DOCSLIB.ORG

African Resistance to Rhodesian Discourse in the Colony

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
African Resistance to Rhodesian Discourse in the Colony The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgementTown of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Cape Published by the University ofof Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University SUBALTERNITY AND THE NEGOTIATION OF A THEATRE IDENTITY: PERFORMING THE POSTCOLONY IN ALTERNATIVE ZIMBABWEAN THEATRE Town SAMUEL RAVENGAICape of Thesis presented for the degree of UniversityDOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (PhD) in the Department of Drama Faculty of Humanities UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN November 2011 Subalternity and the Negotiation of a Theatre Identity: Performing the Postcolony in Alternative Zimbabwean Theatre Samuel Ravengai November 2011 ABSTRACT The present study investigates the field of theatre practice that I have chosen to call alternative Zimbabwean theatre through a detailed study of four plays and reference to several others all first performed and written between 1980 and 1996. The study interrogates the interweaving and juxtaposition of divergent performance forms and styles on stage created by the contact between western dramatic theatre, indigenous theatre and cultural performances. This contact results in the formation of a third space for theatre which is a creative area of ambivalence, sameness, difference, conflict, struggle, mocking and celebration. The study specifically scrutinises this intersecting area as it obtains in alternative theatre and examines the forces at work in producing the nature and identity of Town syncretic theatre. Between 1980 and 1996, the nature and identity of alternative theatre changed significantly. This thesis investigates these changes, movements, shifts, conflicts and appropriations and the context within which they took place. Cape of My overarching argument is that the identity of alternative Zimbabwean theatre is traceable to its response to a specific version of colonial discourse which I call Rhodesian discourse and specific aesthetic approaches that African theatre makers in their quest for decolonisation of theatre consciously chose such as socialist realism, Afrocentrism and indigenous cultural texts. The study reaches back to the beginning of colonialism in 1890 to trace the resistance and affirmation of dramatic theatre in such University cultural productions as tea parties, beni, nyawo dance, liberation war performances (pungwes) as well as theatrical texts. Since Zimbabwean alternative theatrical texts do not slavishly adhere to the dictates of dramatic theatre, the work notes the inadequacy of conventional and monocultural dramaturgical analytical strategies and deeply entrenched understandings of the theory/practice nexus for analysing alternative theatre. In this regard the study analyses performances through the lens of postcolonial theory. Postcolonial criticism seeks to explain the interconnection of race, empire and dominated groups with cultural production. I deploy postcolonial theory to find out how Africans’ interactions with western cultural forms i impacted on the identity of alternative Zimbabwean theatre. Methodologically, I apply a combination of contextual reconstruction of performances and socio‐semiotics. In contextual reconstruction the performance text is placed in a position where it is the site of centrifugal movement toward other external texts. This pragmatic approach involves co‐ textual and contextual analyses. In the first instance a performance text is analysed to yield its internal regularities such as dance, mime, music and other materials of production. In the latter I establish a relationship between the internal regularities of the performance text and its external aspects. External texts include other performances of the same period, and the cultural text, that is, the context of performance such as the theatrical convention of the period, circumstances of enunciation and reception, aesthetic performance and non‐ aesthetic performance codes and how these influence and produce the moment of enunciation. The analysis of reconstructed performances is done according to a model that I have called cultural system model. In this model, the analysis is not exclusively on the end product; theatre identity and meaning is a product of a distillation of three processes – theatre production, theatre performance and theatre reception. Town This study hopes to contribute to the advancement Cape of knowledge of theatre and performance in Zimbabwe by studying theatre as a corporeal and spatial discourse that uses bodies moving in space as its primary mode of of signification and taking an intertextual approach to analysis through the lens of postcolonial theory. This thesis concludes by accounting