Ngo Dinh,86 (Bundesverfassungsgericht),97 Diers,Michael,11 cosmonauts. See space exploration Dietrich,Marlene,40 Craig,Gordon A.,169 Doering-Manteuffel,Anselm,19 crowds,170 domino theory,37 crowd behavior,165–69,176–82 Dowling,Walter C.,52,55,81 crowd control,15,119–23 Dublin,163 and Herter visit to Berlin (1959),50–51 Dudenstrasse,135 and JFK Frankfurt visit,92 Duisburg,64 and JFK motorcade,119,127–30, Dulles,Allan,42 132–35,162 Dulles,Eleanor Lansing,42,48,130 and LBJ Berlin visit (1961),52–55 Dulles,John Foster,24,42,50,66,69 and RFK Berlin visit (1962),58 Dusseldorf,64,82¨ at Schoneberg¨ City Hall,136–40,142, 144–46,148 East Berlin,41,58–60,65,71,90,96, Crusade for Freedom,44,147 99–100,115,118,128,134–35, CSU (Christlich Soziale Union),81 202 Cuba,22 Khrushchev June 1963 visit,182–87 Cuban Missile Crisis,31,33–34,64 East Germany. See German Democratic Republic (GDR) Dadaism,166 Ebert,Friedrich (mayor of East Berlin), Dahlem,100,167 186 Daily Express,172 Ebert,Friedrich (Reich President),190 Daniels,Wilhelm,85 economic and ﬁscal policies,207 Davis,Belinda,120 U.S.,22–23,78–79,89,94,213,216 de Gaulle,Charles,3,22,25,31,34–35, Eichhoff,J urgen,148¨ 66,70,78–81,85,92,94,217 Eigensinn,122,138,166–69,219 German visit (1962),19,35,61–65,75, Eisenhower,Dwight D.,18,21–24,46,50, 80,170,179,218 65,66,79 German visit (1963),174 Germany visit (1959),84 and Great Britain,78 Elgin Air Force Base,152 and NATO,82,87 Elysee´ Treaty of 1963,3,21,35–36,70,76, see also France 82,174

Index 287

Embassy,U.S.,in the Federal Republic,86, French sector of Berlin,100,113,125 99,127,196 French/U.S. relations,70,78,92,125 Embassy,West German,in the U.S.,175 and Great Britain,72,78 emotions,emotionalization,2,4,12–16, and NATO,82,87 18–19,32,33,50–51,61,63,79–80, see also de Gaulle,Charles 91,121–22,135,162,173–79,217–20 Frankfurt,43,178,189,192 historiography of,54,179–82 JFK visit,10,92–94,152,168,176,178, Enabling Act,39 184,200 England. See Great Britain Frankfurt city hall,92 Erhard,Ludwig,23,35,66,81,87,89,92, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung,28,63,181 94,197 Frankfurter Rundschau,171 Ernst Reuter Platz,104,105,128 Franklin,Benjamin,131,158 European Economic Community (EEC), Frederick II,King,“the Great,”213 35,72,78 Free Europe Committee,47,48 European Union,212,222 Free University (FU),42,57,58,60,65, Evangelischen Akademie Tutzing,146 100,103,117,156,169,196,200,219 JFK speech,156–62,210 Fanfani,Amintore,76 Freedom Bell,7,44–48,53,58,138,147, Fasanen Strasse,101 165,178,183,196,205,208 Faust (Goethe),152 Freie Deutsche Jugend (FDJ),9 FDP (Freie Demokratische Partei),81 Freies Berlin (television station),116,170, Fechter,Peter,death of,25,31–33,104, 202 122 French Revolution,6,19 Federal Assembly (Bundesversammlung),97 Friedrich Strasse,101,122,134 Ferro,Scipione del,192 FU. See Free University Finland,128 Fuhrer¨ bunker,39,180 flags,113–14,137,180,185 Fulbright Commission,157 hung by GDR at Brandenburg Gate, 118,134 Gallup poll. See opinion polls red flags of GDR,9,58,172 Gaullists,3,25,35–36,76,81 flexible response policy,23–24,26 Gedachtniskirche¨ (Memorial Church),104, Ford Foundation,42,48,103,157,158 129,206 Foreign Affair, A,39 generations,generation gaps,34,66,84, Foreign Aid Service,West German,88 216 Foreign Office of the Federal Republic of Geneva Summit,22,183 Germany,33,79,80,90,99,103,105, German Democratic Republic (GDR),8, 107,111,140 9,60,114,118,134–35,138,172–73, Foreign Service Institute,U.S. State 207 Department,150 access to Berlin,90,202,204 Foss,Kendal,158 June 17,1953,uprising,105,122,140 Four-Power Status of Berlin,22,33,90, German Democratic Republic (cont.) 95–99,108 Khrushchev visit ( June 1963),182–87 Fraenkel,Ernst,157 U.S. policies toward,26–29 France,6,25,85,95,96,128,172,215 German Federation of Trade Unions Elysee´ Treaty,21,70,76,82,174 (DGB),102,131 Franco-German relations,31,34–36, Gerstenmaier,Eugen,93,94,107,184 61–65,70–71,80,94,179 Gettysburg Address,44

