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Faktor Penentu Dan Dampak Keberadaan Perusahaan Ayam Ras Pedaging Di Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur

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Faktor Penentu Dan Dampak Keberadaan Perusahaan Ayam Ras Pedaging Di Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur Jurnal Ilmu Peternakan dan Veteriner Tropis (Journal of Tropical Animal and Veterinary Science), September 2020, hal. 141 – 152 Vol. 10 No. 2 e-ISSN: 2620-9403 p-ISSN: 620-939X Faktor Penentu dan Dampak Keberadaan Perusahaan Ayam Ras Pedaging di Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur The Determinants and Impact of the Existence of Broiler Business in East Nusa Tenggara Province Jefirstson Richset Riwukore1), Yohanes Susanto1), Fellyanus Habaora2)* 1)Departement of Management Science, Post Graduate Program, Indo Global Mandiri University. Jl. Jenderal Sudirman No.629 Palembang, 30129, South Sumatra, Indonesia 2)Post Graduate Programe Animal Production and Technology, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University. Jl. Raya Dramaga, Kampus IPB Dramaga Bogor, 16680, West Java, Indonesia Article history ABSTRACT Received: Mar 20, 2020; Accepted: Aug 30, 2020 The research objective is to determine the determinants and impact of broiler * Corresponding author: chicken companies in East Nusa Tenggara. This research was conducted for 6 (six) E-mail: months from September 2018-February 2019 with the research locations in [email protected] Kupang Regency and Kupang City which were determined by purposive DOI: sampling. The research method is descriptive employing surveys, observations, 10.46549/jipvet.v10i2.101 and interviews. The informants consisted of 8 (eight) people, namely Head of Animal Husbandry Office of Kupang Regency, Head of Animal Husbandry Field at the Agriculture Office of Kupang City, Researchers from the Undana Faculty of Animal Husbandry, and 5 (five) farmer who are members of the organization Himpuli (Himpunan Pengusaha Unggas Lokal Indonesia). The types of data used are primary data and secondary data. The data analysis used is descriptive which is described in a narrative. The results showed that NTT Province has the potential to establish broiler breeding companies with a concentration of development in Kupang City or Kupang Regency for Timor Island, Nagekeo Regency for Flores Island, and Southwest Sumba Regency for Sumba Island. The existence of broiler breeding companies in NTT will increase the effectiveness of the broiler marketing chain, stimulate new jobs, increase income supported by policies, socio-culture, economy, and distribution. This of course has been well studied from the aspect of overcoming environmental damage caused by the presence of broiler breeding companies in NTT. Keywords: Companies; Breeding; Broiler ABSTRAK Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui faktor penentu dan dampak keberadaan perusahaan ayam ras pedaging di Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT). Penelitian ini dilaksanakan selama 6 (enam) bulan dari bulan September 2018- Februari 2019 dengan lokasi penelitian di Kabupaten Kupang dan Kota Kupang yang ditentukan secara purposive sampling. Metode penelitian bersifat deskriptif dengan cara survei, observasi dan wawancara. Narasumber terdiri dari 8 (delapan) orang, yaitu Kepala Dinas Peternakan Kabupaten Kupang, Kepala Bidang Peternakan pada Dinas Pertanian Kota Kupang, Peneliti dari Fakultas Peternakan Undana, dan 5 (lima) pengusaha ayam ras pedaging yang tergabung dalam organisasi Himpuli (Himpunan Pengusaha Unggas Lokal Indonesia). Jenis data yang digunakan adalah data primer dan data sekunder. Analisis data yang digunakan adalah deskriptif yang dijabarkan secara naratif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Provinsi NTT berpotensi untuk didirikan perusahaan 141 Riwukore et al. Faktor Penentu dan Dampak Keberadaan Perusahaan Ayam Ras Pedaging pembibitan ayam ras pedaging dengan konsentrasi pembangunan di Kota Kupang atau Kabupaten Kupang untuk wilayah Pulau Timor, Kabupaten Nagekeo untuk Pulau Flores, dan Kabupaten Sumba Barat Daya untuk kawasan Pulau Sumba. Adanya perusahaan pembibitas ayam ras pedaging di NTT akan meningkatkan efektifitas rantai pemasaran ayam ras pedaging, menstimulasi lapangan pekerjaan baru, meningkatkan pendapatan yang didukung oleh kebijakan, sosial budaya, ekonomi, dan distribusi. Hal tersebut tentu telah dikaji secara baik dari aspek penanggulangan kerusakan lingkungan yang ditimbulkan oleh adanya perusahaan pembibitan ayam ras pedaging di NTT. Kata kunci: Perusahaan; Pembibitan; Ayam ras pedaging Sumber DOC dan pakan ternak yang masih bersifat importir menjadikan Propinsi NTT Kontribusi usaha ayam ras pedaging rentan terhadap monopoli harga dan inefisiensi (broiler) dalam perkembangan sektor pengembangan usaha peternakan ayam ras peternakan di Indonesia sangat strategis dalam karena harga DOC dan pakan ternak ayam yang memenuhi kebutuhan asupan protein hewani