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University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan ALEXANDER, Thomas Ley, 1908- THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN UNITED STATES FOREIGN POLICY AIMS RESPECTING THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY AND THE INFORMATION CENTER SERVICE (USIA) SUPPORT OF THESE OBJECTIVES. The American University Ph. D ., 1964 Political Science, international law and relations University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN UNITED STATES FOREIGN POLICY AIMS RESPECTING THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY AND THE INFORMATION CENTER SERVICE (USIA) SUPPORT OF THESE OBJECTIVES by Thomas Ley Alexander Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The American University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree o f Doctor of Philosophy In International Relations Signatures of Committee: Chairman: I A m m a * / 0 - fbu/JbA — Graduate Dean: s/lx/m . June 7, 196M The American U n iv e rsity AMERICAN UNIVERSITY W ashington, D. C. LIBRARY AUG 6 1964 WASHINGTON. D. C # = 3oo(c PREFACE This thesis attempts to reveal the West German attitudes which are supportive of United States foreign policy respecting the Federal Repub­ lic of Germany and to show what Informational materials the Information Center Service of the United States Information Agency were supplied and used by the United States Information Service, Bonn, Germany, during the year 1959 which were capable of the enhancement of United States foreign policy through the installm ent, or continuance of the a tti­ tudes* The study Is based on all readily available primary sources and Include documents and reports of the American Embassy, Bonn; documents of the West German Federal Government and Its agencies; reports of German political parties; The New York Times. Editor and Publisher. The Washington Post: German newspapers; reports of the U* S. Congress; statements of U. S. Government leaders; and other miscellaneous governmental and non-governmental s o u r c e s • Secondary sources are works In the field of International political communications, and on the I l l Federal Republic of Germany. The w riter was posted In the Federal Repub­ lic of Germany with the United States Information Agency from October, 1954, to October, 1956, and on the date of the submission of the thesis had been a staff member of the Information Center Service since October, 1956. Research methods have Included the analysis and evaluation of the data; conversations with German and U. S. officials In Germany and the United States. The thesis attempts to set down the signi­ ficant results of this research and to give the reader a picture of the application of one sector of the United States Information Agency operations to one nation in terms of selected West German attitudes relating to the foreign policy of the United States. The w riter is Indebted to Charles Lerche without whose guidance the Inquiry could not have been successfully completed; to Roland Ferusse for suggesting significant segments of research; to Mary Bradshaw who guided the w riter through the iv Initial difficult stages of the Inquiry; and to Abdul Said for his encouragement* Rita Shea, the United Statos Information Agency officer for the Information Center Service European program, made available the Agency's files containing source m aterials on the USIS German program. Elizabeth Randles, the book program officer for USIS Germany at the time of the inquiry, provided source mater­ ials from USIS Bonn, Germany, which provided much of the substance of the study. TABLE OP CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. INTRODUCTION...................................... 1 Purpose of the Thesis ••••.. 1 Limitations of the Problem .... 2 Definitions of the Terms Used • • 3 Organization of the Thesis .... 3 Sources, Methods, and Treatment . 5 I I . THEORY AND PRACTICE OP INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL COMMUNICATIONS .... 7 Factors In West German Society Which Govern the Establishment of and Maintenance of Attitudes. 32 The Influence of Group Structures on Attitudes In Western Society. 33 I I I . THE UNITED STATES INFORMATION AGENCY.............................................................. ilO Origin and History of the United States Information Agency . 40 Objectives of the Agency ................... 50 Organization of the Agency .... 51 IV . THE INFORMATION CENTER SERVICE . 65 Organization ........................................... 65 Vi CHAPTER PAGE Cultural Operations Division • • . • 66 Informational Media Guaranty Division • ••••••••••• 81 Exhibits Division ...................................... 85 Bibliographic and Publications Divisions • .......................... • • . • • 93 V. THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY. 99 The Basic Law .................................. 99 West Germany and E u ro p e ........................ 100 Organization of the Government . 