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Balance of Political and Managerial Approaches to Government in Direct and Simultaneous Local Elections in Indonesia

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Balance of Political and Managerial Approaches to Government in Direct and Simultaneous Local Elections in Indonesia International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 05, (2020), pp. 104-112 Balance Of Political And Managerial Approaches To Government In Direct And Simultaneous Local Elections In Indonesia Akmal Malik1, Bambang Supriyono2, Hermawan3, Leli Indah Mindarti4 Faculty of Administrative Science, University of Brawijaya, Indonesia [email protected] Abstract This study analyzes the policies of the Regional Government Law and the Regional Election Law, as well as, analyzing the implementation of direct and simultaneous local elections based on the managerial approach of the government (Rosenbloom et.all, 2015 and Frederickson, 1980 & 1984) and the decentralization approach (BC Smith, 1985 & 2012 ) accommodate direct and simultaneous local elections. And is expected to be able to build a political and managerial balance of the direct and simultaneous local government elections in Indonesia. This study uses the post positivism paradigm with mixed methods or mixed methods (Creswell, 2015). Data collection in this study using a questionnaire. Data analysis uses the Social Network Analysis (SNA) or Social Network Theory (SNT). Relating to the policy analysis of the Regional Government Law and the Regional Election Law. In addition, related to policy analysis of the Regional Government Act and the Regional Election Law, there needs to be an increase. There is an understanding that the achievement of political objectives through the development of democratic values, as well as the achievement of the managerial technical efficiency objectives of the government through the implementation of managerial values of government. Keywords: Political and Managerial Approaches, Government, Simultaneous Local Elections 1. Introduction Indonesia entered a new phase in a more democratic life along with the birth of the reform movement in 1998, which was marked by the collapse of the New Order (Irham, 2014). The broad demands of students, the public, and some reform figures have increasingly encouraged social and political change by pressuring the executive and legislative branches to amend the constitution and various policy products that support the policy of democratization and decentralization. The amendment of the 1945 Constitution encouraged the election of the President and Vice President to be elected through a "one man one vote" mechanism which replaced the consensus tradition through factions as in the New Order era. Abdurrahman Wahid and Megawati were elected as President and Vice President through a new parliamentary mechanism resulting from changes in the political package Act, one of which was the political parties that became the regulatory instruments for the participants of the 7 June 1999 General Election. A year after the fall of Soeharto, the subsequent political institutional reform played by BJ Habibie was the first milestone in the democratization process. Significant changes in the party system and the Election system have implications for the legislative function in parliament and its relationship with the president and regional heads in the executive. The existence of political parties and their function in dynamizing society are the main driving forces of the process of democratization in the electoral arena freely without being limited and co-opted by the state as in the past. Political parties grow and develop into multi-parties supported by institutional reform processes and various political party law products that encourage accelerated democratization in the post-New Order era. The political parties that succeeded in winning delivered a number of party cadres as representatives who voiced their aspirations and ISSN: 2005-4238 IJAST 104 Copyright ⓒ 2020 SERSC International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 05, (2020), pp. 104-112 articulated the interests of the people based on their respective Electoral Regions in parliament. The practice of democracy in the reform era and afterwards, both parliamentary democracy and direct democracy in the context of the elections that have been running for more than a decade, have brought about significant changes when compared to the practice of "democracy" in the New Order era. Of course, the process cannot be undertaken easily, especially considering the many diseases in the "pilkada" that have not been able to be overcome properly from time to time. Empirical facts in Indonesia regarding population data are still very minimal in terms of clarification and verification, causing problems in determining voter lists, both Permanent Voter Lists (DPT) and Temporary Voter Lists (DPS). In the context of the elections, good democracy can be seen from the involvement of all individuals in a particular area. The involvement of all individuals, one of which can be achieved with good ownership of population data. DPT is a very important thing for an election. The DPT problem itself seems to have become a classic problem that never ends from every election in Indonesia, namely the voter list problem. Problems that often arise in the DPT include the updating of voter data officers who do not do the matching or previous research or even conducted by other elements not listed in the KPU decision letter. Another problem that remains a challenge is the political uncertainty that often arises before the series of elections. Empirical facts show that political uncertainty arises due to the many political dramas that occur, both in determining the candidates for regional heads and forming certain coalitions. Tug of support to prospective regional heads is one instrument that increases the existence of political uncertainty itself. In fact, lately, there have been a number of parties that have both pulled and turned their direction in a very narrow time with a predetermined deadline. Public awareness in determining their choice to choose regional leaders in accordance with the criteria and their respective choices is increasing enthusiasm and participation of West Javanese citizens in the 2018 Simultaneous Local Elections. Increasing community participation in simultaneous local elections in West Java is also inseparable from the role of West Java citizens, particularly persons with disabilities and elderly who participate in voting rights. In this case, the General Election Commission (KPU) of West Java is conducting simultaneous socialization and coaching to people with disabilities and the elderly. The practice of democracy through direct elections is seen as a model that shows more "sovereignty" of the people in determining their leaders in the regions. Until now, the practice of democracy in the direct local elections, has remained accommodated in Law Number 23 Year 2014 concerning Local Government which was last replaced by Law Number 9 Year 2015 concerning the Second Amendment to Law Number 23 Year 2014 concerning Regional Government. Decentralization policy is seen as having pushed the process of democratization at the local level. Formation of an autonomous region with local government institutions, taking into account geographical, demographic, socio-cultural aspects that give a label to a community, or better known as a socio-political unit. The implementation of the decentralization policy of the political dimension, was made as a medium of democratic education, political institutionalization through the consolidation of democracy wisely, and to build political culture as a representation of local wisdom which in turn strengthened the national political culture. Dahl (in Gill, 1995) states that democracy at the local level is one indicator of the establishment of democratization at the national level. Meanwhile, from the technical dimension of local government management, the decentralization policy is aimed at ensuring that regional governments as public service providers are effective and efficient, and in order to build good governance with the principles of good governance, among others must be professional, transparent, accountable, fair, effective, efficient, dignified, and responsive to community complaints (Djohan: 2004). This thinking provides an understanding that the achievement of political objectives through the development of democratic values, as well as the achievement of the managerial ISSN: 2005-4238 IJAST 105 Copyright ⓒ 2020 SERSC International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 05, (2020), pp. 104-112 technical efficiency objectives of government through the implementation of managerial values of government. At the level of the Regional Government, it boils down to the realization of democratization and the efficiency of government management organized by the Regional Head as an element of regional government administration. The Regional Head leads the implementation of government affairs which are the authority of the autonomous region, together with the Regional People's Representative Council as the regional people's representative institutions that are domiciled as elements of the regional government. 2. Literature Review and Development of Conceptual Framework Public administration theory contains at least three different approaches, which can be labeled "managerial," "political," and "legal" (Rosenbloom & Kravchuk, 2005; Rosenbloom, Kravchuk, & Clerkin 2009). The development of more coherent public administration theories must recognize the usefulness of each of these approaches because they apply to various aspects of administration. Ethics Governance. according to Cooper, ethical values
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