for the decline of socialist revolutionary theatre after 1996 and delineating the emerging identities of that theatre. University ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First things first. I give thanks to Him who is able to do immeasurably more than we ask or imagine. In everything He must have supremacy. I can do everything through Him who gives me strength. Special thanks to my supervisors Associate Professors Gay Morris (PhD) and Harry Garuba (PhD) for their unwavering support throughout the duration of the study. Harry Garuba has a gift of seeing the end before one gets there. He pointed to me the important landmarks to follow to the end and I got there confidently. Gay Morris has a gift of reading between the lines and ferreting inconsistencies and slippages. She pointed these, where they existed, to me in her usual theatrical style. Thanks to both of you. A special thank you to Liz Mills who read my proposal and supervised the very first draft of the first three chapters before taking early retirement at the end of 2009. She was both a supervisor and a mother full of the milk of human kindness. Town I extend my heartfelt gratitude to the following sponsors: University of Cape Town Postgraduate Funding Cape Office for awarding me the following bursaries: UCT International Scholarship (2009of‐ 11), UCT Doctoral Scholarship (2010), UCT Research Associateship (2010). The UCT Drama Department and Geoffrey Hyland for awarding me the following bursaries: Rosalie Van der Gucht (2009, 2011), Victoria League English Speech (2010) and Canon Collins Trust for the award of Ros Moger/Terry Furlong scholarship (2010‐11). Within the UCT University Drama Department I extend my thanks to Lindsay Redman for all postgraduate administrative issues and Rob Keith for facilitating all my international conference travels, which have been a primary source of intellectual stimulation. Thanks to Associate Professor Mark Fleishman for giving me a working space in the Rosedale precinct and employing me to deliver lectures to drama students. Thanks to the staff of Hiddingh Hall Library. They know everybody by name. Peter Vries knows where each book is located and will show it to a researcher without searching. Solvej Vorster, Annette Roup, Marlene Adonis, Kashiefa Shade, Raphael Kasigwa and Richenda Phillips, you were great! iii Thanks to my colleagues at the University of Zimbabwe Theatre Arts Department; Owen Seda (now with the University of Botswana), Nehemiah Chivandikwa and Kelvin Chikonzo who never stopped inspiring me with their research even when the Zimbabwean crisis could have easily de‐focused us. Thanks to Dr Praise Zenenga, (now with the University of Arizona) for being a role model. I do appreciate the forbearance of my lovely daughters Munenyasha and Kudzoyashe who withstood long hours of my absence from home while working on this thesis. My mother is the greatest source of inspiration because I want to make her happy and proud by succeeding in whatever I do. Finally, a sincere thanks to my loving wife Kundai for bringing sanity to my mind when the whole project seemed maddening. She doesn’t stop rending the heavens so we can do everything through Him who gives us strength! Town Cape of University iv ABBREVIATIONS A Level Advanced Level AIDS Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome AIPPA Access to Information and Protection of Privacy Act (2002) ARTS Association of Rhodesian Theatrical Societies (started off as Southern Rhodesia Drama Association in 1957) BADG Bulawayo Association of Drama Groups BBC British Broadcasting Corporation BSAC British South Africa Company CABS Central Africa Building Society CCJP Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace CBT Community Based Theatre CIO Central Intelligence Organisation DRC Democratic Republic of Congo Town ESAP Economic Structural Adjustment Programme FTLCA Federal Theatre League of Central Africa (formed in 1958 and lapsed in 1963 at the end of the Federation to be renamed ARTS) HIV Human Immuno‐deficiency VirusCape ICU Industrial and Commercial Workers Unionof IMF International Monetary Fund LMS London Missionary Society LRF Legal Resources Foundation LOMA Law and Order Maintenance Act MDC Movement for Democratic Change MP UniversityMember of Parliament NACZ National Arts Council of Zimbabwe NAD Native Affairs Department NAF National Arts Foundation (renamed National Arts Council of Zimbabwe in 1987 NAM Non‐Aligned Movement NGO Non Governmental Organisation NMDDF National Music, Dance and Drama Festival NHSTF National High Schools Theatre Festival NRDA Northern Rhodesia Dramatic Association (joined with SRDA in 1958 to form Federal Theatre League of Central Africa) v NTF National Theatre Festival [was rebranded to Winter Festival (Winterfest) in
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Gendered Socio-Economic History of Malawian Women's
