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Exploring Ways of Including Human Rights Narratives of Refugees In Exploring Ways of Including Human Rights Narratives of Refugees in Transitional Justice and Peacebuilding Processes Through Storytelling: Narratives from Dukwi Refugee Camp by Mavis N. Matenge A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Manitoba in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Peace and Conflict Studies University of Manitoba Winnipeg Copyright © 2013 by Mavis N. Matenge Table of Contents LIST OF TABLES, IMAGES AND MAPS………….…………………………………………………….....v ACRONYMS…………………………………………………………………………………………………vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………………………………………….....vii DEDICATION………………………………………………………………………………………………viii ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………………………..........ix CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………….........1 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………………….........1 STATEMENT OF PURPOSE………………………………………………………………………………...5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS……………………………………………………………………………..…….5 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY………………………………………………………………………..........6 STUDY LIMITATIONS……………………………………………………………………………………...8 CHAPTERS OVERVIEW………………………………………………………………………………........9 CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………………………………10 CHAPTER 2 – CONTEXT - VIOLENT CONFLICTS, TRUTH AND RECONCILIATION COMMISSIONS AND REFUGEE MOVEMENTS……………………………………………………..11 INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………………………...11 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA’S POST-COLONIAL VIOLENT CONFLICTS…………………………........12 A continent at war with itself…………………………………………………….....................................12 AFRICA’S TRUTH AND RECONCILIATION COMMISSIONS………………………………................16 Transitioning towards Peace and Justice…………………………………………………………….......16 Defining Truth and Reconciliation Commissions…………………………………………………….......19 Operationalizing Africa’s Truth Commissions……………………………………………………….......20 Participation of Refugee Communities in Truth Commissions……………………………………….......24 Steps Taken by the Liberian and Kenyan Commissions to Document Refugees’ Human Rights Stories.24 The case of Liberia………………………………………………………………………………….25 Benefits of participation - Liberian refugees in Ghana………………………………………......…28 Inclusion of refugees - implications for the Liberian commission……………………………….…30 The case of Kenya………………………………………………………………………………..….30 Benefits of participation – Kenyan refugees in Uganda………………………………………....….33 Inclusion of refugees - implications for the Kenyan commission……………………………….….34 Lessons from the Liberian and Kenyan experiences…………………………………………… ….35 THE HUMAN RIGHTS REALITY OF REFUGEES………………………………………………………...37 Violence and the Human Rights Reality of Refugees……………………………………………………...37 Global Refugee Framework………………………………………………………………………….........38 African Refugee Framework………………………………………………………………………………39 SOUTHERN AFRICAN REFUGEE MOVEMENTS, BOTSWANA AND DUKWI REFUGEE CAMP…………………………………………………………………………………………………………40 Evolution of Refugee Movements in Southern Africa and Botswana……………………………………...41 A Country of Refuge - Botswana and Dukwi Refugee Camp……………………………………………...42 Demographic Profile of the Refugee Camp Population in Botswana……………………………………..43 CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………………………………..46 CHAPTER 3 – LITERATURE REVIEW……..............................................................................................48 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………………………..48 TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE…………………………………………………………………………………...49 Defining Transitional Justice……………………………………………………………………………….49 Relationship between Transitional Justice and Human Rights…………………………………………………50 The Origin, Evolution and Application of Transitional Justice…………………………………………….53 Mechanisms of Transitional Justice………………………………………………………………………...57 Dilemma for Transitional Justice – The Debate between Peace and Justice………………………………59 i The Case for Transitional Justice…………………………………………………………………………....61 TRUTH AND RECONCILIATION COMMISSIONS………………………………………………………….62 Defining Truth Commissions………………………………………………………………............................62 Establishing Authorities of Commissions…………………………………………………………………….63 Purpose and Objectives of Truth Commissions………………………………………………………………64 Places Where Truth Commissions Have Been Used………………………………………………………….65 Truth Commissions as Instruments that Promote Reconciliation, Forgiveness and Healing………………..66 Truth commissions and reconciliation…………………………………………………………………..66 Truth commissions and national reconciliation…………………………………………………………70 Truth commissions and forgiveness……………………………………………………………………..73 The act of forgiveness…………………………………………………………………………………...74 Shortcomings of truth commissions……………………………………………………………………..77 Benefits of truth and commissions……………...