Status Keberlanjutan Pengembangan Agribisnis Hortikultura Di Kabupaten

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Status Keberlanjutan Pengembangan Agribisnis Hortikultura Di Kabupaten Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan Vol. 9 No. 1 (Maret 2019): 190-199 STATUS KEBERLANJUTAN PENGEMBANGAN AGRIBISNIS HORTIKULTURA DI KABUPATEN SUMBA BARAT DAYA, PROVINSI NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR Sustainability Status of Horticultural Agribusiness Development in Southwest Sumba Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province Ernesta Lehaa, Surjono H. Sutjahjob, Rita Nurmalinac, Syaiful Anward dan Rachman Kurniawane aProgram Studi Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam dan Lingkungan, Sekolah Pasca Sarjana, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Kampus IPB Baranangsiang, Bogor, 16680 –[email protected] bDepartemen Agronomi dan Holtikultura, Fakultas Pertanian, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor 16680 cDepartemen Agribisnis, Fakultas Pertanian, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor, 16680 dDepartemen Ilmu Tanah dan Sumber Daya Lahan, Fakultas Pertanian, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor, 16680 eSekretariat Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Kementerian PPN/Bappenas, Jakarta Selatan, 12790 Abstract. This research was conducted in the Southwest Sumba regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province. This regency has a great potency of natural resources but with higher poverty level due to the low human resources, limited investments and available technology. The poverty problem has a strong correlation with food scarcity that can be solved through the development of sustainable horticulture agribusinesses. The multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) analysis, as a modification of the rapid appraisal of the Status of Farming (RAP-farm) method, was used in this study. The results of the analysis showed that sustainability status of the development of horticulture agribusiness in the Southwest Sumba regency was less sustainable, valued 43.72. This value was obtained according to the assessment of 37 parameters from five dimensions with different sustainability statuses, of which only ecology was quite sustainable (52.12), whereas economy (49.01), social (46.76), technology (43.8), and institutions (48.91) were less sustainable. The sensitive parameters toward the development of sustainable horticulture agribusinesses were (1) land slope and erosion frequency, (2) horticulture products prices and cultivated lands sizes, (3) government service existences and the assistance and extension intensity, (4) soil preparation techniques and compost making, and (5) the existence and conflicts among the farmer groups. Keywords: agribusiness, horticulture, poverty, sustainability, Southwest Sumba. (Diterima: 19-03-2018; Disetujui: 04-05-2018) 1. Pendahuluan Proses perubahan kondisi perekonomian daerah tidak terlepas dari pembangunan pertanian Pembangunan ekonomi daerah adalah suatu proses berkelanjutan karena mayoritas masyarakat di daerah kemitraan antara pemerintah daerah dan masyarakat adalah petani. Selain itu, pembangunan ekonomi dalam mengelola sumber daya yang ada untuk daerah melalui pengembangan kawasan perdesaan juga menciptakan lapangan kerja baru dan merangsang menempatkan pertanian sebagai penggerak utama perkembangan kegiatan ekonomi. Pembangunan perekonomian. Oleh karena itu, konsep pembangunan ekonomi daerah dapat diukur melalui pertumbuhan pertanian perdesaan yang berkelanjutan harus didasari PDRB, dimana indikator tersebut memberikan dengan perencanaan wilayah yang berbasiskan gambaran tentang kinerja aktivitas perekonomian sumberdaya alam yang ada di suatu wilayah tersebut daerah pada periode tertentu dalam meningkatkan (Wibowo, 2004). pendapatan melalui peningkatan pendapatan per kapita Pengembangan kawasan pedesaan sangat ditentukan (Saragih, 2015). oleh faktor lahan, potensi tenaga kerja, dan basis Pertumbuhan ekonomi dapat didefenisikan sebagai ekonomi lokal pedesaan sebagai faktor utama sebuah proses perubahan kondisi perekonomian suatu pengembangan pertanian (Hanafi, 2010). daerah, secara berkesinambungan menuju keadaan Pengembangan pertanian di perdesaan harus diimbangi yang lebih baik selama periode tertentu. Beberapa dengan kemampuan wilayah tersebut dalam faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi pertumbuhan berintegrasi dengan kawasan lain dan didukung oleh ekonomi daerah adalah adanya keunggulan komperatif sarana serta prasarana yang memadai. Kemampuan dan kompetitif suatu daerah, spesialisasi wilayah, serta berintegrasi ditentukan oleh struktur perekonomian adanya potensi ekonomi yang dimiliki oleh daerah wilayah sebagai faktor dasar yang membedakan daerah tersebut (Razak, 2009). tersebut dengan wilayah lainnya. Perbedaan ini sangat erat kaitannya dengan kondisi dan potensi suatu 190 doi: 10.29244/jpsl.9.1.190-199 JPSL Vol. 9 (1): 190-199 