    “We faced Mabvuto”: A Gendered Socio-economic History of Malawian Women’s Migration and Survival in Harare, 1940 to 1980. A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY IREEN MUDEKA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Name of Adviser: Allen F. Isaacman, Name of Co-adviser: Helena Pohlandt McCormick October 2011 © IREEN MUDEKA Acknowledgements I owe a great debt of gratitude to many friends, colleagues and everyone who provided moral and intellectual support from the period when I started research on this dissertation until its completion. I am very thankful to all Malawian women and men in Rugare, Mufakose, Highfield and Mbare townships of Harare, Zimbabwe and to those in Mpondabwino and Mbayani townships of Zomba and Blantyre who took the time to talk to me about their personal lives. Because of their generosity, they became not just informants but my teachers, mothers, sisters and friends. In Harare, I especially want to thank Mrs. Tavhina Masongera of Rugare for going beyond sharing her life experiences with me to take me under her wing and provide a bridge between me and other women in the townships of Harare as well as of Malawi. Mrs. Masongera took the time to travel with me all the way to Malawi where she introduced me to many women who had lived in Harare during the colonial period. Without her, I would not have known where to begin as a migrant in a country that I was visiting for the very first time.
    [Show full text]
  • Chileshe, Mutale
    Economic shocks, poverty and household food insecurity in urban Zambia: an ethnographic account of Chingola Mutale Chileshe CHLMUT001 Town Cape of Thesis Presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Environmental and Geographical UniversityScience University of Cape Town September 2014 Supervisor: Dr. Jane Battersby-Lennard The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgement of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Published by the University of Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. Univeristy of Cape Town DECLARATION I, Mutale Chileshe, hereby declare that the work on which this thesis is based is my original work (except where acknowledgements indicate otherwise) and that neither the whole work nor any part of it has been, is being, or is to be submitted for another degree in this or any other university. I authorise the University to reproduce for the purpose of research either the whole or any portion of the contents in any manner whatsoever. Signed: ___________________________ Date: 18/09/2014 ii DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my husband, Kelvin Chola Chibangula, for his unwavering encouragement, patience, and support of every kind. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Completion of this doctoral dissertation was possible with the support of several people. First and foremost, I would like to thank Dr Jane Battersby for her patient, highly critical and equally encouraging supervisory role. Her dedication to my work is very much appreciated.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Download
    ARTICLE A LOOK AT THE REASONS BEHIND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF MOVEMENTS AIMED AT RESUSCITATING THE NDEBELE/MTHWAKAZI KINGDOM IN POST-COLONIAL ZIMBABWE Njabulo B. Khumalo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6474-408X National University of Science and Technology, Zimbabwe [email protected] ABSTRACT The resuscitation of the Ndebele kingdom has been a topical issue in Zimbabwe. The Ndebele kingdom, which was established by king Mzilikazi ka MaShobana was destroyed by white settlers during the reign of his son Lobengula. The years following the colonisation of Zimbabwe saw a number of efforts being made to liberate the country. The liberation struggle came to an end in 1980 when Zimbabwe, a country which came to being as a result of nationalists was liberated and the black majority assumed power. However, there have been growing calls for the resuscitation of the Ndebele kingdom, which in some circles mean breaking away from Zimbabwe. One wonders what the reasons behind the call for the resuscitation of the Ndebele kingdom were: Is this move fuelled by poor service delivery in Zimbabwe? Are the Ndebele people unhappy with the current state of affairs in Zimbabwe? Is this another revolution waiting to happen? This study sought to establish the reasons behind calls to resuscitate the Ndebele kingdom in Zimbabwe. A qualitative research methodology was employed and interviews held with one of the heirs to the Ndebele throne, as well as the leader of one of the movements advocating for the resuscitation of the Ndebele or Mthwakazi kingdom. Keywords: kingdom; Lobengula; Mzilikazi; Ndebele; resuscitation; Zimbabwe INTRODUCTION Zimbabwe is a country in southern Africa, which attained its independence in 1980, a period that was followed by a genocide.