288 Index

glasnost,211 Hotel Adlon,134 Globke,Hans,183 Hotel Steuben,94 Godesberg,86 House of World Cultures. See Congress Goethe,Johann Wolfgang von,94,152 Hall Goffmann,Erving,5 Howley,Frank L.,41,48,158 Golden Book (Berlin guest book),49,53, Humboldt University,158 58,147,151,178,209 Humphrey,Hubert,48,205 Grass,G unter,156¨ “Hungerharke.” See Airlift Memorial Great Britain,15,27,31,35,72,75–78, Hurwitz,Harold,38,70,73,171,197 89,95,172 Great Star,105,130 “Ich bin ein Berliner,”1–4,8,25,141–42, Grewe,Wilhelm G.,31,64,174 144,201,211 Grifﬁth,William E.,56 impact of speech,18,62,155–56,163, Gromyko,Andrei,31 169–73,187,188,197,201–202,214, Gropius,Walter,128 220,221 guest book linguistic issues,147–49 Berlin Golden Book,49,53,58,147, origins of statement,4,149–55 151,178,209 Illustrierte Berliner Zeitschrift,191 Cologne,85 Imperial Germany,120,132,190 India,89 Haffner,Sebastian,33 Industrial Trade Union of Construction Haig,Alexander,209 Workers,102,130 Hail to the Chief,113 International Building Exhibition,1957, Hamburg,64,80,192 128,130,183 Hanau,92 International Federation of Free Trade Hansa Quarter,105,128,130,219 Unions,102 Hardenberg Strasse,105 International Film Festival,41,129 Hardtwig,Wolfgang,7 Ireland,75,77,216 Harriman,Averell,87 Italy,7,75,76,78,89,163,216 Hartwich,Horst,103,157–58 Harvard University,68,146,157 Jakob Kaiser Platz,162 Heckerdamm,101 Jefferson,Thomas,158 Heidelberg,81 Jeismann,Michael,190 Heinitz,Ernst,157 Jewish community center,Fasanen Strasse, Henry Ford Building,FU,42,117,157, 101 158,161 Joachimstaler Strasse,129 Herter,Christian,24 John F. Kennedy Institute,FU,196 Berlin visit (1959),50–51,65,173 John F. Kennedy Library,Boston,150,203 Higgins,Marguerite,48,57,175 John Foster Dulles Allee,130 Hillenbrand,Martin J.,86,90 John XXIII,Pope,76 Hitler,Adolf,39,179–82,207,217,218, Johnson,Lyndon B.,28,50,86,188,190, 220 196–97,204 Ho Chi Minh,161 Berlin visit (1961),7,11,17,28–29, Holocaust,39 51–58,61,64,65,75,107,112,171, Honolulu,Hawaii,47 173,177,217,218 Hoover,Herbert,49,98,151,152 the “Johnson effect,” 55–56, 75, 155, Horror Commune,205 220

