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Civil-Military Relations in Post-Conflict Sri Lanka: Successful Civilian Consolidation in the Face of Political Competition

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Civil-Military Relations in Post-Conflict Sri Lanka: Successful Civilian Consolidation in the Face of Political Competition View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Calhoun, Institutional Archive of the Naval Postgraduate School Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 2015-12 Civil-military relations in post-conflict Sri Lanka: successful civilian consolidation in the face of political competition Wijayaratne, Chaminda Athapattu Mudalige P. Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/47897 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS IN POST-CONFLICT SRI LANKA: SUCCESSFUL CIVILIAN CONSOLIDATION IN THE FACE OF POLITICAL COMPETITION by Chaminda Athapattu Mudalige P. Wijayaratne December 2015 Thesis Advisor: Anshu Nagpal Chatterjee Second Reader: Florina Cristiana Matei Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED (Leave blank) December 2015 Master’s thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS IN POST-CONFLICT SRI LANKA: SUCCESSFUL CIVILIAN CONSOLIDATION IN THE FACE OF POLITICAL COMPETITION 6. AUTHOR(S) Chaminda Athapattu Mudalige P. Wijayaratne 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING Naval Postgraduate School ORGANIZATION REPORT Monterey, CA 93943-5000 NUMBER 9. SPONSORING /MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND 10. SPONSORING / ADDRESS(ES) MONITORING AGENCY N/A REPORT NUMBER 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government. IRB Protocol number ____N/A____. 12a. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited 13. ABSTRACT (maximum 200 words) The LTTE insurgency seeking a separate Tamil state in Sri Lanka was successfully eliminated by the Sri Lankan military in 2009. Toward the end of the conflict, Sri Lanka’s armed forces strength rose to approximately 375,000. The use of the military in nation-building projects was misunderstood by many as militarization of the country. Therefore, this thesis asks these questions: How are the civil authorities maintaining control and effectiveness of the country’s armed forces? And how does the civilian government constructively utilize the military and continue to assert civilian rule? These questions were examined as a comparative single case study because in recent history, no civilian government has concluded terrorism through military means. A combination of Huntington’s subjective and objective civilian control theory, Alagappa’s state coercion theory, and Matei and Bruneau’s CMR dimensions was used. This thesis finds that the civilians used heavy subjective-control mechanisms to ascertain the subordination of military due to political competition. However, the divided political setting prevented the military from entering into party politics, increasing professionalism and antithesis of subjective control, which is objective control. In this situation, Huntington’s subjective control did not happen, as the divided political setting and conflict positively contributed to ascertaining civilian control. 14. SUBJECT TERMS 15. NUMBER OF civil–military relations, subjective and objective civilian control, state coercion, new PAGES conceptualization framework, Ministry of Defense, Sri Lanka military, post-conflict, nation- 123 building, reconstruction, rehabilitation, and reconstruction, roles and missions. 16. PRICE CODE 17. SECURITY 18. SECURITY 19. SECURITY 20. LIMITATION CLASSIFICATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF THIS CLASSIFICATION OF ABSTRACT REPORT PAGE OF ABSTRACT Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified UU NSN 7540-01-280-5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89) Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239-18 i THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK ii Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS IN POST-CONFLICT SRI LANKA: SUCCESSFUL CIVILIAN CONSOLIDATION IN THE FACE OF POLITICAL COMPETITION Chaminda Athapattu Mudalige P. Wijayaratne Lieutenant Colonel, Sri Lanka Light Infantry, Sri Lanka Army M.A., University of Kalaniya, 2009 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN SECURITY STUDIES (CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS) from the NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL December 2015 Approved by: Anshu Nagpal Chatterjee Thesis Advisor Florina Cristiana Matei Second Reader Mohammed M. Hafez, Ph.D. Chair, Department of National Security Affairs iii THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK iv ABSTRACT The LTTE insurgency seeking a separate Tamil state in Sri Lanka was successfully eliminated by the Sri Lankan military in 2009. Toward the end of the conflict, Sri Lanka’s armed forces strength rose to approximately 375,000. The use of the military in nation-building projects was misunderstood by many as militarization of the country. Therefore, this thesis asks these questions: How are the civil authorities maintaining control and effectiveness of the country’s armed forces? And how does the civilian government constructively utilize the military and continue to assert civilian rule? These questions were examined as a comparative single case study because in recent history, no civilian government has concluded terrorism through military means. A combination of Huntington’s subjective and objective civilian control theory, Alagappa’s state coercion theory, and Matei and Bruneau’s CMR dimensions was used. This thesis finds that the civilians used heavy subjective-control mechanisms to ascertain the subordination of military due to political competition. However, the divided political setting prevented the military from entering into party politics, increasing professionalism and antithesis of subjective control, which is objective control. In this situation, Huntington’s subjective control did not happen, as the divided political setting and conflict positively contributed to ascertaining civilian control. v THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK vi TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................1 A. MAJOR RESEARCH QUESTION..........................................................1 B. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RESEARCH QUESTION ...........................2 C. POTENTIAL EXPLANATIONS AND HYPOTHESES .......................4 D. LITERATURE REVIEW .........................................................................6 1. Definition and Explanation of CMR ............................................7 2. Debate..............................................................................................8 3. Principal Agent Theory ...............................................................11 4. New Conceptualization Framework ...........................................12 5. Governance and Coercion ...........................................................14 6. Roles and Missions .......................................................................16 7. Literature Specific to Sri Lanka .................................................17 8. Designing CMR Model ................................................................17 E. METHODS AND SOURCES..................................................................18 F. RESEARCH DESIGN .............................................................................20 G. THESIS OVERVIEW AND DRAFT CHAPTER OUTLINE .............20 II. AN EXAMINATION OF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF SRI LANKAN CIVIL–MILITARY RELATIONS ..................................................21 A. SRI LANKAN ELITES STRUCTURE IN POST- INDEPENDENCE 1948 -1956 ................................................................21 B. EARLY FORMATION OF ETHNO-NATIONALISM POLITICAL PARTIES ...........................................................................23 C. RISING ETHNO-NATIONALISM: IMPACT ON MILITARY ........28 D. JVP INSURGENCY AND THE CONSOLIDATION OF CIVIL–MILITARY RELATION- 1971 ................................................32 E. THE EMERGENCE OF TAMIL MILITANCY: CLASS AND ETHNIC COMPETITION .....................................................................34 F. IMPACT ON DOMESTIC POLITICAL STRUCTURES AND MILITARY ...............................................................................................36 G. NEW CONSTITUTION: COMPETITION FOR POWER AND ECONOMIC SHARE ..............................................................................37 H. STATE COERCION AND CMR ...........................................................40 I. EMERGENCE OF THE LTTE AND THE INTERNATIONALIZATION OF THE CONFLICT ..........................42 J. EMERGENCE OF SECOND SINHALA UPRISING – JVP 1987-90 AND CMR IN DOMESTIC TURMOIL .................................45
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