    [Show full text]
  • The Secession of States As a Strategy for Resolving Intra- State Ethnic and Religious Conflicts in Post-Colonial Africa: the Case of South Sudan
    The Secession of States as a Strategy for Resolving Intra- State Ethnic and Religious Conflicts in Post-Colonial Africa: The Case of South Sudan CLAYTON HAZVINEI VHUMBUNU 214580483 Supervisor: Dr Rudigi Rukema Joseph 2017 A Thesis Submitted to the University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Durban; South Africa in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Award of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in International Relations PLAGIARISM DECLARATION I, Clayton Hazvinei Vhumbunu declare that: 1. The research reported in this thesis, except where otherwise indicated, is my original work and does not involve plagiarism or collusion. I know plagiarism is wrong and contravenes Rule 9 (e) (i) (ff) of the University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN) Student Disciplinary Rules Handbook (2004). 2. This thesis has not been submitted for any degree or examination at any other university. 3. This thesis does not contain other persons’ data, pictures, graphs or other information, unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from other persons. 4. This thesis does not contain other persons’ writings, unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from other researchers. Where other written sources have been quoted, then: (a) their words have been re-written but the general information attributed to them has been referenced; (b) where their exact words have been used, their writing has been placed inside quotations marks and referenced. In all instances, a recognized convention for citation and referencing has been accurately used. 5. Where I have reproduced a publication of which I am an author, co- author or editor, I have indicated in detail which part of the publication was actually written by myself alone and have fully referenced such publications.
    [Show full text]
  • Collaboration and Conflict in Transnationally-Dispersed
    Syracuse University SURFACE Dissertations - ALL SURFACE December 2017 Collaboration and Conflict in rT ansnationally-Dispersed Zimbabwean Families William John Suk Syracuse University Follow this and additional works at: https://surface.syr.edu/etd Part of the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Suk, William John, "Collaboration and Conflict in rT ansnationally-Dispersed Zimbabwean Families" (2017). Dissertations - ALL. 822. https://surface.syr.edu/etd/822 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the SURFACE at SURFACE. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations - ALL by an authorized administrator of SURFACE. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Abstract Approximately one quarter of Zimbabwean adults left their country of birth during the past twenty years. These sojourners are increasingly dispersed as tightening immigration regimes in preferred destinations and fluctuating global opportunities lead them to places with fewer historical links to Zimbabwe. This dispersive process fractures many families between multiple international locations. Nevertheless, the idea of family remains centrally important to diasporans, who work with relatives around the world to care for children and elders, to acquire important documents like passports, and to prepare for an eventual return home. Following from performative and relational theorizations of kinship, this dissertation argues that collaborative projects are crucibles in which families are forged and reconfigured. This exploration of how dispersion shapes family life deploys three analytical lenses: history, space and technology. Contemporary journeys are historically linked to a century of dispossession and labor-migration in Southern Africa. Colonial governments used onerous “bioinformational regimes” to subjugate Africans and profit from their labor.