Index 289

Joint Allied Military Government. See Kommandantura,96 Kommandantura Koselleck,Reinhart,190 journalists. See media Kovago,Joseph,47 June 17,1953,uprising in the GDR,3, Kranzler Eck,105 105,122,140,179–82 Kreuzberg,135,210 Junger,Ernst,188¨ Kroll,Hans,87 Kronprinzenallee (Clayallee),126 Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church,104, Ku’Damm. See Kurfurstendamm¨ 105,129,191,206 Kuisel,Richard,19 Kaprow,Allan,166 Kuratorium Freies Deutschland (Committee Kaufhaus des Westens,60 for a Free Germany),59 Kaysen,Carl,149 Kuratorium Unteilbares Deutschland Kempski,Hans Ulrich,12,167 (Committee for an Indivisible “Ken-Ne-Dy” chants,81,85,127,137, Germany),71,97 139,143–45,147,161,181,183,187, Kurfurstendamm,41,104,105,115,129,¨ 203 207,219 Kennedy,Edward,60 Kurhaus,167 Kennedy,Ethel,58,60,203 Kurt Schumacher Platz,127 Kennedy grußt¨ Deutschland (Kennedy Greets Germany),193 labor unions. See unions Kennedy,Jacqueline Bouvier,68,138,193, Landwehr canal,134 197,216 Lasky,Melvin,73 Kennedy,Joseph,203 Laßt sie nach Berlin kommen,142,144,153 Kennedy,Kathleen,203 Latin America,89 Kennedy,Robert F. (Bobby),38,47,66, law,legal issues,26–27,90,95–98, 77,80 107–108,111–13,222 assasssination of,206 Le Corbusier,128 Berlin visit (1962),7,17,57–61,64,65, Leber,Annedore,59 72,75,101,137,138,173,177,218 Leber,Georg,102,130 Berlin visit (1964),8,202–203 Leber,Julius,60 Kennedy,Robert Jr.,203 Liberty Bell,Philadelphia,44,47 Kennedy Roundtable,78 Lightner,Allan E.,29 Kerr,Alfred,39 Lincoln,Abraham,44,50,93,178,190 Khrushchev,Nikita,22,26,56,65,66 Lindbergh,Charles,212 Vienna summit ( June 1961),26,70,184 Lindenberger,Thomas,120 visit to East Berlin ( January 1963),71,72 Lippmann,Walter,77,172 visit to East Berlin ( June 1963),8, Lipschitz,Joachim,52 182–87 Little Bighorn,Battle of,91 see also Soviet Union Lochner,Louis P.,150 Khrushchev,Nina,185 Lochner,Robert H.,110,126,127,136, Kiesinger,Kurt Georg,207 140,149–51,181 King,Martin Luther,Jr.,77 London,58 Kinkel,Gottfried,93 Los Angeles,California,50 Kissinger,Henry,24,25,70 Louis XIV,King of France,6 Koch Straße,134 Lovestone,Jay,149 Kohl,Helmut,62,208,212–13 Lowith,Karl,178¨ “Kolle¨ Alaaf,” 85, 144 Lubke,Heinrich,33,83,88¨

