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Representasi Maskulinitas Dalam Ritual Di Kampung

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Representasi Maskulinitas Dalam Ritual Di Kampung Representasi Maskulinitas dalam Ritual Etu… (Adinda Sanita dkk.) 119 REPRESENTASI MASKULINITAS DALAM RITUAL ETU DI KAMPUNG ADAT TUTUBHADA KABUPATEN NAGEKEO, NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR THE REPRESENTATION OF THE MASCULINITY IN THE RITUALS OF ‘ETU’ IN KAMPUNG ADAT TUTUBHADA IN NAGEKEO REGENCY, EAST NUSA TENGGARA Adinda Sanita Putri Khinari1, Ni Made Yuni Sugiantari2, Dania Nabila Lubis3, Ni Kadek Ari Marlina4, Ni Putu Indah Juliyanti5, A. A. Ayu Isna Surya Dewi6, Rochtri Agung Bawono7 1,2,3,4,5,6 Mahasiswa Pecinta Alam “Wanaprastha Dharma” Universitas Udayana Jalan Doktor Goris Nomor 7A Denpasar 80234 7 Universitas Udayana Jalan Pulau Nias Nomor 13 Denpasar 80114 e-mail : [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Naskah Diterima: 29 September 2020 Naskah Direvisi: 15 Maret 2021 Naskah Disetujui :30 April 2021 DOI: 10.30959/patanjala.v13i1.677 Abstrak Etu atau tinju tradisional yang dilaksanakan di Kabupaten Nagekeo merupakan salah satu tahapan dari ritual pasca panen (Gua Meze). Etu dipercaya sebagai ungkapan rasa syukur masyarakat lokal atas berkah dalam panen musim panas dan wujud bagi kaum laki-laki untuk mempresentasikan kembali maskulinitas dirinya melalui Etu. Penelitian di Kampung Adat Tutubhada Desa Rendu Tutubhada Kecamatan Aesesa Selatan Kabupaten Nagekeo dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana representasi maskulinitas seorang laki-laki pada ritual Etu. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif. Sumber data disusun berdasarkan studi pustaka penelitian terdahulu, pengamatan di lapangan, wawancara, dan dokumen. Hasil yang dicapai dalam penelitian ini adalah penjelasan mengenai rangkaian, pelaku, perlengkapan, dan aturan dari Etu di Kampung Adat Tutubhada, eksistensi Etu di masa kini, serta bagaimana Etu dapat merepresentasikan maskulinitas laki-laki selaku pelaku ritual. Kata kunci: tinju trasidisional, representasi, maskulinitas, laki-laki, syukur panen Abstract ‘Etu’, which is a traditional form of ceremonial boxing practiced in Nagekeo Regency, is one stage of the post-harvest rituals Gua Meze. ‘Etu’ is believed to be a form of expression of gratitude offered by the local community for the blessings that have been received in the harvest and at the same time also serves as a form to represent the masculinity. The research which has been conducted in Kampung Adat Tutubhada - which is situated in the village of Rendu Tutubhada in South Aesesa District, Nagekeo Regency - aims to reveal how the masculinity is represented in ‘Etu’. The research used the descriptive qualitative method. Sources of data in the research were compiled based on the literature study of previous research, field observations, interviews, and documents. The results achieved in this study explain in detail 'Etu' in Kampung Adat Tutubhada Patanjala, ISSN 2085-9937 (print), ISSN: 2598-1242 (online) 120 Patanjala Vol. 13 No. 1 April 2021: 119 -136 that includes a sequence of activities, performers, equipment, and rules, the current existence of ‘Etu’ as well as to draw how ‘Etu’ can represent the masculinity of men as the ritual performers. Keywords: traditional boxing, men, identity, existence, harvest festival A. PENDAHULUAN Ritual Etu merupakan salah satu bagian Indonesia merupakan negara yang dari kebudayaan tersebut. Melihat bahwa memiliki keberagaman budaya. Indonesia ritual ini hanya dapat diperankan oleh laki- memiliki total 1.340 suku bangsa yang laki, peneliti tertarik untuk meneliti tersebar dari Sabang sampai Merauke. bagaimana representasi maskulinitas Salah satu suku bangsa tersebut yaitu suku seorang laki-laki pada ritual Etu. Rendu yang berada di Nusa Tenggara Etu di Kampung Adat Tutubhada ini Timur (BPS Indonesia, 2010). Nusa dilaksanakan pada bulan Juni atau Juli Tenggara Timur memiliki 22 yang dipercaya sebagai ungkapan rasa kabupaten/kota yang tersebar di berbagai syukur masyarakat lokal kepada leluhur pulau dengan tiga pulau besar di antaranya atas berkah dalam panen musin panas. Etu yaitu Pulau Sumba, Pulau Timor, dan juga ditujukan bagi kaum laki-laki untuk Pulau Flores. Di Pulau Flores terdapat melakukan baku hantam di dalam arena salah satu kabupaten yang masih yang telah dipersiapkan sebelumnya. Baku memegang erat kebudayaan dan hantam tersebut merupakan salah satu kepercayaannya yaitu Kabupaten Nagekeo. bentuk olahraga tradisional di Indonesia Kepercayaan masyarakat mengenai yang termasuk dalam objek kebudayaan keberadaan leluhur terdahulu di Kabupaten menurut UU RI No. 5 Tahun 2017 tentang Nagekeo masih sangat kental. Kabupaten Pemajuan Kebudayaan. Menurut Laksono Nagekeo juga memiliki ragam budaya sebagaimana dikutip oleh