    [Show full text]
  • Governance, Leadership and the Rise of African Nationalism in Sub-Saharan Africa: an Ethical Critical Study
    Governance, Leadership and the Rise of African Nationalism in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Ethical Critical Study By C.C. Mushohwe (DEL, DPA, MPLG, MSc-1R, MPA, MBA) Thesis Submitted in Fulfilment of the Academic Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy In the Subject of Ethics at the School of Religion Philosophy and Classics, College of Humanities University of KwaZulu–Natal Pietermaritzburg Supervisor Prof Munyaradzi Felix Murove November 2018 DECLARATION I, Christopher Chindoti Mushohwe declare that, i. The research reported in this thesis, excerpt where otherwise indicated, is my original work. ii. The thesis has not been submitted for any degree or examination at any other university. iii. This thesis does not contain other persons’ data, pictures, graphs or other information, unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from other persons. iv. This thesis does not contain other persons’ writings unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from other researchers. Where other written sources have been quoted, (a) Their words have been re-written but the general information attributed to them has been referenced; (b) Where exact words have been used, their writing has been placed inside quotation marks and referenced. v. This thesis does not contain text, graphics or tables copied and pasted from the internet unless specifically acknowledged and the source being detailed in the thesis and in the reference sections. Candidate: Christopher Chindoti Mushohwe Signed:………………………………………Date:…………………………. Supervisor: Prof M F Murove Signed:………………………………………Date:……………………………. i DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my beloved wife and children for the support during the course of this study. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS An intellectual discourse of this extent could not come to fruition without assistance and motivation from other people and institutions.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring Ways of Including Human Rights Narratives of Refugees In
    Exploring Ways of Including Human Rights Narratives of Refugees in Transitional Justice and Peacebuilding Processes Through Storytelling: Narratives from Dukwi Refugee Camp by Mavis N. Matenge A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Manitoba in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Peace and Conflict Studies University of Manitoba Winnipeg Copyright © 2013 by Mavis N. Matenge Table of Contents LIST OF TABLES, IMAGES AND MAPS………….…………………………………………………….....v ACRONYMS…………………………………………………………………………………………………vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………………………………………….....vii DEDICATION………………………………………………………………………………………………viii ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………………………..........ix CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………….........1 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………………….........1 STATEMENT OF PURPOSE………………………………………………………………………………...5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS……………………………………………………………………………..…….5 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY………………………………………………………………………..........6 STUDY LIMITATIONS……………………………………………………………………………………...8 CHAPTERS OVERVIEW………………………………………………………………………………........9 CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………………………………10 CHAPTER 2 – CONTEXT - VIOLENT CONFLICTS, TRUTH AND RECONCILIATION COMMISSIONS AND REFUGEE MOVEMENTS……………………………………………………..11 INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………………………...11 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA’S POST-COLONIAL VIOLENT CONFLICTS…………………………........12 A continent at war with itself…………………………………………………….....................................12 AFRICA’S TRUTH
    [Show full text]
  • Rethinking Chimurenga and Gukurahundi in Zimbabwe: a Critique of Partisan National History Sabelo J
    Rethinking Chimurenga and Gukurahundi in Zimbabwe: A Critique of Partisan National History Sabelo J. Ndlovu-Gatsheni Abstract: This article examines how the Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF) sought to inscribe a nationalist monologic history in Zimbabwe in order prop up its claim to be the progenitor and guardian of the postcolonial nation. Since its formation in 1963, it has worked tirelessly to claim to be the only authentic force with a sacred historic mission to deliver the colonized people from settler colonial rule. To achieve this objective, ZANU-PF has deployed the ideol- ogy of chimurenga in combination with the strategy of gukurahundi as well as a poli- tics of memorialization to install a particular nationalist historical monologue of the nation. After attaining power in 1980, it proceeded to claim ownership of the birth of the nation. While the ideology of chimurenga situates the birth of the nation within a series of nationalist revolutions dating back to the primary resistance of the 1890s, the strategy of gukurahundi entails violent and physical elimination of enemies and opponents. But this hegemonic drive has always encountered an array of problems, including lack of internal unity in ZANU-PF itself, counternarra- tives deriving from political formations like the Zimbabwe African People’s Union (ZAPU); labor movements; and critical voices from the Matebeleland region, which fell victim to gukurahundi strategy in the 1980s. With the formation of the Move- ment for Democratic Change (MDC) in 1999, which soon deployed democracy and human rights discourse to critique the ideology of chimurenga and the strategy of gukurahundi, ZANU-PF hegemony became extremely shaky and it eventually agreed to share power with the MDC in February 2009.