290 Index

Ludtke,Alf,120,166,219¨ Mitterand,Franc¸ois,62 Ludwig,Eduard,135 MLF (multilateral nuclear force),36,78, Ludwigsburg,64 87,89,92 Luftbrucken-Gedenkfond¨ (Airlift Memorial Moabit,127 Fund),44 Moller,Alex,68¨ Monnet,Jean,66,81,94 Macmillan,Harold,66,77,80,163 Montini,Giovanni. See Paul VI,Pope Madison,James,158 Mosse,George L.,178,179 Maier,Hans,7 motorcades,1,8,17,52,53,62,84–85, Main,116 105,111,117–19,121–23,127–30, Mainz,211 132–35,156,157,161–62,166,168, Marienfelde,27,54,60 185–87,201,205,207,209,219 Marshall Plan,41,210 Mourmelon,62 massive retaliation,23–24,26 Muller,Gustav,158¨ Mautner,Karl,48 multilateral nuclear force. See MLF May,Ernst,37 Munich,64,80–81 May,Karl,168 Munkler,Herfried,201¨ McCloy,John,35,48,49,51,80,81 Murphy,Robert,48 McGhee,George,103,169 Murrow,Edward R.,47,50,80 McNair Casern,59 Mussolini,Benito,7 Meany,George,47,48,57,80,89, myths,myth-making,4,188–89,192–93, 101–103,126,130,131,217 201–202,204 media,1,3,10,33,115–16,118,126,128, 134,135,169–72,175–77,203 national anthems,52,83,92,98,111,113, and assassination of JFK,189–91 126 East German press,86,105,131,136, National Archives,U.S.,150 172,183–87,191 National Assembly,Frankfurt 1848–49,93 impact of media,11,110,215,219 National League of Cities,48 LBJ Berlin visit (1961),53,56 National Socialism,39,66,190 RFK Berlin visit (1962),60 legacy of,7,9,15,114,169,179–83, U.S. press,6,16,68,76–77,79,81,91, 218,220 148,155,181–82,204 NATO,17,38,62,76,78,97,163,186, West German press,12–13,28,60,80, 208,209 104,167,179–81,187,191,207,209, Naumann,Michael,209 217–18 NBC (National Broadcasting Company), see also television television,135 memorial services for JFK. See assassination Neue Palais,213 of JFK Neue Zuricher¨ Zeitung,181 Mende,Erich,107 Neues Deutschland,86,131,136,172,183, microhistory,4,215 184 military,military issues,22–27,92,113 “New Frontier,”JFK imagery,58,67,100, mandatory military service in the FRG, 135,152 97 New Orleans,Louisiana,47,152 U.S. and allied troops in Germany, JFK speech,May 4,1962,152–53,183 22–23,31,36,54,221 New York,37,50,58 see also armament,arms; nuclear weapons New York Times,6,16,54,76,77,79,93, missile gap,22,183–84 148,172,196

Index 291

Newsweek,148 Plotzensee¨ Memorial,59,101 Nibelungenlied,201 Poland,26,87,127 Niemeyer,Oscar,128 police,32,52,77,97,111–13,126,134, Nietzsche,Friedrich,201 193,210 Nipperdey,Thomas,6 and crowd control,116,121–23,157, Nitze,Paul H.,24 165–69,205 Nixon,Richard M.,21,50,204,206–208 Polk,James H.,134,196 Nollendorfplatz,209 polls. See opinion polls Nuclear Test Ban Treaty of 1963,36,78, Potsdam,212 89,156,186 Potsdam Conference,6,50,98,99,118, nuclear weapons,23–24,31,36,70,172 127,212 Cuban Missile Crisis,33–34 Potsdamer Platz,52,58 MLF,36,78,87,92 Potsdamer Strasse,134 see also armament,arms Prague,127 press. See media O’Donnell,Kenneth,99,149 Princeton University,157 Oder-Neisse Line,26,87 Profumo,John,76 offset negotiations. See economic and ﬁscal Prometheus,192–93 policies protocol,70,81,88,95–99,105–14, One, Two, Three,xix,40 218–19 opinion polls,36–37,56,170–81,196,202 Prowe,Diethelm,30,141 Orlando,Florida,47 public opinion Ostpolitik,146 impact on JFK itinerary,8,104–105, Oswald,Lee Harvey,188 138,166 U.S. support for Berlin,36–38 Palais Schaumburg,86 see also opinion polls Paris,54,58,69,105,172 parliament,FRG,35,64,82,93,97,110, racial unrest,civil rights issues in the U.S., 206,208,211 77,183 parliament,German national,214 Radziwill,Lee Bouvier,138 Paul VI,Pope,76,163 Rapallo policy,German-Soviet treaty 1922, Paul,Apostle,151 186 Paulmann,Johannes,6,98 Rathenau,Walter,39 Paulskirche,10,93–94,132–52,156,165, Reagan,Ronald,8,200,204,207–13 184 Red Cross,121,168 “Pax Americana,”82,155,221 Regina Martyrum,101 Peace Corps,U.S.,88 Reich Chancellery,132,180 People’s Republic of China,22 Reich Party Congress,7 perestroika,211 Reichstag,11,39,118,132,210,211 Petersberg,64 Reifenberg,Jan,33 Philippi,151 Reims,85,170 photography,photographers,17,29,43, Reims,Cathedral of,62,65 45,50,62,84,111,118,119,127–28, Remember Berlin Day,47 134,171,193,203 reuniﬁcation of Germany,26,27,46,87, Platz der Luftbr¨ ucke,191¨ 90,91,144,172,186,211,221 Plischke,Margarete,150–51 Reuter,Ernst,11,44,45,48–50,58,67, Plittersdorf,86 144,191,212