……………………………………………………….79 STORYTELLING………………………………………………………………………………………………...80 Defining Storytelling…………………………………………………………………………………………..81 Storytelling and Truth Commissions……………………………………………………………………..........85 Storytelling and Peacebuilding…………………………………………………………….………………….86 PEACEBUILDING AND POST-VIOLENCE SOCIETIES…………………………………...………………....88 Defining Peacebuilding……………………………………………………………………..…………………88 Peacebuilding in Post-violence Societies…………………………………………………...…………………92 CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………………………….…………………....94 CHAPTER 4 – METHODOLOGY………………………………………………………………………………96 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………….……………………....96 RESEARCH STRATEGY……………………………………………………………………………………….....98 Qualitative Research Strategy…………………………………………………….……………………….........98 Narrative Methodology……………………………………………………………………………………….....99 Rationale for Methodology……………………………………………………………………………………...101 PARTICIPANTS AND LOCATION ………………………………………………………………………………106 Location……………………………………………………………………………………………………........106 Participants Demography…………………………………………………………………………………….....109 PROCEDURES…………………………………………………………………………………………………......112 Selection of Participants…………………………………………………………………..………………….....112 Data Gathering Techniques…………………………………………………………………………..………....113 Research Instruments……………………………………………………………………………………………115 Data Analysis……………………………………………………………………………………………………117 Ethics Approval and Maintaining Confidentiality……………………………………………………………....118 Validation and Reliability……………………………………………………………….……………………....122 ROLE OF RESEARCHER AND MY REFLECTIONS……………………………………………………………123 The Researcher’s Role……………………………………………………………….……………………….....123 Personal Reflection of My Field Work Journey……………………………………………….………………..125 CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………………….……………………….127 CHAPTER 5 - REFUGEES’ HUMAN RIGHTS NARRATIVES AND THEIR LIVED CAMP EXPERIENCES …………………………………………………………………………………………………..129 INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………….…………………….129 HUMAN RIGHTS JOURNEYS……………………………………………………………………………………131 Life Before Persecution………………………………………………………………………………………….131 Encountering Persecution……………………………………………………………………………………….134 Types of Persecution Faced……………………………………………………………………………………..137 Fleeing Persecution……………………………………………………………………………………………...145 LIVED EXPERIENCES AS CAMP REFUGEES……………………………………………………………….....150 Life after Persecution in Countries of Origin…………………………………………………………………...150 Living as camp refugees…………………………………………………………………………………...150 ii Human rights struggles experienced as camp refugees: Day-to-day life…………………………………..151 Human rights struggles experienced as camp refugees: Labelling refugees………………………………154 Human rights struggles experienced as camp refugees: Socioeconomic challenges………………………156 Human rights struggles experienced as camp refugees: Challenges of gender rights and inequalities……158 Human rights struggles experienced as camp refugees: Overcoming struggles through resiliency……….160 Human rights struggles experienced as camp refugees: Lessons from our struggles……………………...162 Human rights struggles experienced as camp refugees: Fears, hopes and dreams for the future………….169 DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS…………………………………………………………………………………...173 The Human Rights Link………………………………………………………………………………………….174 Human Rights Storytelling Link…………………………………………………………………………………175 Peacebuilding Link………………………………………………………………………………………………178 Truth Commissions’ Link………………………………………………………………………………………..179 CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………………………………………………...184 CHAPTER 6 - THE NEXUS BETWEEN REFUGEES, TRUTH COMMISSIONS AND PEACEBUILDING………………………………………………………………………………………………...185 INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………………………………..185 PERSONAL JOURNEYS TOWARDS POST-VIOLENCE HEALING AND FORGIVENESS………………….185 Personal Struggles Experienced on the Path Towards Healing………………………………………………...186 Journeying Towards Healing……………………………………………………………………………………189 Personal Struggles Experienced on the Path Towards Forgiveness……………………………………………192 Journeying Towards Forgiveness………………………………………………………………………………..194 PERCEIVED BENEFITS AND LIMITATIONS OF TRUTH COMMISSIONS………………………………….197 Perceived Benefits of Truth Commissions……………………………………………………………………….197 Perceived Limitations of Truth Commissions…………………………………………………………………...202 THE ROAD TOWARDS NATIONAL RECONCILIATION……………………………………………………...204 The Value of National Reconciliation…………………………………………………………………………...205 Challenges to National Reconciliation………………………………………………………………………….207 DEFINING AND BUILDING PEACE……………………………………………………………………………..211 What is Peace? .....................................................................................................................................................212 Towards Living in Peaceful Coexistence: Preventing Conflict and Human Rights Abuses………………….…215 Peace education……………………………………………………………………………………………215 Acceptance………………………………………………………………………………………………....216 Justice……………………………………………………………………………………………………...217
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