Dewi Primawati berupa benda maupun takbenda yang Susanti (2014) dijelaskan bahwa olahraga masih diterapkan oleh masyarakat lokal di tradisional harus memenuhi dua zaman modern ini. Banyak kebudayaan di persyaratan yaitu berupa olahraga dan Kabupaten Nagekeo yang belum terekspos bagian dari aktivitas budaya, baik berupa secara luas dan apabila dikembangkan tradisi, maupun ritual adat yang dapat menjadi sesuatu yang dapat berkembang selama beberapa generasi, mendukung kesejahteraaan masyarakatnya. atau sesuatu yang terkait dengan tradisi Namun, dokumentasi berupa gambar budaya suatu bangsa secara lebih luas. maupun tulisan mengenai aktivitas budaya Ritual Etu termasuk ke dalam nilai ini, masih sangat minim. Hal inilah yang budaya yang merupakan bagian dari sistem membuat peneliti melakukan penelitian budaya. Dalam kaitan itu, sistem nilai lebih dalam mengenai Etu atau tinju budaya adalah sejumlah pandangan tradisional yang menjadi salah satu ritual mengenai soal-soal yang paling berharga kebanggaan masyarakat, sehingga dapat dan bernilai dalam hidup. Sistem nilai memperkuat keberadaan Etu sebagai salah budaya menjiwai semua pedoman yang satu warisan budaya takbenda yang telah mengatur tingkah laku warga pendukung ditetapkan oleh Kementerian Pendidikan kebudayaan yang bersangkutan. Pedoman dan Kebudayaan pada tahun 2015 dengan tingkah laku itu adalah adat-istiadatnya, nomor registrasi 201500253 (Sada, 2019). pandangan hidup dan ideologi pribadi Menurut ilmu antropologi, (Budiman, 2013). Kaitannya dengan Etu, kebudayaan adalah keseluruhan sistem yaitu olahraga yang memperlihatkan baku gagasan, tindakan dan hasil karya manusia hantam di arena tinju ini tetap memiliki dalam kehidupan masyarakat yang aturan-aturan yang mengedepankan nilai dijadikan milik diri manusia dengan kebudayaan demi terlaksananya ritual belajar (Koentjaraningrat, 2009: 153). syukur panen di Kampung Adat Patanjala, ISSN 2085-9937 (print), ISSN: 2598-1242 (online) Representasi Maskulinitas dalam Ritual Etu… (Adinda Sanita dkk.) 121 Tutubhada. pelaksanaan Etu dan lokasi penelitian yang Etu tidak hanya dimainkan oleh laki- hanya berfokus di Kampung Adat laki dewasa saja, namun anak laki-laki Tutubhada. juga melakukan olahraga tinju ini. Dalam Sesuai dengan judul penelitian dapat melakukan olahraga ini, tidak ada dijelaskan bahwa representasi menurut keseriusan yang terjadi, sehingga dapat Chris Barker adalah kajian utama dalam dikatakan permainan yang bertujuan untuk cultural studies yang mengartikan sebagai melatih keberanian dari anak laki-laki saat langkah dalam mengkonstruksikan secara sudah dewasa nanti. Berdasarkan sosial tentang penyajian makna kepada perbedaan sifat permainan, Roberts, Arts, masyarakat dan oleh masyarakat di dalam dan Bush sebagaimana dikutip oleh pemaknaan yang berbeda. Dalam kajian Danandjaja (2002) mengungkapkan bahwa kebudayaan ini tentu saja akan lebih fokus permainan rakyat (folk games) dapat dibagi pada individu tentang bagaimana proses menjadi dua golongan besar, yaitu pemaknaan sebuah arti masalah permainan untuk bermain (play) dan sosial/fakta sosial terhadap representasi permainan untuk bertanding (game). (pemaknaan setiap individu-individu). Melihat hal tersebut, Etu yang melibatkan Kemudian, maskulinitas dapat dijelaskan anak-anak ini termasuk ke dalam golongan sebagai peran sosial, perilaku dan makna- bermain karena Rusmana (2010) makna tertentu yang dilekatkan pada laki- mengatakan bahwa sebelum permainan laki. Menurut Barker (2001) maskulin berkembang menjadi sebuah perilaku yang merupakan sebuah bentuk konstruksi bermakna, bermain merupakan bagian dari kelelakian terhadap laki-laki. Laki-laki sebuah ritual budaya dan agama sehingga tidak dilahirkan begitu saja dengan sifat anak-anak yang terlibat menunjukkan maskulinnya secara alami, maskulinitas bentuk ekspresi dan kelebihan energi dibentuk oleh kebudayaan. Hal yang sekaligus mengikuti sebuah rangkaian menentukan sifat perempuan dan laki-laki budaya. adalah kebudayaan. Secara umum, Etu di Kampung Adat Tutubhada maskulinitas tradisional menganggap menjadi ritual tahunan yang dilaksanakan tinggi nilai-nilai antara kekuatan, karena masyarakat lokal menganggap kekuasaan, ketabahan, aksi, kendali, ritual ini sakral dan harus dilaksanakan. kemandirian, kepuasan diri, Masyarakat setempat percaya bahwa kesetiakawanan laki-laki, dan kerja. apabila ritual tidak terlaksana, dapat Penelitian pertama yang menjadi menimbulkan malapetaka yang akan rujukan adalah penelitian oleh Kalvaristo menimpa daerah tersebut, (Kalvaristo, pada tahun 2007 yang berjudul Ritual Etu 2007). Hal ini menandakan bahwa Masyarakat Kampung Olaewa Flores masyarakat lokal masih menjunjung tinggi 1978-1981. Dalam penelitian tersebut unsur-unsur kebudayaan. peneliti berfokus pada sejarah Berdasarkan latar belakang tersebut, perkembangan
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