    [Show full text]
  • Mthwakazi Liberation Front
    1 MTHWAKAZI LIBERATION FRONT IN PURSUIT OF OUR IDEALS,WE SUBMIT: ROBERT GABRIEL MUGABE’S CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY: THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY’S WILFUL BLINDNESS TO GENOCIDE AND ETHNIC CLEANSING COMMITTED AGAINST THE PEOPLE OF MATEBELELAND (MTHWAKAZI) 1980-2017 A CLEAR CASE FOR THE RESTORATION OF MTHWAKAZI KINGDOM Compiled by MTHWAKAZI LIBERATION FRONT (MLF) 06 September 2017 CONTACTS CHRISPEN NYONI INFORMATION & PUBLICITY EMAIL: [email protected] 0027 78 730 7538/0027 62 627 3739 (MTHWAKAZI LIBERATION FRONT (MLF) STANDS, FOR ECONOMIC, CULTURAL AND POLITICAL INDEPENDENCE OF MTHWAKAZI AND RESTORATION OF HER INDEPENDENCE THAT EXISTED PRIOR TO COLONISATION) 2 ROBERT GABRIEL MUGABE’S CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY: THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY’S WILFUL BLINDNESS TO GENOCIDE AND ETHNIC CLEANSING COMMITTED AGAINST THE PEOPLE OF MATEBELELAND (MTHWAKAZI) 1980-2017 A CLEAR CASE FOR THE RESTORATION OF MTHWAKAZI KINGDOM Compiled by MTHWAKAZI LIBERATION FRONT (MLF) 06 September 2017 Abstract This document chronicles the suffering compounded by the despicable genocide and ethnic cleansing inflicted on the people of Matabeleland (Mthwakazi) during the past one hundred and twenty-four (124) years by both the British establishment and its proxy, the ZANU-PF regime of Robert Gabriel Mugabe. It gives a fundamental justification as to why the people of Matabeleland (Mthwakazi) must be free to chart their own destiny, free from the tyranny of British colonialism and its proxy, Mugabe’s regime in present-day Zimbabwe. It is the intention of this document to lay bare all of the facts by way of a summative outline regarding the genocide and ethnic cleansing that was not only inflicted and imposed through the annexation of the Kingdom of Mthwakazi (Matabeleland) - but also which has been continued and sustained by Robert Gabriel Mugabe’s regime during the past thirty-seven (37) years.
    [Show full text]
  • Tracking Conflict Worldwide
    4/2/2021 CrisisWatch Print | Crisis Group CRISISWATCH Tracking Conflict Worldwide CrisisWatch is our global conict tracker, a tool designed to help decision- makers prevent deadly violence by keeping them up-to-date with developments in over 70 conicts and crises, identifying trends and alerting them to risks of escalation and opportunities to advance peace. Learn more about CrisisWatch March 2021 Global Overview MARCH 2021 Trends for Last Month March 2021 DETERIORATED Outlook for This Month SITUATIONS April 2021 Niger, Mozambique, Senegal, CONFLICT RISK ALERTS Taiwan Strait, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Ukraine, Brazil, None Paraguay RESOLUTION IMPROVED SITUATIONS OPPORTUNITIES Kashmir, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, None Libya https://www.crisisgroup.org/crisiswatch/print?t=Crisiswatch+March+2021&crisiswatch=16714&date=March+2021 1/50 4/2/2021 CrisisWatch Print | Crisis Group CrisisWatch highlights deteriorations in nine countries and conict areas in March. In Mozambique, Islamist insurgents launched a major attack on the strategic port town of Palma in the far north, leaving scores dead and triggering a mass exodus. A spate of jihadist attacks in Niger killed over 200 civilians, while authorities foiled a coup attempt ahead of President-elect Mohamed Bazoum’s inauguration on 2 April. Mass protests continued against the military coup in Myanmar as security forces ramped up their deadly crackdown on demonstrators. More than 500 civilians have been killed since 1 February. In Brazil, political tensions peaked as the rift deepened between President Jair Bolsonaro and the military, while the COVID-19 pandemic spiralled out of control. The conict escalated in Ukraine’s east as the Donbas ceasere faced growing strains with over twenty killed.