mahal. Hal ini sesuai yang dilaporkan dan membuka lapangan kerja. Habaora (2015) Mulyantini (2019) bahwa upaya menyatakan bahwa industri perunggasan pengembangan pembangunan peternakan merupakan pemicu utama perkembangan usaha unggas di NTT dihadapkan pada sejumlah di sub sektor peternakan. Permintaan pangan masalah. Berbagai kendala yang dijumpai hewani asal unggas dari waktu ke waktu berkaitan dengan penyediaan bibit, permodalan cenderung meningkat sejalan dengan dan luas lahan yang dimiliki, pengetahuan yang pertambahan populasi penduduk, pendapatan, memadai, adanya wabah penyakit, serta perbaikan konsumsi dan tingkat pendidikan. teknologi penanganan dan pengolahan ternak. Hal ini menjadi potensi pengembangan industri Dalam hal penyediaan bibit, selama ini, ayam ras pedaging di Indonesia. NTT masih dipasok bibit DOC yang sebagian Salah satu wilayah yang berpotensi untuk didatangkan dari Jawa, sehingga sering terjadi dikembangkan industri perunggasan seperti ketidakstabilan penyediaan DOC untuk ayam ras pedaging adalah propinsi NTT karena: kebutuhan masyarakat. Selain itu, usaha (1) produksi daging ayam ras di NTT saat ini peternakan unggas masih ada yang dilakukan baru mencapai 40% dari kebutuhan masyarakat sebagai usaha sampingan sehingga hasilnya setempat (Liza, 2019); (2) disparitas harga hanya diprioritaskan untuk memenuhi daging ayam ras yang tinggi antara Jawa (Rp. kebutuhan sendiri. Masalah permodalan juga 32.900/kg) dengan NTT (Rp. 64.350/kg) akibat menjadi salah satu kendala dalam monopoli harga DOC (ayam umur sehari) dan pengembangan peternakan ayam di NTT. pakan ternak terhadap NTT sebagai daerah Kendala lain yaitu teknologi peternakan yang importir (Lewokeda, 2019); (3) tersedia bahan digunakan penduduk masih relatif sederhana, pakan lokal yang potensial untuk produksi dan pembinaan sumber daya manusia dalam hal ternak ayam ras seperti biji asam, jagung lokal, penanganan pasca panen, pengolahan, dan ubi lokal, dan daun kelor (Mulyantini, 2019); pemasaran masih belum optimal. Hal ini (4) perkembangan bisnis perunggasan disebabkan karena pembinaan sumber daya khususnya ayam ras di Provinsi NTT dari tahun manusia lebih difokuskan pada upaya ke tahun meningkat signifikan, sebagai peningkatan produksi peternakan. Untuk bahan gambaran data tahun 2015 menunjukkan baku pakan ayam lokal, di daerah setempat populasi ayam ras pedaging sebanyak tidak selalu tersedia, sehingga belum optimal 2.687.269 ekor dan tahun 2019 sebanyak dalam penyediaan pakan yang murah dan 7.300.378 ekor atau peningkatan populasi rata- berkualitas. Informasi mengenai suplai bahan rata 12,4% per tahun (BPS, 2019; Mulyantini, baku pakan bulanan atau mingguan hampir sulit 2019). diperoleh. Selain itu, di beberapa daerah kering di NTT potensi bahan pakan lokalnya kurang. 142 Jurnal Ilmu Peternakan dan Veteriner Tropis (Journal of Tropical Animal and Veterinary Science), September 2020, hal. 141 – 152 Vol. 10 No. 2 e-ISSN: 2620-9403 p-ISSN: 620-939X Untuk mengatasi kendala dalam survei, observasi dan wawancara menggunakan pembangunan peternakan ayam ras pedaging di panduan kuesioner. Narasumber terdiri dari NTT maka diperlukan upaya untuk subtitusi lima orang, yaitu Kepala Dinas Peternakan bahan pakan, peningkatan mutu produk, Kabupaten Kupang, Kepala Bidang Peternakan peningkatan produktivitas ternak, pembinaan pada Dinas Pertanian Kota Kupang, Peneliti sumberdaya manusia dan membentuk dari Fakultas Peternakan Undana, dan 5 (lima) kelembagaan (Palulungan, 2012; Fitrah, 2013; pengusaha ayam ras pedaging yang tergabung Hani dan Rokhmani, 2018). Faktor-faktor dalam oragnisasi Himpuli (Himpunan penentu dalam mewujudkan pembangunan Pengusaha Unggas Lokal Indonesia). Jenis data peternakan ayam ras pedaging di NTT seperti yang digunakan adalah data primer dan data faktor politik, sosial budaya, ekonomi, laju sekunder. Data primer seperti faktor penentu pertumbuhan penduduk, pendapatan per kapita, dan dampak adanya perusahaan peternakan transportasi, dan dampak terhadap lingkungan. ayam ras pedaging di NTT, sedangkan data Riwukore dan Habaora (2020) menyatakan sekunder terdiri dari populasi ternak, bahwa pembangunan perusahaan peternakan penyebaran populasi, lokasi penyebaran, dan ayam ras pedaging di Indonesia tidak lepas dari lain sebagainya yang bersumber dari Laporan faktor dominansi penerimaan secara kultural, Dinas Peternakan maupun Badan Pusat kebijakan, sosial-ekonomi, dan sumberdaya Statistik. lainnya, termasuk dampak pembangunan perusahaan terhadap lingkungan. Adanya perusahaan peternakan ayam ras Data yang diperoleh dalam penelitian pedaging di NTT tentu akan memudahkan kemudian dianalisis secara deskriptif peternak untuk memperoleh stok DOC secara kuantitatif dan kualitatif, yaitu penelitian yang mudah dan mengurangi biaya transportasi yang berusaha mendeskripsikan suatu gejala selama ini sangat mahal. Apabila di NTT telah peristiwa dan kejadian yang terjadi pada saat memiliki perusahaan pembibitan ayam ras sekarang dimana
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