292 Index

Reuther,Victor G.,48 Schwartz,Thomas A.,41 Reuther,Walter,48,57,70,80 Schwarz,Hans-Peter,62 revolution,10,172 Scott,Hugh,77 Rhein-Main Air Base,43 Seaton,George,40 Rheinstrasse,156 Secret Service,U.S.,119,121,131,135 Rhine,Rhineland,52,64,84,86,116 security measures,15,120–23,127,205, Rhine-Main region,81 209,210 Rhondorf,64¨ SED. See Socialist Unity Party RIAS (Radio in the American Sector),45, Segni,Antonio,163 53,149 Senate,U.S.,208 Ries,Henry,43 Senate,West Berlin,32,38,44,47,49,95, Ring politischer Jugend,190 99,105,111–15,118,121,137,151, Risse,Thomas,4 162,180,196,202 Rome,71,172 September 11,2001,196,213 Romerberg,92,168,192¨ Shriver,Eunice,102,138 Roosevelt,Franklin Delano,78 Siekmann,Ida,and memorial to her,59, Rostow,Walt W.,25,55,64,78 101,102,138 Rotes Rathaus,186,187 Siemens,206 Rudolph Wilde Platz,53,117,136,178, Silcher,Friedrich,196 181 Sitting Bull,91 Ruhr region,81 Sobotka,Franz Heinrich,158 Rusk,Dean,16,25,29,31,87,90,96, Social Democratic Party (SPD) (Sozial 138 Demokratische Partie Deutschlands), 3,49,66,69,79,81,107 Salinger,Pierre,78,99 Socialist Unity Party (SED),182–83 SALT II,208 soldiers. See military San Francisco,California,47 Sorensen,Theodore C.,25,77,149, Sanssouci,213 168 Scharoun,Hans,128,134 Soviet Union,80,89,93,172,221 Schildt,Axel,19 and Berlin,24,95–97 Schlagbilder,10,171 Berlin blockade (1948–49),2,5–6,11, Schlesinger,Arthur M.,25,181,182 39,57,140,143,176,191,207,212, Schmidt,Helmut,208 220 Schmidt,Wolfgang,30 Checkpoint Charlie armed face-off Schoneberg,135,210¨ (1961),29,134 Schoneberg¨ City Hall,8,33,53,55,58, Cuban Missile Crisis,33–34 65,101,103,117,122,190,191,193, invasion of Budapest,68 200,202,203,205,209,211 Soviet/German relations,86–87,206 Schonefeld¨ Airport,90,185 space exploration,22,183–84 Schorr,Daniel,116,155,167 U.S./Soviet relations,17,22,25–34,37, Schreiber,Walther,50 76,78,82,155–56,173,206,211,220 Schroder,Gerhard,30,35,87,121¨ see also Khrushchev,Nikita Schumacher,Kurt,49,127 Soviet War Memorial,132,134 Schuman,Robert,66 space exploration Schurz,Carl,93 Soviet,22,183–84 Schutz,Klaus,68,90,207¨ U.S.,152,183–84 Schutz,Wilhelm¨ W.,59,71,97 Spandau prison,96