104 Political Parties in the Federal Republic .................................. 105 Cultural Emphasis in West Germany • 108 Labor Unions ..................................... 119 P olitical Problems Confronting the Federal Republic ••••••• 121 V I. UNITED STATES FOREIGN POLICY AIMS RESPECTING THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY......................................................... 125 To align West Germany with the United States as against Neutralism or Soviet Bloc Orientation • • • ............................. 126 v ll CHAPTER PAGE To Assure Continuing West German NATO P articipation and Support . ......................................... 128 To Insure the Maintenance and Growth of the Federal Republic of Germany as a Democratic State. 129 To Encourage West German Participa­ tion in the Western European C o a litio n .•••••••••• 131 To Stimulate West German Responsibi­ lity for Assistance to Non- Industrial Nations • . .... 132 V II. WEST GERMAN ATTITUDES WHICH CAN CONTRIBUTE TO UNITED STATES FOREIGN POLICY AIMS ............................. 135 To Align West Germany with the United States as Against Neutralism or Soviet Bloc O rientation ............................................. 136 To Assure Continuing West German NATO Participation and Support • 144 To Insure the Maintenance and Growth of the Federal Republic of Germany as a Democratic S ta te ....................... 147 viii CHAPTER PAGE To Encourage West German Participation in the Western European Coalition ............................. 149 To Stimulate West German Responsibility for Assistance to the Non-Industrial Nations . 151 V I I I . THE GERMAN FATHER AND FATHER SURROGATE IN WEST GERMANY .... 155 IX . INFORMATION CENTER SERVICE SUPPORT FOR UNITED STATES FOREIGN POLICY OBJECTIVES .................................. 167 The U. S . Can Be T ru s te d to F ulfill its Commitments .... 170 The U. S. is M ilitarily Strong, Economically Viable, and Scientifically Advanced • • • • 175 Democratic Practices Assure A chievem ent o f Alms .... 187 The Federal Republic and West European Coalition ............................. 191 Other Attitudes •••....• 192 Other Informational Materials • . 201 ix CHAPTER PAGE X. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS........ 203 BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................... 214 APPENDIX .............................. ..................................... 228 APPENDIX A. Theodore C. Streibert Letter to the President of the United States, Dwight D. Eisenhower • 229 APPENDIX B. Organizational Chart of the United States Information Agency (1959) ........ 232 APPENDIX C. Organization Chart of the United States Information Service In the Federal Republic of Germany, 1959 • • 233 LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE I* United States Information Agency A p p ro p ria tio n s . 64 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The United States Government since the estab­ lishment of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1955 has been confronted with the necessity of develop­ ing and maintaining a strong alliance with the Republic, as a sovereign state, in order to further the national interests of the United States. A strong West Germany, disposed to support the foreign policy of the United States, has been a political condition on which the security of the West partly r e s t e d . A major element of the problem are the views which the West German holds of areas relating to American foreign policy. It was and is the task of the American government, through the United States Information Agency, to try to create and maintain attitudes which might effect German support for American alms. Purpose of the Thesis. It w ill be the purpose of this study to review the general theory and practice of international political communica­ tions as a means by which a state can buttress its security; to show the development since 1945 of international political communications in the United States Government; to explain the opera­ tions and functions of this government's inter­ national communications operation, the United States Information Agency, as it was until August, I 960; to examine the operation of one of the five principal sectors of the United States Information Agency, the Information Center Service; to present a brief description of West Germany society; to reveal-the desirable attitudes in West Germany for support of the principal aims of American foreign policy respecting the Federal Republic of Germany; to disclose what seem to be the factors in West German society which condition the acceptability of the desired attitudes; and to show what new in­ formational materials were used by the United States Information Service, Germany, during 1959 which were supplied by the Information Center Service were in support of the desired attitudes. Limitations of the Problem. Theoretically, there
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