Maret 2019 wilayah baik dari segi fisik lingkungan, sosial ekonomi buahan karena hampir sebagian besar masyarakat di dan maupun kelembagaan yang ada di wilayah tersebut Sumba barat Daya hanya mengembangkan 2 jenis (Badan Litbang Pertanian, 2016). komoditas ini sebagai sumber penghasilan. Sedangkan Nawa Cita sebagai agenda prioritas Kabinet Kerja komoditas tanaman hias dan biofarma hanya ditanam saat ini mengarahkan pembangunan pertanian pada sebagai kegiatan sampingan. upaya mewujudkan kedaulatan pangan agar Indonesia Komoditas sayuran yang dikembangkan di Sumba sebagai bangsa dapat mengatur dan memenuhi Barat Daya adalah wortel, kacang merah, kacang kebutuhan pangan rakyatnya secara berdaulat. panjang, cabai, tomat, terung, buncis, bawang merah, Kedaulatan pangan diterjemahkan dalam bentuk bawang putih, bawang daun, kentang, kubis, petsay, kemampuan bangsa dalam hal (1) mencukupi ketimun, labu siam, kangkung dan bayam. Sedangkan kebutuhan pangan dari produksi dalam negeri, (2) komoditas buah-buahan terdiri dari alpukat, mangga, mengatur kebijakan pangan secara mandiri, serta (3) rambutan, jeruk, jambu biji, sirsak, papaya, nenas, melindungi dan mensejahterakan petani sebagai pelaku salak dan nangka. Persoalan utama yang berkaitan utama usaha pertanian pangan (Subejo et al., 2015). dengan budidaya hortikultura adalah nilai produksinya Kedaulatan pangan merupakan konsep pemenuhan yang cenderung turun, baik dalam skala nasional, pangan melalui produksi lokal yang selaras dengan provinsi maupun kabupaten. Sumba Barat Daya budaya masyarakat dan diproduksi dengan sistem sebagai salah satu kabupaten dengan daya dukung pertanian yang berkelanjutan dan ramah lingkungan pengembangan agribisnis hortikultura yang cukup (Yuwono, 2016). Ini berarti kedaulatan pangan harus potensial di Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur, juga dimulai dari swasembada pangan yang secara bertahap mengalami penurunan produksi hortikultura yang diikuti dengan peningkatan nilai tambah usaha cukup signifikan selama 5 tahun terakhir. pertanian secara luas untuk meningkatkan Produksi buah-buahan pada tahun 2012 mencapai kesejahteraan petani. 282,258 ton dan tahun 2016 hanya mencapai 15,171 Visi dan misi pertanian Indonesia dalam memasuki ton. Ini berarti terjadi penurunan produksi sebesar - abad ke-21 adalah pertanian modern, tangguh dan 94.63%. Sedangkan produksi sayuran pada tahun 2012 efisien, dengan memberdayakan petani dan peternak mencapai 7,034.06 ton dan pada tahun 2016 hanya menuju masyarakat tani yang mandiri maju, sejahtera mencapai 3,239 ton yang berarti terjadi penurunan dan berkeadilan (Kementerian Pertanian, 2015). produksi sebesar 53.95% (BPS Sumba Barat Daya, Pernyataan visi dan misi tersebut memberikan 2017). Penurunan nilai produksi ini menyebabkan gambaran bahwa kondisi masa depan yang dikehendaki terjadinya ketergantungan yang tinggi akan produk dalam pembangunan pertanian adalah modernisasi hortikultura dari daerah lain yang berdampak pada pertanian atau pertanian modern. Arah baru tingginya harga sayuran dan buah – buahan di wilayah pembangunan pertanian tersebut ditujukan untuk ini. meningkatkan kesejahteraan petani melalui Luas lahan hortikultura di Sumba Barat Daya masih perkembangan struktur masyarakat tani yang muncul terbatas tetapi potensi sumberdaya lahan kering untuk dari kemampuan masyarakat tani sendiri pengembangan hortikultura (buah-buahan dan sayuran) (Sumodiningrat, 2000). Dalam konteks ini, agribisnis masih tersedia. Luas lahan kebun/tegalan sebesar merupakan salah satu solusi untuk mencapai visi dan 36,111 ha, ladang/huma seluas 26,449 ha, dan lahan misi yang dijabarkan dalam Nawa Cita tersebut. sementara yang tidak diusahakan adalah 9,075 ha (BPS Salah satu komoditas pertanian yang berpotensi Sumba Barat Daya, 2017). Semua lahan kering tersebut untuk dikembangkan dalam kerangka agribinis adalah sangat potensial untuk dikembangkan sebagai lahan hortikultura. Hortikultura merupakan komoditas hortikultura, dengan tujuan pasar domestik yakni Pulau unggulan saat ini, khususnya di Pulau Jawa. Namun Sumba dan pulau-pulau lain di Provinsi NTT, NTB dan keunggulan komoditas ini tentu harus ditunjang oleh Provinsi Bali. kondisi lahan dan iklim yang cocok untuk budidaya Masalah kemiskinan di Kabupaten Sumba Barat hortikultura serta didukung pula oleh potensi Daya berkaitan erat dengan rawan pangan. Persoalan sumberdaya dan adanya peluang pasar domestik rawan pangan disebabkan oleh berbagai faktor antara maupun internasional. Selain sebagai komoditas lain kualitas sumber daya manusia yang relatif rendah, unggulan, hortikultura juga berperan sebagai sumber keterbatasan modal dan teknologi dan adanya gizi masyarakat, penyedia lapangan kerja dan kesenjangan alokasi pembangunan antar daerah di penunjang kegiatan agrowisata dan agroindustri Indonesia. Krisis multi dimensional dan berbagai (Ashari, 2006). kebijakan pemerintah yang kurang pro rakyat miskin Berdasarkan makna harafiahnya, hortikultura
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