Index 293

Spangenberg,Dietrich,113 see also media SPD. See Social Democratic Party television coverage of JFK visit,1,17,110, Spechtstrasse,51 115–16,128,135,140,147,155,167, Spree River,52,61,128,162 168,170–71,182,219 Springer,Axel,38,46,102 Tempelhof Airport,43,51,52,56,58,135, Springer-Verlag (publishing house),102, 203,209,210,212 202 Tereshkova,Valentina,184 Sputnik,22,183 Thamer,Hans-Ulrich,7 Spy Who Came in from the Cold, The (le theater,theater metaphor,xix–xx,5–8, Carre),41´ 114,168–69,192–93,218–21 Stalinallee,128 Third Reich. See National Socialism Stanford University,157,168 Third World,22,88,161 State Department,U.S.,29,36,42,71,78, Thucydides,94 80,94,105,140,150,216 Thyssen works,64 Stiftung Luftbruckendank¨ (Airlift Gratitude Tiergarten,42,103,132 Foundation),44 Tiffin,Pamela,40 Stone,Shepard,42,48,49,73,80,103,158 topography,political,8,98–105,115–16, Strasse des 17. Juni,128 128–35,186,205,219 Strassenpolitik. See street politics totalitarianism,7,60,114,180 Strauß,Franz Josef,35,81 Toulouse,Edouard,126,162 street politics,15,50,61,119–23,166–69, trade policies,78,89,152; see also 209,219 economic and fiscal policies Stubbins,Hugh,43 transatlantic. See transnationalism students,student protests,160–62,204,206 transnationalism,4–5,15–18,37–50,72, Suddeutsche¨ Zeitung,12,167,181 125,171–72,191,193–97,215–19, Suhr,Otto,50 222 Sunday Star,56 troops. See military symbols,symbolism,political,8–9,92, Truman,Harry S.,6,38,50,78,98 100–102,186 Tucholsky,Kurt,39 candles,candlelight,190–91 Twain,Mark,39 flags,113–14 Tyler,William R.,90 Freedom Bell,44–48,178 political acts,7,207–208,212–13, Uhland,Ludwig,193 215–16 Ulbricht,Walter,66,182,185–86 see also topography,political uniforms,and their symbolism,7,9, 111–13,180 Tagesspiegel,114,176,217 unions,48,60,89,102–103,119,130–31 Taylor,Maxwell D.,49,51 United Automobile Workers (UAW),48 Technical University,128,156,190,206 United Nations,28,82 Tegel Airport,100,103,105,107,110, United States Information Agency (USIA), 112,117,125,127,162,182 47,80,116 television United States Information Service,169 and the assassination of JFK,189–91 Unter den Linden,134 in the Federal Republic,47,60,105, Uris,Leon,41 115,170–71 U.S. Embassy. See Embassy,U.S. in the GDR,183,185 U.S. Mission,Berlin,32,71,72,99,101, U.S.,27,158,170 102,108,114,119,138,162,197

294 Index

U.S. News & World Report,204 Warsaw Pact,186 U.S.S.R. See Soviet Union Washington,D.C.,50,76,82,89 Washington,George,58 Vatican,75 Weber,Heinz,136,140–44,148 Verdun,62 Weber,Max,16,18,19,177,188,217 Vergemeinschaftung,16,18 Weimar Republic,39,129,190 Vergesellschaftung,17 West Berlin Philharmonic,134 Verres,C.,151 Westbindung,218 Viability Program,58,90 Westernization,161–62,168–69,217–18 Victory Column,130 Westhafen dockyards,127 Vienna summit of June 1961,26,36,70, White House,U.S.,197 102,184 Wiesbaden,94,149,162,167,178 Vietnam,Vietnam War,22,86,155,160, Wilder,Billy,39 166,183,200,204,205,221 Wilhelm I,Emperor,190 Villa Hammerschmidt,88 Wilson,Woodrow,78 visibility,as a political goal,9–12,29,43, Winkler,Heinrich August,19 55,62,64,84,110–11,114–19, Wolfﬂin,Heinrich,111¨ 122–23,170–72,183–86,188,209, Wolfrum,Edgar,6 212,219 World War I,66,120 Vogel,Hans-Jochen,80 World War II,96,220 Voice of America,150 Vostell,Wolf,166 Yalta Conference,118 Yates,David Peel,134 Walden,Hermann,39 Wall Street Journal,172 ZDF (Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen), Wannsee Conference,39,180 116 Warburg,Aby,10 Zinn,Georg August,92,93 War saw,62 Zoological Garden,60,105