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Algemeen Ambtsbericht Sri Lanka Juni 2013 Pagina 1 van 73 Algemeen Ambtsbericht Sri Lanka | juni 2013 Colofon Plaats Den Haag Opgesteld door Directie Consulaire Zaken en Migratiebeleid Afdeling Migratie en Asiel Pagina 2 van 73 Algemeen Ambtsbericht Sri Lanka | juni 2013 Inhoudsopgave Colofon ......................................................................................................2 Inhoudsopgave ............................................................................................3 1 Inleiding .................................................................................................. 5 2 Landeninformatie..................................................................................... 6 2.1 Basisgegevens.............................................................................................6 2.1.1 Land en volk ...............................................................................................6 2.1.2 Staatsinrichting............................................................................................6 2.2 Politieke ontwikkelingen ................................................................................9 2.3 Veiligheidssituatie ......................................................................................14 2.4 Documenten.............................................................................................. 20 3 Mensenrechten........................................................................................24 3.1 Juridische context ......................................................................................24 3.1.1 Verdragen en protocollen.............................................................................24 3.1.2 Overige nationale wetgeving ........................................................................26 3.2 Toezicht en rechtsbescherming.....................................................................28 3.2.1 Aangifte bij de politie..................................................................................28 3.2.2 Juridische bijstand......................................................................................29 3.2.3 Nationale instanties die toezicht houden op naleving mensenrechten .................. 29 3.2.4 Niet-gouvernementele mensenrechtenorganisaties (NGO’s)............................... 33 3.3 Naleving en schendingen.............................................................................35 3.3.1 Vrijheid van meningsuiting...........................................................................35 3.3.2 Vrijheid van vereniging en vergadering ..........................................................38 3.3.3 Vrijheid van godsdienst ...............................................................................40 3.3.4 Bewegingsvrijheid ......................................................................................42 3.3.5 Rechtsgang ...............................................................................................43 3.3.6 Arrestaties en detenties ..............................................................................44 3.3.7 Mishandeling en foltering.............................................................................46 3.3.8 Ontvoeringen en verdwijningen ....................................................................47 3.3.9 Buitengerechtelijke executies en moorden......................................................48 3.3.10 Doodstraf .................................................................................................48 3.4.1 (Vermeende) opposanten ............................................................................48 3.4.2 Tamils......................................................................................................50 3.4.3 Christenen ................................................................................................50 3.4.4 Moslims....................................................................................................51 3.4.5 Vrouwen...................................................................................................51 3.4.6 Minderjarigen ............................................................................................53 3.4.7 Homoseksuelen .........................................................................................57 3.4.8 Dienstplichtigen .........................................................................................58 4 Migratieproblematiek ..............................................................................60 4.1 Migratiestromen......................................................................................... 60 4.2 Terugkeer.................................................................................................60 4.3 Opvang in de regio.....................................................................................63 4.4 Activiteiten van internationale organisaties.....................................................64 5 Bijlagen ..................................................................................................67 5.1 Literatuurlijst............................................................................................. 67 5.2 Websites................................................................................................... 69 Pagina 3 van 73 5.3 Tijdschriftartikelen, krantenartikelen en persberichten ...................................... 71 5.4 Lijst met gebruikte afkortingen.....................................................................71 5.5 Kaart van Sri Lanka....................................................................................72 Pagina 4 van 73 Algemeen Ambtsbericht Sri Lanka | juni 2013 1 Inleiding In dit algemeen ambtsbericht wordt de situatie in Sri Lanka beschreven voor zover deze van belang is voor de beoordeling van asielverzoeken van personen die afkomstig zijn uit Sri Lanka en voor besluitvorming over de terugkeer van afgewezen Sri Lankaanse asielzoekers. Dit ambtsbericht is een actualisering van eerdere ambtsberichten over de situatie in Sri Lanka (laatstelijk juli 2011). Het algemeen ambtsbericht beslaat de periode van augustus 2011 tot en met april 2013. Dit ambtsbericht is gebaseerd op informatie van openbare en vertrouwelijke bronnen. Bij de opstelling is gebruik gemaakt van informatie van verschillende organisaties van de Verenigde Naties, niet-gouvernementele organisaties, vakliteratuur en berichtgeving in de media. Een overzicht van de geraadpleegde openbare bronnen is opgenomen in de literatuurlijst. Bovendien liggen bevindingen ter plaatse en vertrouwelijke rapportages van de Nederlandse vertegenwoordiging in Sri Lanka aan dit algemeen ambtsbericht ten grondslag. In het algemeen ambtsbericht wordt veelvuldig verwezen naar geraadpleegde openbare bronnen. Daar waar openbare bronnen zijn vermeld, wordt de tekst in veel gevallen ook ondersteund door informatie die op vertrouwelijke basis is ingewonnen. In hoofdstuk twee wordt ingegaan op recente ontwikkelingen op politiek en veiligheidsgebied. Een aparte paragraaf is gewijd aan documenten. Verder is een passage over de geografie en de bevolking van Sri Lanka opgenomen. In hoofdstuk drie wordt de mensenrechtensituatie in Sri Lanka geschetst. Na een beschrijving van wettelijke kaders en internationale verdragen waarbij Sri Lanka partij is, komt het onderwerp toezicht op de naleving van de mensenrechten aan de orde. Daarna volgt de beschrijving van de naleving, dan wel schending van enkele klassieke mensenrechten. Ten slotte wordt de positie van specifieke groepen, waaronder minderjarigen belicht. In hoofdstuk vier komen de opvang van binnenlands ontheemden, activiteiten van internationale organisaties en de positie van de UNHCR, aan de orde. Pagina 5 van 73 2 Landeninformatie 2.1 Basisgegevens 2.1.1 Land en volk De Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka is een eiland gelegen in de Indische Oceaan ten zuidoosten van India. Sri Lanka heeft een oppervlakte van 65.610 vierkante km en kent een tropisch klimaat. Het bestaat officieel uit negen provincies1. De hoofdstad is Colombo. De bevolking van Sri Lanka telt ruim 21 miljoen inwoners.2 De belangrijkste bevolkingsgroepen zijn: Singalezen (74%), Tamils (18%, bestaande uit Sri Lanka Tamils (13%) en Indiase Tamils (5%)) en Moren (Moslims) (7%). De overige 1% bestaat onder meer uit Burghers, Malays en Veddhas.3 De officiële spreek- en schrijftaal is het Singalees. Circa 74% van de bevolking is deze taal machtig. Het Tamil is als nationale taal for public administration and the conduct of legal proceedings erkend sinds de invoering van de grondwet van 1978. Het Tamil wordt beheerst door 18% van de bevolking. Ongeveer 10% van de bevolking spreekt Engels. Het Engels wordt vaak als voertaal binnen de overheid gebruikt.4 Naast het Singalees en het Tamil zijn er nog andere talen zoals Creool Maleis en Veddah. Deze talen worden slechts door een klein deel van de bevolking gesproken.5 Het onderwijs op overheidsscholen vindt plaats in het Singalees of Tamil, afhankelijk van de etnische achtergrond van de leerlingen. Doorgaans genieten Tamil leerlingen onderwijs in het Tamil en Singalese leerlingen onderwijs in het Singalees. Moslimkinderen krijgen onderwijs in één van de twee talen. Er zijn aparte scholen voor Tamils, Singalezen en moslims. De inhoud van het curriculum op de scholen is evenwel identiek. In het hoger onderwijs wordt over het algemeen gedoceerd in het Engels. Religie is een verplicht onderdeel in het curriculum van de scholen en
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