    [Show full text]
  • Popular Expressions of Southern African Nationalism(S): Convergences, Divergences, and Reconciliations in South Africa and Zimbabwe
    POPULAR EXPRESSIONS OF SOUTHERN AFRICAN NATIONALISM(S): CONVERGENCES, DIVERGENCES, AND RECONCILIATIONS IN SOUTH AFRICA AND ZIMBABWE By Blessing Shingirirai Mavima A DISSERTATION Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of African American and African Studies – Doctor of Philosophy 2019 ABSTRACT POPULAR EXPRESSIONS OF SOUTHERN AFRICAN NATIONALISM(S): CONVERGENCES, DIVERGENCES, AND RECONCILIATIONS IN SOUTH AFRICA AND ZIMBABWE By Blessing Shingirirai Mavima Popular Expressions of Pan-Africanism and Southern African Nationalism(s): Convergences, Divergences, and Reconciliations in South Africa and Zimbabwe is a dissertation study that traces the transformations, reveals the tensions, and critically analyzes diverging and converging trajectories of different manifestations of African nationalism, including ethnic nationalism, state nationalism, and Pan-Africanism using contemporary South Africa and Zimbabwe as sites of analyses. Focusing on the metropolitan provinces of Gauteng and Harare respectively, I use the study to interrogate how popular expressions of African nationalism have emerged and evolved in the neighboring nations during their anti-colonial/anti-apartheid struggles throughout the 20 th century, and how they exist today. Presenting a thesis that I call nationalisms from below, the research study reveals how these manifestations of nationalism are imagined, practiced, and represente d by the initiatives and actions of different members of the civil society including artists, activists, laborers, and migrants in the two countries’ contemporary politics and society. My findings lead to a nuanced determination of the factors that influence the intersections, divergences, and convergences of what I refer to in the study as Africa’s tripartite nationalist expressions and identities—ethnicism, African Nationalism, and Pan- Africanism.
    [Show full text]
  • Zimbabwe in Transition
    Zimbabwe in Transition Zimbabwe in Transition A View from Within Edited by Tim Murithi and Aquilina Mawadza First published by Fanele – an imprint of Jacana Media (Pty) Ltd – in 2011 10 Orange Street Sunnyside Auckland Park 2092 South Africa (+27 11) 628-3200 www.jacana.co.za © The Institute for Justice and Reconciliation, 2011 All rights reserved ISBN 978-1-920196-356 Cover design by publicide Set in New Caledonia 11/15pt Printed by XXX Job no. 001568 See a complete list of Jacana titles at www.jacana.co.za Contents Contributors . x Introduction – Dr Fanie du Toit, Executive Director of IJR . x 1 Zimbabwe’s failed transition? An analysis of the challenges and complexities in Zimbabwe’s transition to democracy in the post-2000 period – James Muzondidya . x 2 Voices from civil society – Otto Saki and Washington Katema . x 3 Voices from faith-based communities – Ezra Chitando and Molly Manyonganise . x 4 The Zimbabwean diaspora: Opportunities and challenges for engagement in Zimbabwe’s political development and economic transformation – James Muzondidya . x 5 The role of women in Zimbabwe’s transition – Kudakwashe Chitsike . x 6 Incising an unripe abscess: The challenges of community healing in Zimbabwe – Wellington Mbofana . x 7 The role of the Zimbabwean media in the transition process – Juliet Thondhlana x 8 The youth movement and democratisation in Zimbabwe: Youth bulges, contentious politics and democratic transitions – Arnold R Chamunogwa . x 9 Voices from Pan-African Society on Zimbabwe: South Africa, the African Union and SADC – Tim Murithi and Aquilina Mawadza . x Index . x Zimbabwe in Transition Contributors James Muzondidya is a Zimbabwean academic and policy analyst.
    [Show full text]